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HİNDİSTAN HİLÂFET HAREKETİ Skip to content Osmanlı Devleti’nin toprak bütünlüğünü ve hilâfetin otoritesini savunmak üzere Hindistan’da oluşturulan dinî-siyasî hareket.
I. Dünya Savaşı yenilgisinden sonra Osmanlı Devleti’nin dağılması, İslâm dünyasının büyük bir kısmını karışıklık ve ümitsizlik içinde bıraktı. Bağımsız olan yegâne İslâm devleti durumundaki Osmanlı Devleti, yabancı hâkimiyeti altına düşmüş müslümanların gurur ve teselli kaynağı idi; İslâm’ın dünyevî gücünün sembolü ve evrensel hilâfet merkezi olarak özellikle İngiliz Hindistanı’ndaki Hindu çoğunluk içinde yaşayan müslümanlara bir güvenlik duygusu veriyordu. Fakat XIX. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında Hint müslümanları, bu devletin parçalanması halinde Hindular karşısında kendi siyasî güçlerinin büyük ölçüde azalacağı korkusuna kapıldılar. Bu sebeple panislâmizm, onlar için romantik bir ideal ve psikolojik bir takviye olmanın yanında millî kimliklerini kazanma aracı haline geldi. Bu duyguyla Hint müslümanları XIX. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren Hindistan ve İngiltere hükümetleri nezdinde Osmanlı Devleti lehine kamuoyu oluşturmaya başladılar. O dönemde asıl üzerinde durdukları konu, Osmanlılar’ın Arabistan yarımadasındaki hâkimiyetlerine ve halifenin dinî-siyasî otoritesine herhangi bir şekilde zarar gelmemesiydi. Her ne kadar I. Dünya Savaşı çıktıktan sonra bazı İngiliz devlet adamlarının verdiği teminatlar biraz rahatlama getirdiyse de daha sonra durum beklenen şekilde gelişmedi. 30 Ekim 1918’de imzalanan Mondros Mütarekesi ile Osmanlı Devleti’nin yenilgiyi kabul etmesi üzerine İtilâf devletlerinin, özellikle İngiltere’nin takındığı istilâcı tutum Hint müslümanları arasında büyük bir galeyana sebep oldu. Çünkü Hint müslümanları açısından kendilerinin savaştaki hizmetlerine ve İngiliz devlet adamlarının buna karşılık verdikleri sözlere rağmen Türkiye’nin bütünlük ve bağımsızlığının tehlikeye düştüğü açıkça ortaya çıkmıştı. İtilâf devletleri içinde Hindistan’ın ve Türkiye’nin başına gelen felâketlerden en başta İngiltere sorumlu olduğu için halkın heyecanı kısa sürede İngiliz karşıtı bir nitelik kazandı.
Hilâfeti savunma konusu önce Türk sempatizanı olarak tanınan küçük bir grup tarafından ortaya atıldı. Kısa zamanda geniş ufuklu fikirlere sahip bazı politikacılar tarafından da benimsendi ve Hindistan’da İngiliz idaresine karşı millî bir dava haline geldi. Din âlimleri de beyanlarıyla bu mefkûreyi meşrûlaştırdıktan sonra harekete katıldılar. Toplumun çeşitli kesimlerinden gelen liderler arasında Batı eğitimi görmüş aydınlar da geleneksel medrese mezunları da bulunuyordu. Meselâ Muhtar Ahmed Ensârî ve Ecmel Han hekim, Mevlânâ Abdülbârî ve Ebü’l-Kelâm Âzâd din âlimi, Şevket ve Muhammed Ali kardeşler ile Hasret Mohânî gazeteci, Seth Chotani ve Ömer Sobani zengin tüccar, Müşir Hüseyin Kıdvâî ve Seyyid Zahur Ahmed hukukçu idi. Bunlar hep birlikte kamuoyunu yönlendirmeyi ve hilâfet hareketini oluşturmayı başardılar. Savaştan sonra ilk somut adım, Aralık 1918’de All India Muslim League’in Delhi’de yapılan yıllık toplantısında atıldı; amaç, İttifak ve İtilâf devletleri arasında yapılacak barış konferansları başlamadan (18 Ocak 1919) Türkiye lehine bir halk desteği sağlamaktı. 1919 ortalarında hilâfetçiler Chotani başkanlığındaki bir merkez komitesi etrafında örgütlenmiş, yeterli fonları bulunan etkili bir organizasyona sahiptiler; böylece hareket düzenli bir mücadele haline geldi.
