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HİLİM Skip to content Akıllı ve kültürlü olmakla kazanılan, beşerî münasebetlerde hoşgörülü, bağışlayıcı ve medenî davranışlar sergilemeyi sağlayan ahlâkî erdem.
Klasik sözlüklerde, büyük ölçüde birbirinin tekrarından ibaret olan ve özellikle edebî-ahlâkî literatürdeki anlam genişliğiyle karşılaştırıldığında yetersiz olduğu anlaşılan tanımlarda hilim (hilm ), “sabırlı ve temkinli, akıllı ve ağır başlı olmak” şeklinde açıklanmıştır (Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “ḥlm” md.; Tâcü’l-ʿarûs , “ḥlm” md.). Kelime, İslâm öncesi Arap edebiyatında da “akıl” anlamında kullanılmakta ve çok nâdir kimselerin ulaşabildiği veya önemini takdir ettiği bir meziyet sayılmaktaydı. Bazı kaynaklarda hilmin tanımı yapılırken sefeh ve cehl kavramlarının karşıtı olarak gösterildiği dikkate alınırsa bu kelimelerin anlamlarından hareketle hilmi daha iyi kavramak mümkün olur. İbn Manzûr sefehi, “Hilmin karşıtıdır; kök anlamı hafiflik ve harekettir; cehl (cahillik) demektir” şeklinde açıklamıştır (Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “sfh” md.). Buradaki cehl kelimesinin ilim veya mârifetin zıddı olmayıp zulüm, serkeşlik, saldırganlık, barbarlık gibi Câhiliye dönemindeki hâkim zihniyetin karakteristik yapısını oluşturan kavramları ifade ettiğini söylemek gerekir. Nitekim o dönemde yazılan şiirler incelendiğinde bu husus açıkça ortaya çıkar (Ebû Temmâm, s. 99, 304; Zevzenî, s. 178).
İslâm’dan önceki dönemin temel ahlâkî karakteri olan insanın gücüyle böbürlenmesi, kendine güvenmesi, otorite tanımaması, keskin bir şeref duygusu vb. hususlar cehl kavramı içinde mütalaa edilen huylardır (Izutsu, Kur’an’da Allah ve İnsan , s. 204; daha geniş bilgi için bk. a.mlf., Kur’an’da Dinî ve Ahlâkî Kavramlar , s. 51-61). Aslında Kur’an’ın müşriklere yönelttiği eleştirilerin temelinde de onlardaki bu cehl ahlâkı vardır. Zira müşrikler sadece akılları yatmadığı için inkâr etmiyorlardı; aynı zamanda onlar gurur, kibir, inat ve saldırganlık gibi hoyrat duyguları ve kötü alışkanlıkları yüzünden İslâm’ın getirdiği eşitlik, kardeşlik, merhamet, sabır, tahammül, uzlaşma, barış gibi ilkeleri içlerine sindiremedikleri için inkârcılıkta direniyorlardı. Kur’an’da yer alan “hamiyyetü’l-câhiliyye” (Câhiliye küstahlığı; el-Feth 48/26) tabiri onların bu uzlaşmaz karakterini ifade eder (bk. CÂHİLİYE ; CEHÂLET ). Buna göre hilme “ağır başlılık, sebat, akıllı ve uygarca davranış” anlamları verilebilir. Ebû Hayyân et-Tevhîdî hilmi “öfkesine hâkim olmak suretiyle düşünce dengesini koruma” şeklinde tarif etmektedir (el-İmtâʿ ve’l-müʾânese , III, 129). Râgıb el-İsfahânî de “öfke duygusunun coşkusundan nefsi koruma” biçiminde benzer bir tarif verdikten sonra kelimenin kökünde akıl anlamının bulunmadığını, ancak aklın sonuçlarından olduğu ve akıldan bağımsız düşünülemeyeceği için hilme de akıl dendiğini belirtir. İsfahânî’ye göre hilimden aklın eylem haline dönüşmesi kastedilmektedir. Zira bu erdem ancak bütün organların kötülüklerden korunmasıyla mükemmelleşir (el-Müfredât , “ḥlm” md.; a.mlf., eẕ-Ẕerîʿa , s. 342). Seyyid Şerîf el-Cürcânî, “öfkenin kabarması halinde itidal ve sükûneti koruma” şeklindeki kısa tanımıyla hilmin özellikle ahlâkî anlamına işaret etmiştir (et-Taʿrîfât , “ḥilim” md.). Tehânevî’nin tanımı da buna yakındır (Keşşâf , I, 381).
