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HİLLÎ, Muhakkık Skip to content Ebü’l-Kāsım Necmüddîn Ca‘fer b. el-Hasen b. Ebî Zekeriyyâ Yahyâ el-Muhakkık el-Hillî el-Hüzelî (ö. 676/1277)
Şiî fıkhına dair Şerâʾiʿu’l-İslâm adlı eseriyle tanınan âlim.
602 (1205) yılında Hille’de doğdu. Gençlik yıllarında şiir ve edebiyata meylettiyse de babasının isteği üzerine daha sonra dinî ilimlere yöneldi. Babasından, ayrıca Muhammed b. Ca‘fer b. Nemâ el-Hillî, Fahhâr b. Ma‘d el-Mûsevî ve Muhammed b. Cehm el-Hillî gibi âlimlerden ders aldı. Onun zamanında Hille Şîa’nın en büyük ilim merkezlerinden biri haline geldi. Muhakkık’ın ilim meclislerine Nasîrüddîn-i Tûsî ve İbnü’l-Mutahhar el-Hillî (Allâme) gibi meşhur simaların yanı sıra İbn Dâvûd el-Hillî, Abdülkerîm b. Ahmed b. Tâvûs, Muhammed b. Ali b. Tâvûs, Hasan b. Ebû Tâlib el-Yûsufî, Mahfûz b. Vişâh el-Hillî, Muhammed b. Ali el-Kâşî, Cemâleddin Yûsuf b. Hâtim el-Âmülî ve Ali b. Yûsuf el-Hillî gibi âlimler devam etmiştir. Onun 400 civarında müctehid âlim yetiştirdiği söylenir.
Muhakkık el-Hillî, talebelerinden İbn Dâvûd’a göre 3 Rebîülâhir 676 (3 Eylül 1277) tarihinde, Şeyh Bahâî’ye göre ise aynı yılın 23 Cemâziyelâhirinde (21 Kasım 1277) vefat etti. Bazı kaynaklarda (Hânsârî, II, 191; İbn Usfûr el-Bahrânî, s. 230) 726 (1325) yılında öldüğüne dair verilen bilgi yanlış olup bunun İbnü’l-Mutahhar el-Hillî’nin vefat tarihiyle karıştırılmasından kaynaklandığı anlaşılmaktadır. Muhakkık’ın Hille’deki Meşhedü’ş-Şems’te bulunan türbesi halk tarafından ziyaret edilmektedir.
Şeyh Müfîd, Seyyid Murtazâ ve Şeyh Tûsî gibi ilk dönem Şiî fakihlerinin çizgisine son veren Hillî ortaya koyduğu görüşlerle Şiî fıkhında yeni bir çığır açmıştır. Ondan önceki İmâmiyye düşüncesinin ileri gelenlerinden Ebû Ca‘fer et-Tûsî’nin fıkhî mirası, kendi içindeki zenginlik ve genişliğine rağmen dağınık ve insicamdan uzaktı; Sünnî fıkhından alınmış olan unsurlar Şiî fıkhıyla bütünleşecek şekilde hazmedilememişti. Hillî bu hukukî birikimi derli toplu bir şekle sokup İmâmiyye fıkhını sistematik bir hüviyete büründürmüş, Tûsî’nin eksik bıraktığı hususları tamamlamış, bu sebeple de “Muhakkık” lakabıyla anılmıştır. Şîa literatüründe “muhakkık” denilince sadece Hillî kastedilmekle birlikte Muhakkık-ı Sânî lakabıyla anılan Ali b. Hüseyin el-Kerekî’den (ö. 940/1533) ayrılması için bazan kendisine “Muhakkık-ı Evvel” de denilmektedir.