Osmanlı Devleti için savaştan önceki statükonun korunması, Hindistan için millî hâkimiyetin elde edilmesi şeklinde tesbit edilen ikili hedefe ulaşmak amacıyla faaliyete geçildiğinde, geniş bir medrese ve mescid ağı ile güçlü bir dinî-siyasî organizasyon olan Hint Ulemâ Cemiyeti’nin katkısı, din âlimlerinin tamamı harekete katılmadığı halde çok büyük oldu. Dinî açıdan işlenen tema ve hareket noktası, hilâfet merkezi İstanbul’un tehdit altında olmasının İslâm’ın hukuk düşüncesini ve Hint müslümanlarının toplum içindeki konumunu tehlikeye düşürmesi idi. Önemli bir katkı da İngiltere’de ikamet eden Hint ve İngiliz müslümanlarıyla Türk dostlarından geldi. Bunlar, İngiltere’de hilâfet meselesi üzerine Hintliler’in duygularını dile getirmek ve Türk düşmanı propagandalara cevap vermek suretiyle harekete yardımcı oldular. Bir diğer önemli yardım ise Indian National Congress’in lideri Gandi’nin doğrudan merkez komitesine katılmasıyla geldi ve bu sayede Hindu toplumunun da desteği sağlandı. Böylece bütün Hindistan’ı arkalarına alan hilâfetçiler, İngiltere ve müttefiklerine isteklerini kabul ettirebilmek için iki yoldan baskı uygulamaya başladılar. Bunlardan biri yazılı başvurular yapmak ve heyetler göndermek, diğeri gösteriler tertip etmek ve pasif direnişte bulunmaktı. Bu çerçevede, bir yandan Avrupa başşehirlerine Hindistan ve İngiltere’den yüzlerce mektup ve dilekçe gönderilerek Hint müslümanlarının beklentileri ifade edilirken, bir yandan da aynı istekleri şifahî olarak daha ayrıntılı biçimde anlatmaları için çeşitli heyetler yollandı; bunların en önemlileri başkanlıklarını Ağa Han (1919), Muhammed Ali Cinnah (1919), Muhammed Ali (1920) ve Hasan İmam’ın (1921) yaptıklarıdır. Fakat bu heyetlerin hiçbiri ne münferit görüşmelerde, ne de Paris Barış Konferansı sırasındaki çalışmalarda istenilen sonucu elde edebildi. Bu arada tertip edilen konferans, gösteri ve mitinglerle halkın heyecanı sürdürüldü. Delhi’de yapılan ilk konferanstan (Kasım 1919) Hilâfet Hareketi bildirisinin yayımlandığı Bombay Konferansı’na kadar (Şubat 1920) hızlı bir faaliyet gösterildi ve hem masrafları karşılamak hem de Türkler’in kurtuluş savaşına yardımcı olmak için halktan önemli miktarda bağış toplandı. Bu sırada İngilizler’in zafer kutlamaları boykot edilirken pasif direniş programı da uygulamaya konuldu. Gandi’nin öncülüğünü yaptığı bu programın birkaç aşaması vardı ve son aşaması askerlik hizmetini ve vergi ödemeyi reddetmekti. Bu durum, Türkler’in aleyhine ilân edilecek barış şartlarının sessizce kabullenilmeyeceğini gösteriyordu. Nitekim öyle oldu ve Mayıs 1920’de, Osmanlı Devleti’ne dayatılan Sevr Antlaşması şartları açıklandığında müslümanlar iki şekilde tepki gösterdiler. Bir kısmı Hindistan’ın dârülharp olduğu inancı ve Mevlânâ Ebü’l-Kelâm Âzâd’ın fetvasının da teşvikiyle, cihad mümkün görünmediği için komşu Afganistan’a hicret etti (bk. HİNDİSTAN HİCRET HAREKETİ ). Bir kısmı ise hükümete baskı uygulamanın tek yolunun pasif direniş olduğunu kabul ederek şiddete başvurmamak şartıyla bu hareketi destekledi. 60.000 kadar müslümanın katıldığı hicret düzensiz bir gelişme gösterdi ve hüsranla sonuçlandı. Pasif direniş ise kitlesel katılımda daha büyük bir aşamaya ulaşmakla birlikte hiçbir başarı elde edemedi. Bu arada Gandi ve lideri olduğu Indian National Congress’in ayrılmasıyla hilâfet hareketi Hindu desteğinden mahrum kaldı; ancak yine de faaliyetine devam etti.