Râgıb el-İsfahânî, hilmin en uygun karşıtının “öfke ve nefretle saldırmak” anlamına gelen teẕemmür kelimesi olduğunu belirtir. Ancak birçok kaynakta hilmin karşıtı olarak kaydedilen sefeh ve cehlin aksine tezemmürün terim olarak yaygınlık kazandığı söylenemez. Hilim ayrıca gazab, gayz, suhf (zayıflık, âcizlik) gibi kelimelerin zıddı olarak da gösterilmekte veya böyle bir konumda kullanılmaktadır.
Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de hilim “akıl” mânasında olmak üzere bir âyette çoğul şekliyle (ahlâm ) geçmektedir (et-Tûr 52/32). Bunun dışında “hilim sahibi” anlamında halîm kelimesi esmâ-i hüsnâdan biri olarak on bir âyette yer almaktadır. Bunlardan altısı “gafûr” (bütün günahları bağışlayan), üçü “alîm” (çok iyi bilen), biri “ganî” (her şeyden müstağnî), biri de “şekûr” (az iyiliğe çok mükâfat veren) isimleriyle birlikte bulunur (bk. M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “ḥlm” md.). Tefsir ve kelâm kitaplarında esmâ-i hüsnâdan olan halîmin “çok sabırlı, günahkârları cezalandırmakta acele etmeyen” (meselâ bk. Eş‘arî, s. 530) veya “kullarının isyanından etkilenmeyen, günahkârlara gazap etmesi kendisini telâşa düşürmeyen, her işi olması gerektiği ölçüde yapan” (İbnü’l-Esîr, en-Nihâye , “ḥlm” md.) anlamlarına geldiği belirtilir. İbn Hibbân el-Büstî, bu âyetlere dayanarak hilmin akıldan daha üstün bir erdem olduğunu, çünkü yüce Allah’ın Kur’an’da kendisini akılla değil hilimle nitelendirdiğini ifade eder (Ravżatü’l-ʿuḳalâʾ , s. 209). Bu görüşü Gazzâlî de tekrar etmiştir (İḥyâʾ , III, 179). Halîm ayrıca iki âyette Hz. İbrâhim’in (et-Tevbe 9/114; Hûd 11/75), bir âyette Hz. İshak’ın (es-Sâffât 37/101) sıfatı olarak yer almakta, bir âyette de (Hûd 11/87) düşmanlarının Hz. Şuayb ile alay etmek için onu halîm diye niteledikleri bildirilmektedir (ayrıca bk. HALÎM ).
Hadislerde hilim kelimesi hem “akıl” hem de “ağır başlılık, yumuşaklık” anlamında geçmektedir (bk. Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , “ḥlm” md.). Hz. Peygamber, hemen bütün hadis mecmualarında ve edebî-ahlâkî mahiyetteki antolojik eserlerde yer verilen bir hadisinde Eşec el-Abdî adlı sahâbîyi överken şöyle demiştir: “Sende Allah’ın sevdiği iki haslet vardır; bunlardan biri hilim, diğeri de teennîdir” (Müslim, “Îmân”, 25, 26; Ebû Dâvûd, “Edeb”, 148, 149). İbnü’l-Esîr’e göre bu hadisteki hilim “akıl”, teennî de “kararlılık, acelecilikten sakınma” anlamına gelir (en-Nihâye , “ḥlm” md.). Aynı müellif, Resûl-i Ekrem’in, namazda imam olduğu sırada arkasında duracak kimselerde aradığı şartları ifade eden “ülü’l-ahlâm ve’n-nühâ” şeklindeki sözünü “zevü’l-elbâb ve’l-ukūl” olarak açıklamış; bununla da cemaat içinde en bilgili, yetişkin, olgun ve ibadet kültürüne sahip kişileri anlatmak istemiştir. Dârimî’nin naklettiği (“Muḳaddime”, 29) ve hadîs-i kudsî olduğu anlaşılan bir sözde “halîmi bile hayrette bırakan bir fitne”den söz edilmekte olup buradaki hilimden de akıl kastedilmiştir. Ebû Dâvûd’un es-Sünen ’inde “Kitâbü’l-Edeb”in ilk babı “el-Hilm ve ahlâku’n-nebî” başlığını taşır. Bu başlık, Resûlullah’ın ahlâkının temelini hilmin oluşturduğunu ima eder. Burada onun hoşgörüsünü, affediciliğini ve sabrını anlatan hadisler yer alır. Ayrıca hadis mecmualarında, İslâm âlimlerince hilmin kapsamında gösterilen akıl, basiret, kararlılık, öfkesine hâkim olma, affetme, hoşgörü, sabır, vakar, rıfk gibi ahlâkî erdemlere dair pek çok hadis bulunmaktadır. Buhârî’nin el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ ’indeki bir rivayette geçen (“Ḥudûd”, 31) ve Hz. Ömer’in hilâfete kendisinden daha lâyık olduğunu düşündüğü Hz. Ebû Bekir hakkında söylediği, “O benden daha halîmdir” şeklindeki sözde halîm “akıllı, deneyimli, olgun” anlamına gelir. Müslim’in el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ ’indeki bir rivayete göre (“Fiten”, 35, 36) Amr b. Âs, Bizans toplumunun sosyal çalkantılar karşısındaki akıllı, basiretli ve soğukkanlı tutumunu, “Onlar fitne durumunda insanların en halîmidir” cümlesiyle ifade etmiştir.