Hillî’nin şöhreti, daha önceki fıkhî anlayışa yeni bir şekil vermiş olmasının yanında ondan sonra gelen fakihlerin fıkıh metodolojisinde kendisini örnek almasından da kaynaklanmaktadır. Nitekim Hillî fıkıh kitaplarının bölümlerini yeniden düzenlemiş ve Şerâʾiʿu’l-İslâm adlı eserini “ibâdât”, “ukūd”, “îkāât” ve “ahkâm” olmak üzere dört ana bölüme ayırmıştır. Sünnî fıkhından da istifade ederek yapmış olduğu bu taksim kendisinden sonraki Şiî fakihleri tarafından da kabul görmüştür. Onun, ilk dönem Şiî düşüncesine karşı tenkitçi olduğu kadar sentezci bir karakter taşıyan bu yaklaşımı, daha sonra talebesi Allâme İbnü’l-Mutahhar el-Hillî tarafından devam ettirilmiştir. Şiî medreselerinde önceleri Tûsî’nin en-Nihâye ’si okutulurken daha sonra Muhakkık’ın Şerâʾiʿu’l-İslâm ’ı onun yerini almış ve ulemâ üzerinde büyük bir tesir icra etmiştir.
Yaşadığı dönemin siyasî şartları, Hillî’nin Şiî fıkıh ve düşüncesinde meydana getirmek istediği değişiklikleri daha da kolaylaştırmıştır. Moğollar’ın Sünnî İslâm’a karşı olan tepkisi Hillî’nin, İbnü’l-Mutahhar’ın ve Nasîrüddîn-i Tûsî’nin de desteğiyle giderek artmış ve bu dönemde Şiî düşüncesi Büveyhîler devrindekine benzer bir canlılık kazanmıştır. Bu uygun ortam sebebiyledir ki Büveyhîler döneminde Şeyh Müfîd, Şerîf el-Murtazâ ve Ebû Ca‘fer et-Tûsî gibi usûlî âlimler tarafından ortaya konan siyasî otoriteyle uzlaşma eğiliminin Muhakkık tarafından güçlendirilerek devam ettirildiği görülür. Onun ortaya koyduğu bu uzlaşmacı tavrın yanı sıra ulemânın otoriter yapısını güçlendirme çabası da oldukça belirgindir.
Muhakkık el-Hillî zekât ve humus gibi vergilerin toplanması, şer‘î cezaların uygulanması, gaybet döneminde cuma namazının kılınıp kılınmayacağı, ictihadın câiz olup olmadığı ve kısmen de haber-i vâhidin dindeki konumunun ne olduğu gibi hususlarda selefleri olan Şiî ulemâdan farklı görüşler ortaya koymuştur. Ona göre, gaybet döneminde imamın temsilcisi (nâib-i âm) olup fetva verme şartlarını taşıyan bir Şiî fakih, zekât ve humus gibi vergilerin toplanması yanında imam adına şer‘î cezaları (hudûd) yerine getirmekle de mükelleftir. Bu görevlerin tayinle iş başına getirilen kişiler tarafından değil, velâyet düşüncesine bağlı olarak ancak gāib imam tarafından görevlendirilen fakihler vasıtasıyla yerine getirileceği konusunda Hillî kendinden önceki Şiî âlimleriyle aynı kanaattedir; çünkü Şîa’ya göre velâyetin gāib imama dayanması şarttır. Humustan imama ayrılan payın gömülmesini veya imam dönünceye kadar bekletilmesini isteyen ulemâya karşılık Hillî, yönetme hakkına sahip olan fakihin bunu toplayıp dağıtma göreviyle de mükellef olduğunu belirtir. İmamın veya gaybet döneminde onun tarafından tayin edilen bir kişinin mevcut olmaması halinde cuma namazının kılınmasına cevaz veren ulemânın yanı sıra bunu reddedenlerin de varlığına işaret eden Muhakkık birinci görüşün daha tutarlı olduğunu ileri sürmüştür.