Hindistan hükümetinin müslümanların beklentilerine karşı tavrı genel olarak anlayışlı olmasına rağmen gerektiğinde baskı uygulamaktan çekinmiyordu. Fakat Hindistan hükümeti, müslümanların Türkler konusundaki hassasiyetini İngiliz hükümetine samimi olarak bildirdi; hatta 1922’de genel vali tarafından bunun açıkça ilân edilmesi bir kriz doğurdu ve genel valiyi destekleyen Hindistan Müstemleke Bakanı Lord Edwin Montgue’nin görevden alınmasıyla sonuçlandı. İngiliz hükümetinin katı Türk düşmanı politikaları 1922’de Lloyd George’un düşürülmesiyle hafifledi. Fakat o sıralarda Türkiye’de siyasî ve askerî durum bütünüyle değişmiş, Sevr Antlaşması’nın (10 Ağustos 1920) geçerliliği kalmamıştı. Mustafa Kemal liderliğinde Kurtuluş Savaşı’nı kazanarak Cumhuriyet kurmaları Türkler’in prestijini yükseltti ve İtilâf devletlerini anlaşmaya zorladı; 24 Temmuz 1923’te imzalanan Lozan Antlaşması ile yeni devlet kabul edildi.
Normal olarak Lozan Antlaşması’nın Hint Hilâfet Hareketi’ni sona erdirmesi gerekirdi. Fakat kendilerini dışarıda İslâm’ın savunucuları, içeride müslüman Hint toplumunun koruyucuları olarak gören hilâfetçiler eylemlerini, Arap yarımadasının özgürlüğünü ve Hindistan’ın bağımsızlığını sağlayıncaya kadar sürdürmeye karar verdiler. Daha önce Türk yöneticilerine olan duygusal bağlılıklarını Sultan Vahdeddin’den Mustafa Kemal’e çevirmişler ve 1922’de saltanatın hilâfetten ayrılması karşısında ciddi bir eleştiride bulunmamışlardı. Hatta 21-27 Aralık 1922 tarihinde toplanan Hindistan Hilâfet Konferansı Abdülmecid Efendi’nin halifeliğini kabul ve tasdik etmiş, 3 Ocak 1923’te de Mustafa Kemal Paşa’ya “müncî-i hilâfet” unvanı tevcih edilmişti. Fakat 3 Mart 1924’te Türkiye Cumhuriyeti hilâfeti bütünüyle kaldırıp Abdülmecid Efendi ve ailesini yurt dışına çıkarınca hareket liderleri arasında anlaşmazlık ortaya çıktı. Ali kardeşler kararın tartışılmasını, Mevlânâ Âzâd halifeliğin Mustafa Kemal Paşa’ya teklif edilmesini, Muhammed İkbal ise Türkler’in tutumunda İslâm’a aykırı bir taraf olmadığı için Hint müslümanlarının onları örnek almasını istiyordu. Böylece, esasen 1920’de Gandi ve Indian National Congress’in ayrılmasıyla Hindu desteğini kaybederek zayıf düşen hareket bu tartışmalarla da bütünlüğünü kaybetti. Öte yandan aynı günlerde, Muhammed Ali Cinnah’ın üç yıldır uzak durduğu siyasî hayata aktif bir biçimde geri dönüp All India Muslim League’in başına geçerek gösterilen çabaları Hint müslümanlarının bağımsızlığı konusunda yoğunlaştırması, hilâfet hareketine duyulan ilginin daha da azalmasına yol açtı. Hareket, 1930’larda hızı tamamen kesilinceye kadar Arap yarımadasının özgürlüğü konusuyla ilgilendi. Bu arada hilâfeti İslâm dünyasındaki bazı uygun kişilere teklif etmek suretiyle bu kurumu yeniden canlandırma girişimleri olduysa da görüş ayrılıkları buna izin vermedi.
Sonuç olarak Hindistan Hilâfet Hareketi her ne kadar hedeflerini gerçekleştirememişse de özellikle Türk tarihi açısından önem taşıyan bu kritik dönemde, Hindistan müslümanlarının hayatları ve hürriyetleri pahasına da olsa maddî-mânevî desteklerini ve fedakârlıklarını sergileyen bir İslâmî dayanışma örneği teşkil etmiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
P. C. Bamford, Histories of the Non-Co-operation and Khalifat Movements , Delhi 1925.
K. K. Aziz, The Indian Khilafat Movement: 1915-1933 , Karachi 1972.
A. C. Niemeijer, The Khilafat Movement in India: 1919-1924 , The Haque 1972.
M. Naeem Qureshi, The Khilafat Movement in India: 1919-1924 (doktora tezi, 1973), University of London.
a.mlf., “The Indian Khilafat Movement, 1918-1924”, JAH , XII/2 (1978), s. 152-168.
G. Minault, The Khilafat Movement: Religious Symbolism and Political Mobilization in India , New York 1982.
Azmi Özcan, Pan-İslamizm: Osmanlı Devleti Hindistan Müslümanları ve İngiltere (1877-1924) , Ankara 1997, s. 235-250.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1998 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 18. cildinde, 109-111 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.