Hilim kavramı Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de ahlâkî anlamda çok az geçtiği, hadislerde de sıkça kullanılmadığı halde belli başlı İslâmî kaynaklarda Müslümanlığın en temel erdemi veya bu erdemlerden biri olarak zikredilmiştir. Kur’an’da az kullanılması ise çok zor kazanılabilecek ölçüde değerli, yüksek ve ideal bir fazilet olduğu şeklindeki bir sebebe bağlanmıştır. Nitekim belki de ilk defa olmak üzere Hasan-ı Basrî (ö. 110/728), “Allah Teâlâ peygamberleri bile en az hilim sıfatıyla nitelemiştir” derken bu kavramın Kur’an’da neden az yer almış olduğuna da işaret etmiş bulunmaktadır (Meydânî, I, 211). Meydânî’ye göre Hasan-ı Basrî bu sözüyle, hilmin peygamberlerde bile az rastlanabilen çok yüksek bir erdem olduğunu anlatmak istemiştir. Bu görüşe katılan Câhiz de şöyle demektedir: “Yüce Allah sâlih kullarını uzun uzun övdüğü halde onları nâdiren hilimle vasıflandırmıştır. Nitekim Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de bunun sadece iki yerde (iki peygamber hakkında: et-Tevbe 9/114; Hûd 11/75; es-Sâffât 37/101) geçtiğini görüyoruz” (Pellat, Risâle fi’l-ḥilm , s. 26). İbn Hibbân el-Büstî de hilmin Kur’an’da az kullanılmasını bu erdemin nefasetine ve kadrinin yüksekliğine delil olarak gösterir (Ravżatü’l-ʿuḳalâʾ , s. 209). Bununla birlikte Toshihiko Izutsu’nun belirttiği gibi Kur’an’da baştan sona kadar hilim ruhu mevcuttur (Kur’an’da Allah ve İnsan , s. 204). Zira insanlarla olan ilişkilerde ihsanla, adaletle hareket etme, zulümden kaçınma, şehvet ve ihtiraslarına gem vurma, kibir ve gururdan sakınma hilim ruhunun belirtileridir.
Özellikle Ignaz Goldziher’den itibaren şarkiyatçılar İslâm ahlâkının, dolayısıyla müslümanın karakterini belirleyen temel erdemin tesbitine çalışmışlar ve nihayet bunun hilim olduğu kanaatine varmışlardır. Zira bu araştırmacılara göre Câhiliye döneminde çok az insan bu faziletin kıymetini takdir ederken İslâm dini bunu ahlâkî ve içtimaî alanda bütün müslümanlara yaymayı ve bu suretle onları belli başlı niteliği saldırganlık, barbarlık ve çatışma olan Câhiliye toplumundan farklı kılmayı amaçlamıştır (Pellat, Risâle fi’l-ḥilm , s. 152; Goldziher, s. 207-208). Kur’an ve hadisler yanında Abdullah b. Mukaffa‘ın el-Edebü’l-kebîr ’inde, daha sonra İbn Kuteybe’nin ʿUyûnü’l-aḫbâr ’ında, Câhiz’in başta el-Meḥâsin ve’l-eżdâd , el-Beyân ve’t-tebyîn olmak üzere çeşitli eserlerinde ve diğer birçok kaynakta verilen bilgiler, hilmin pek çok erdemi kapsayan bir İslâm ahlâkı kavramı olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu eserlerde Lokman, Ahnef b. Kays, Muâviye b. Ebû Süfyân, Halife Me’mûn gibi hilimleriyle ün kazanmış simaların “hulemâü’l-Arab” diye anılması da İslâm ahlâk kültüründe bu fazilete verilen önemi yansıtır (geniş bilgi için bk. Pellat, Risâle fi’l-ḥilm , s. 83-127).