Şîa hukuk düşüncesinde ictihadın da ilk olarak açık bir şekilde Muhakkık el-Hillî tarafından benimsendiği dikkati çekmektedir. Ondan önceki Şiî ulemâsının bunu terim anlamıyla kabul ettiğine dair herhangi bir kayda rastlanmamaktadır. Ancak bu husus, Hillî’den önce aklî izahların yapılmadığı ve Şîa’da ictihadın mevcut olmadığı şeklinde anlaşılmamalıdır. Muhakkık el-Hillî, kıyası reddetmekle birlikte Şîa’nın “aklî istinbatta bulunma” mânasında ictihadı asırlardır uygulamakta olduğunu ileri sürmüş ve içinde kıyasın bulunmadığı ictihad şeklinin özellikle Şîa’nın malı olduğunu ifade etmiştir. Şîa’nın ictihad anlayışını ana çizgileriyle açıklayıp kendinden sonraki Şiî düşüncesinin önünü açan Hillî, Sünnî fıkıh kaynakları ve metotlarından da istifade ederek niyâbet müessesesini ana hatlarıyla ortaya koymuş ve müctehidin gaybet döneminde imamın genel temsilcisi olduğu düşüncesi, daha sonra talebesi Allâme İbnü’l-Mutahhar el-Hillî tarafından geliştirilip sistemleştirilmiştir. Bununla birlikte Muhakkık’ın bugünkü Şîa’nın anladığı mânadaki ictihadı benimsediğini söylemek de oldukça güçtür; çünkü Muhakkık, nassın zâhirine bağlı hususlarda ictihadın söz konusu olmadığını belirterek ancak nasların zâhirine dayanmayan meselelerde aklî istinbatta bulunmanın mümkün olabileceğini ileri sürmüştür. İctihad, ondan sonra bununla sınırlı kalmayıp daha değişik anlamlar kazanmaya devam etmiş ve sonunda fakihin delil ikame etmek suretiyle istinbatta bulunduğu her şeyi içine almıştır.
Muhakkık el-Hillî’nin haber-i vâhid konusundaki görüşleri, onun genel olarak İmâmî ahbârına bakışını yansıtması açısından önemlidir. Hillî, Şiî ulemâsından bir grubun âhâd haberi red hususunda ifrata düşüp ondan faydalanmayı aklen bile muhal görürken diğer bir grubun her türlü haberle amel ettiğini belirtir ve bu iki yolun da sünnetten sapma (bid‘at) demek olduğunu söyler. Rivayet zincirindeki râvilerin adâleti ve güvenilirliği sabit olduğu müddetçe Hillî, haber-i vâhidle amelin câiz ve hatta bazı durumlarda gerekli olduğunu ileri sürmüştür. Bazı Ahbârîler ve özellikle Muhammed Emîn el-Esterâbâdî, bu mutedil yaklaşımından hareket ederek onun Ahbârîliğe meylettiğini iddia etmişse de bu görüş objektif olmaktan uzaktır; çünkü Hillî Ahbârî olmak bir yana, Usûlî düşüncenin ileri gelenlerinden biri olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bununla birlikte onun Usûlî düşüncede mutedil çizgiyi temsil ettiğini söylemek daha doğru olur. Usûlî ulemâ arasında ahbâr görüşü Hillî’ye benzeyen birçok âlime rastlamak mümkündür.
Eserleri. 