Kaynaklarda hilim biri zihnî, diğeri ahlâkî olmak üzere iki anlamda geçmektedir. Zihnî hilim akıl demektir. Câhiz, “Hilim kelimesi ilmi ve hazmi (ihtiyat, tedbirli olma) içine alan kapsamlı bir isimdir” diyerek ilmi de hilmin içinde göstermiştir (el-ʿOs̱mâniyye , s. 97). Bu anlamdaki hilim ahmaklık, sefahet (beyinsizlik) ve cahilliğin karşıtı olarak gösterilir. Buna göre hilim sahibi insanın bir özelliği akıllı ve bilgili olmak, ahmaklıktan, sefahetten ve cahillikten uzak bulunmaktır. “Onlara bunu akılları mı emrediyor?” meâlindeki âyet (et-Tûr 52/32) dolaylı olarak müslümanlara aklın irşadına uymayı, akıllı davranmayı, ahmak, beyinsiz ve cahil olmaktan uzak durmayı gerekli kılmaktadır. Bu âyetin devamındaki, “Yoksa onlar sınır tanımayan (tâğî) bir kavim midir?” ifadesinden anlaşıldığına göre hilimde tuğyanın karşıtı olan bir anlam da vardır. Buna göre akıllı insan azgınlık yapmaz, haddi aşmaz, öfkeye kapılıp kendinden geçmez. Böylece Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de çok sık tekrar edilen “akıl etme, bilme, tefekkür, tedebbür, itibar, nazar (düşünme)” gibi zihnî faaliyetlerle hilim erdemi arasındaki bağlantı da ortaya çıkmakta, ayrıca İslâm’ın bir hilim dini, yani -kelimenin İslâm’a özgü anlamıyla- akıl ve bilgi dini olduğu anlaşılmaktadır.
Hilmin ahlâkî ve amelî gelişmişliği ifade eden mânasına gelince, İbn Sînâ ʿİlmü’l-aḫlâḳ adlı risâlesinde (Tisʿu resâʾil , s. 108) bu anlamdaki hilmin altında şu faziletleri sıralar: Öfkeyi yenme, kerem (cömertlik, onurlu davranış), hoşgörü, af, gönül zenginliği, tahammül, kararlılık, kin gütmeme. Çeşitli kaynaklarda bunlara sabır, sekînet, vakar, ihtiraslara ve diğer bencil duygulara hâkimiyet gibi daha birçok fazilet eklenmektedir. Mâverdî’nin hilmi “huyların en yücelerinden” diye nitelemesi (Edebü’d-dünyâ ve’d-dîn , s. 245), Câhiz’in de, “Asıl övgüye değer olan hilimdir ve asıl yerilmesi gereken de cehalettir; hilim aklın otoritesidir, tutkulara hâkimiyettir” şeklindeki ifadesi (Resâʾilü’l-Câḥiẓ , I, 103) hilmin hem kapsamını hem de önemini belirtir.
Zihnî mânadaki hilimle ahlâkî mânadaki hilim birbiriyle ilgisiz değildir. Zira akıllı, bilgili ve basiretli insan sabırlı, ağır başlı, bağışlayıcı, vakarlı, kararlı, nefsine hâkim, kötülüğü iyilikle karşılayabilen, kışkırtmalara kapılmayan bir ahlâkî karaktere sahip olabilir. İbnü’l-Mukaffa‘ın tam ve hakiki hilmi gerçek bir üstünlük ve kuvvet olarak görmesinin de (aş.bk.) bu erdemin akıl-eylem bütünlüğü ile kazanılmış olmasından ileri geldiği düşünülebilir.
İslâmî literatürde hilmin kapsamı içinde gösterilen faziletler hakkında pek çok âyet ve hadis vardır. Gazzâlî İḥyâʾü ʿulûmi’d-dîn ’inde (III, 177), bir âyette geçen “rabbânîler olunuz” (Âl-i İmrân 3/79) ifadesini “halîm ve bilgili kimseler olunuz” şeklinde yorumlamıştır. İbn Hibbân el-Büstî bu yorumu Hasan-ı Basrî’ye nisbet eder (Ravżatü’l-ʿuḳalâʾ , s. 101). Gazzâlî’nin aynı yerde verdiği bilgiye göre Atâ b. Ebû Rebâh, “Onlar yeryüzünde hevn ile yürürler” (el-Furkān 25/63) âyetindeki “hevn” kelimesini de “hulemâ’” şeklinde açıklamıştır (krş. Taberî, XIX, 22). Buna göre âyetin meâli şöyledir: “Rahman olan Allah’ın -mümin- kulları yeryüzünde halîm olarak -vakar ve teennî ile- yürürler.” Hasan-ı Basrî de bu âyetin devamındaki, “Cahiller onlara sözlü sataşmada bulunduğunda, ‘Selâm!’ derler” ifadesini, “Onlar halîm insanlardır; kendilerine karşı cahilce ve küstahça davrananlara cahillik ve küstahlıkla karşılık vermezler” sözleriyle açıklamıştır. İçlerinde hilim kelimesi geçmemekle birlikte anlamları bakımından hilim erdeminin İslâm ahlâkındaki yerini ve önemini ifade eden yüzlerce âyete örnek olarak şu âyetler zikredilebilir: “Onlar öfkelendikleri zaman bile affederler” (eş-Şûrâ 42/37); “Her kim sabreder ve bağışlarsa bilsin ki bu tutum davranışların en soylusu, en olumlusudur” (eş-Şûrâ 42/43); “Güzel bir söz ve bağışlama, arkasından eziyet gelen sadakadan daha hayırlıdır” (el-Bakara 2/263); “Müslümanlar affetsinler, hoşgörülü olsunlar. Allah’ın sizi bağışlamasını istemez misiniz?” (en-Nûr 24/22); “Af yolunu tut, iyiliği emret ve cahillerden uzak dur” (el-A‘râf 7/199); “Rabbinizin bağışına, takvâ sahipleri için hazırlamış olduğu, genişliği göklerle yer kadar olan cennete koşun. O takvâ sahipleri ki bollukta da darlıkta da Allah rızâsı için mallarını harcarlar; öfkelerini yenerler ve insanları affederler. Allah da böyle güzel davranışta bulunanları sever” (Âl-i İmrân 3/133-134); “İyilikle kötülük bir değildir. Sen kötülüğü en güzel bir tutumla karşıla. O zaman göreceksin ki seninle aranızda düşmanlık bulunan kimse candan bir dost olmuştur” (Fussılet 41/34). Son âyet, sevginin oluşmasında ve dolayısıyla sosyal barışın sağlanmasında hilim erdeminin rolünü göstermesi bakımından dikkat çekicidir. Zira burada, hilim ruhunu yansıtan en saygın davranışlardan biri olan kötülüğe karşı iyilikle mukabelede bulunma düşmanı bile dost yapan bir güç olarak değerlendirilmiştir. İbnü’l-Mukaffa‘ hilmin bu gücünü şöyle anlatır: “Sakın sana iftira edene öfke ve intikam duygusuyla karşılık verme. Hilim ve vakar içinde güzel cevap ver. Hiç şüphen olmasın ki üstünlük ve kuvvet daima halîm olanındır” (el-Edebü’l-kebîr , s. 45-46).