1. Şerâʾiʿu’l-İslâm fî mesâʾili’l-ḥelâl ve’l-ḥarâm (Kalküta 1839; Tahran 1840, 1267, 1271, 1274, 1275, 1895; Tebriz 1275, 1278, 1284-1285, 1294, 1302, 1307; I-II [tek cilt halinde], nşr. Ahmed Muğniyye, Beyrut 1930, 1406/1986; I-IV [iki cilt halinde], nşr. Abdülhüseyin Muhammed Ali, Necef 1389/1969, Beyrut 1403/1983; Sâdık Şîrâzî’nin ta‘lîkātı ile birlikte, Kum 1983). İmâmiyye’ye dair fıkıh metinlerinin en önemlilerinden biri kabul edilir. Şiî İslâm dünyasında başvuru kaynağı ve ders kitabı olan eser “ibâdât” (10 kitap), “ukūd” (15 kitap), “îkāât” (11 kitap) ve “ahkâm” (12 kitap) olmak üzere dört bölümden oluşmaktadır. Mezhebin kaynakları arasında tertip bakımından en düzenlisi, üslûp açısından en akıcısı sayılan Şerâʾiʿu’l-İslâm ’ın tertibi daha sonraki İmâmiyye ulemâsı tarafından esas alınmış, eser hakkında yüzün üzerinde şerh ve hâşiye yapılmıştır (Âgā Büzürg-i Tahrânî, XIII, 47-50, 316-332). Bunlardan bazıları şunlardır: a) Şehîd-i Sânî, Mesâlikü’l-efhâm ilâ tenḳīḥi Şerâʾiʿi’l-İslâm (Tahran 1262, 1267-1268, 1272-1276, 1282, 1285, 1310-1312, 1314; Tebriz 1267, 1285). b) Şemseddin Seyyid Muhammed b. Ali el-Mûsevî el-Âmülî, Medârikü’l-aḥkâm (Tahran 1268, 1274, 1276, 1298, 1322). Muhammed Bâkır el-Bihbehânî bu şerhe bir hâşiye yazmıştır (Tahran 1268, 1274, 1298). c) Muhammed Hasan b. Muhammed Bâkır en-Necefî, Cevâhirü’l-kelâm (Tahran 1262, 1273, 1278, 1286-1287, 1301, 1305, 1311, 1312, 1323-1325, 1376; I-XLIII, Necef 1377-1399). d) Muhammed Hüseyin b. Hâşim el-Kâzımî en-Necefî, Hidâyetü’l-enâm (Necef 1330-1331). e) Ebü’l-Hasan Hasan b. Mehdî el-Huneyzî, Delâʾilü’l-aḥkâm (Necef 1977). Şerâʾiʿu’l-İslâm ’ı Mîr Muhammed Takī b. Abbas en-Nihâvendî ve Ebü’l-Kāsım b. Ahmed Yezdî Farsça’ya (I-IV, Tahran 1362-1364), A. Querry Fransızca’ya (I-II, Paris 1871), Kazembeg Rusça’ya (I-II, Saint Petersburg 1862-1867), Âbid Hüseyin Ensârî Urduca’ya (Leknev 1333) ve M. Sâdık Keşmirî Sanskritçe’ye (Leknev 1315-1317) çevirmiştir. Ayrıca miras hukukuyla ilgili bölüm, Ali Eşref Muhâcir tarafından İrs der Fıḳh-i İslâmî adıyla ve bazı notlar ilâvesiyle Farsça’ya tercüme edilmiştir (Tahran 1364).
2. en-Nâfiʿ fî muḫtaṣari’ş-Şerâʾiʿ (el-Muḫtaṣarü’n-nâfiʿ fî fıḳhi’l-İmâmiyye) (Leknev 1267, 1301; Kahire 1376/1956; Necef 1384/1964, 1386/1966; Tahran 1329). Müellifin kendi eseri üzerine yaptığı bu tek ciltlik muhtasarın otuzun üzerinde şerh, hâşiye ve ta‘lîkātı yapılmış olup (a.g.e. , IV, 57-60) belli başlıları şunlardır: a) el-Muʿteber fî şerḥi’l-Muḫtaṣar . Müellifin, ibadetler bölümüyle ticaret bölümünün bir kısmını kapsayan tamamlanmamış iki ciltlik şerhidir (H. Müderrisî Tabâtabâî, s. 101). b) Keşfü’r-rumûz (nşr. Ali Penâh el-İştihârdî – Hüseyin el-Ezdî, I-II, Kum 1408-1410). Hillî’nin talebesi Hasan b. Ebû Tâlib el-Yûsufî’ye aittir. c) el-Burhânü’l-ḳāṭîʿ (I-III, Tahran 1267, 1281-1282, 1290-1293). eş-Şerḥu’l-kebîr diye de bilinen eser Seyyid Ali b. Rızâ b. Bahrülulûm Mehdî et-Tabâtabâî’ye aittir. Aynı müellifin Riyâżü’l-mesâʾil (eş-Şerḥu’ṣ-ṣaġīr) adlı bir başka şerhi daha vardır (I-II, Tahran 1268, 1272, 1275, 1282, 1288-1292, 1300, 1307-1308, 1316-1317). d) el-Envârü’r-Rıżâviyye (Tahran 1287, 1292). Muhammed Rızâ b. İsmâil Mûsevî eş-Şîrâzî tarafından hazırlanmıştır. e) Riyâżü’l-mesâʾil . Seyyid Mîr Ali b. Seyyid Muhammed Ali b. Ebü’l-Meâlî’ye ait olup eş-Şerḥu’l-kebîr diye de bilinir. Üzerine pek çok hâşiye ve ta‘lîkāt yapılan eser basılmıştır (H. Müderrisî Tabâtabâî, s. 103).