Hilim sabır, sekînet ve vakardır; öfkeye, ihtiraslara ve diğer bencil duygulara hâkimiyet, ağır başlılık ve yumuşak huyluluktur; fakat asla güçsüzlük ve onursuzluktan kaynaklanan bir zillet ve acz kabul edilmemelidir. Gazzâlî’nin aktardığı bir söze göre halîm haksızlığa uğrayınca sabreden, gücü yetince de intikam alan kimse değildir; asıl halîm haksızlığa katlanan, gücü yetince de affedebilen kişidir (İḥyâʾ , III, 184). Esasen hilmin, yukarıda işaret edilen âyetlerde “gafûrun halîm, alîmün halîm, ganiyyün halîm” şeklindeki ifadelerle Allah’a nisbet edilmesi de bunu gösterir. Zira Allah hem bağışlama gücüne sahip, bilgili ve müstağni hem de halîmdir. Şu halde Kur’ânî anlamda hilim bilgisizlik, basiretsizlik, ahmaklık veya âcizlik sebebiyle sabırlı, tahammüllü, ağır başlı olmayı ifade etmez; aksine insanın akıl, zekâ, bilgi, tecrübe gibi zihnî yeteneklere, bedenî ve malî imkânlara sahip olması yanında sabır, af, hoşgörü, nefse hâkimiyet, öfkeyi yenme, tahriklere kapılmama, teennî ve vakar gibi amelî erdemleri şahsında birleştirmesiyle ulaşılan bir kişilik yapısıdır. Hz. Peygamber’e de zengin kimselerin hilmini takdir eden bir söz isnat edilmiştir (a.g.e. , III, 178). Yine ona nisbet edilen bir rivayette, “Eğer hasmından daha güçlü isen onu bağışlayarak güçlü olmanın şükrünü öde” denilmektedir (Mâverdî, s. 245). Hz. Ömer’e atfedilen bir sözde de Allah nezdinde devlet başkanının hilminden, rıfkından ve yumuşaklığından daha değerli bir erdem bulunmadığı belirtilir (Pellat, Risâle fi’l-ḥilm , s. 39-40). Bu son rivayetler, sıhhatleri kesin olmamakla birlikte İslâmî kaynakların hilme bakışını yansıtması bakımından önem taşımaktadır. Tâbiîn döneminin İran asıllı şairlerinden Sâlim b. Vâbisa’nın, “Hilmin bir türü vardır ki zillettir, onu sen de bilirsin; asıl fazilet kudretten doğan hilimdir” (Ebû Temmâm, s. 190) anlamındaki beyti, Emevî Halifesi Ömer b. Abdülazîz’in, “Hilmin ilimle, affın kudretle birleşmesi sonucunda ulaşılan faziletten daha üstün bir fazilet yoktur” (Câhiz, el-Beyân ve’t-tebyîn , I, 175) sözü ve özellikle Câhiz’in hilmi “sahîf” (zayıf, âciz) kelimesinin karşıtı olarak kullanması (el-ʿOs̱mâniyye , s. 193), hilmin cahillik ve güçsüzlükten kaynaklanan bir fazilet olmadığını gösterir. İbn Hazm da ancak muktedir olduğu halde sabır ve hoşgörüyle davrananların halîm sayılabileceğini ifade eder (el-Aḫlâḳ ve’s-siyer , s. 27); ayrıca yaptığı kötülükten dolayı üzüntü duyup özür dileme olgunluğunu göstermeyenlere katlanmanın hilim değil zillet olduğunu ileri sürer. İbn Ebû Şihâb ed-Dabbî’nin, “Eğer hilmin cehline galip gelmezse düşmanlarının sürekli olarak artan saldırı ve tehdidi altında bulunursun” (Ebû Temmâm, s. 201) anlamındaki beytinde de görüldüğü gibi İslâmî literatürde hilim ihtiyatlı ve akıllıca davranışı ifade eden bir konumda kullanılmaktadır. Mâverdî’nin naklettiği bir özdeyişte (Edebü’d-dünyâ ve’d-dîn , s. 247) bu yaklaşım, “Hilim sıkıntılara karşı bir perdedir” şeklinde özetlenmiştir. İbn Hazm da hilmin düşmanlarla kaynaşmak değil onlarla tedbiri elden bırakmadan barışçı ilişkileri sürdürmek olduğunu belirtir (el-Aḫlâḳ ve’s-siyer , s. 80).
Kur’an ahlâkını en iyi kavrayan ve yaşayanlardan biri olarak tanınan Hasan-ı Basrî’ye isnat edilen (Gazzâlî, III, 166) ve hilmin kapsadığı başlıca faziletleri vurgulayan şu sözleri Kur’an ve Peygamber ahlâkının bir özeti saymak mümkündür: “Müslüman dininde güçlü, kararlı ve yumuşak olan kişidir; imanı sağlam, bilgili ve halîm, zeki ve merhametlidir; hem haklı hem bağışlayıcı, hem zengin hem tutumludur; hasta olduğunda tahammüllü, güçlü ve iyilik severdir; arkadaşlığın ve dostluğun sıkıntılarına katlanır, zorluklara sabreder; öfkesine mağlûp olmaz, gurur ve kibre kapılmaz, ihtiraslarına yenilmez; midesi yüzünden şerefsizlik yapmaz; hırsı yüzünden küçülmez; basit hedeflerle yetinmez; mazluma yardım eder, zayıfa acır; cimrilik yapmaz, israf etmez; kendisine kötülük edeni bağışlar, cahili hoş görür; nefsi sıkıntıda olsa da herkes kendisinden faydalanır.”
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1998 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 18. cildinde, 33-36 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.