3. Nüketü’n-Nihâye (en-Nihâye ve nüketühâ) (Cevâmiʿu’l-fıḳh içinde, Tahran 1276; I-III, Kum 1412). Ebû Ca‘fer et-Tûsî’nin en-Nihâye ’sinin şerhidir.
4. el-Mesâʾilü’l-ʿİzziyye (el-Mesâʾilü’t-tisʿ) . Eserde, Emîr İzzeddin Abdülazîz’in tahkikini istediği dokuz fıkıh meselesine dair açıklama yer almaktadır.
5. el-Mesâʾilü’l-ʿİzziyye . Bu risâlede de Emîn İzzeddin’in açıklanmasını istediği yedi fıkıh ve kelâm meselesi bulunmaktadır.
6. el-Mesâʾilü’l-Mıṣriyye . Tahâretle ilgili beş meseleyi ihtiva eden bir risâledir.
7. el-Mesâʾilü’l-Baġdâdiyye . Hillî’nin, talebesi Cemâleddin Yûsuf b. Hâtim eş-Şâmî el-Âmülî’nin sorduğu kırk iki fıkıh meselesine verdiği cevaplardan ibarettir.
8. el-Mesâʾilü’l-ḫamse ʿaşer . Mevcut nüshası üzerinde isim bulunmayan esere fıkha dair on beş meseleyi ihtiva ettiği için bu ad verilmiştir.
9. el-Mesâʾilü’l-Kemâliyye . Kemâleddin Muhammed b. Muhammed b. Sehl el-Âbî’nin fıkıh ve kelâma dair sorduğu on sorunun cevaplarıdır.
10. el-Mesâʾilü’ṭ-Ṭaberiyye . Sedîdüddin Mahmûd b. Zeynüddin Ali el-Hüvârî’nin sorduğu yirmi iki fetvadan oluşmakta ve el-Mesâʾilü’l-Ḫuvâriyyât , el-Mesâʾilü’l-Ḫuvâriyye adlarıyla da anılmaktadır.
11. Risâle fi’t-teyâsür fi’l-ḳıble (Risâletü teyâsüri’l-ḳıble) . Cemâleddin İbn Fehd tarafından el-Müheẕẕebü’l-bâriʿ de iktibas edilmiştir (İbnü’l-Mutahhar el-Hillî’nin Ravżü’l-cinân ’ı ve Şehîd-i Sânî’nin Münyetü’l-mürîd ’i ile birlikte, Tahran 1307).
12. el-Maḳṣûd mine’l-cümel ve’l-ʿuḳūd . Ebû Ca‘fer et-Tûsî’nin el-Cümel ve’l-ʿuḳūd adlı fetva koleksiyonunun bazı ilâvelerle birlikte yapılmış bir muhtasarıdır. Son dokuz risâle, Rızâ Üstâdî tarafından tahkik edilerek er-Resâʾilü’t-tisʿ adıyla basılmıştır (Kum 1371 hş.).
13. el-Meʿâric fî uṣûli’l-fıḳh (Meʿâricü’l-uṣûl) (Tahran 1310-1319).
14. Muḫtaṣarü’l-Merâsimi Sellâr ed-Deylemî fi’l-fıḳh .
15. Risâle fî muḥâsebeti’n-nefs (Tahran 1318).
16. Muḫtaṣarü’l-Fihrist (Telḫîṣü’l-Fihrist) . Ebû Ca‘fer et-Tûsî’nin biyografik eseri el-Fihrist ’in muhtasarıdır.
17. el-Meslek fî uṣûli’d-dîn .
18. el-Mâtiʿiyye . Kelâm ve akaidle ilgili muhtasar bir eserdir.
19. Risâle fî ʿademi küfri men iʿteḳade bi-is̱bâti’l-maʿdûm (Hillî’nin eserlerinin bir listesi ve bunların yazma nüshaları için bk. Brockelmann, GAL , I, 514-515; Suppl. , I, 711-712; Hüseyin Müderrisî Tabâtabâî, s. 88-106; Rızâ Üstâdî, I/2, s. 150-151).
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1998 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 18. cildinde, 39-41 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.