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HIRKA-i SAÂDET Skip to content Hz. Peygamber’in Topkapı Sarayı’nda Mukaddes Emanetler Dairesi’nde korunan hırkası.
Resûl-i Ekrem’in ashabından Kâ‘b b. Züheyr’e hediye ettiği hırka olup bugün Topkapı Sarayı’nda sergilenmektedir. Yaygın olarak “hırka-i saâdet” adıyla anılan bu hırkadan (bürd, bürde) başka Hz. Peygamber’in Veysel Karanî’ye verilmesini vasiyet ettiği söylenen bir hırka daha vardır. İstanbul-Fatih’te bulunduğu camiye de adını veren bu hırkaya ise “hırka-i şerif” denilmektedir. Ancak tarihî kaynaklarda her iki ismin birbirinin yerine kullanıldığı da görülmektedir.
Hırka-i Saâdet. 124 cm. boyunda geniş kollu, siyah yünlü kumaştan dikilmiş krem renginde yün astarlı bir hırkadır. Topkapı Sarayı kumaş uzmanları tarafından yapılan inceleme sonucunda hırkanın Hz. Muhammed devrine ait olduğu kanaatine varılmıştır. Hırka, Sultan Abdülaziz tarafından yaptırılan iç içe iki altın sandıkta bohçalara sarılı olarak muhafaza edilmektedir. Zamanla yer yer harap olmuş bulunan hırkanın sağ ön tarafında 0,23 × 0,30 cm. ebadında bir parça ile sağ kolunda eksik bir kısım vardır. Hırka, muallakāt-ı seb‘a şairlerinden Kâ‘b b. Züheyr’in 9 (630-31) yılında müslüman olduğu sırada huzûr-ı saâdette okuduğu kaside dolayısıyla bizzat Hz. Peygamber tarafından şaire giydirilmek suretiyle hediye edilmiştir. Bu sebeple şiir daha sonra İslâm literatüründe Ḳaṣîdetü’l-bürde , el-Bürde , Ḳaṣîde-i Bürde (hırka kasidesi) adıyla meşhur olmuştur. Ancak İbn İshak ve İbn Hişâm gibi ilk dönem tarihçilerinin eserlerinde sözü edilen olaya dair bilgi bulunmamaktadır. Bu hadise, III. (IX.) yüzyıl müelliflerinden İbn Sellâm el-Cumahî ve İbn Kuteybe’nin şuarâ tabakatıyla ilgili eserlerinde kaydedilmekte, hırkayı Muâviye’nin satın aldığı ve halifeler tarafından bayramlarda giyildiği belirtilmektedir (Ṭabaḳātü’ş-şuʿarâʾ , s. 47; eş-Şiʿr ve’ş-şuʿarâʾ , I, 156). Muâviye hırkayı 10.000 dirhem gümüş karşılığında satın almak istemişse de Kâ‘b buna rızâ göstermemiş, fakat Kâ‘b’ın vefatından sonra mirasçılarından 20.000 dirheme satın almıştır. Hırka daha sonra Emevîler’e ve Abbâsîler’e intikal etmiş ve halifelerce önemli törenlerde giyilmiştir (İbnü’l-Esîr, II, 276; Süyûtî, s. 19). İbn Kesîr, çok meşhur bir husus olmakla birlikte bu bilgiyi kendisini tatmin edecek bir senedle bulamadığını kaydeder (el-Bidâye , IV, 373). Hilâl es-Sâbî, halifelerin cülûs merasimlerini anlatırken onların Hz. Peygamber’in kılıcını kuşandıklarından ve omuzlarına onun bürdesini aldıklarından söz eder (Rüsûmü dâri’l-ḫilâfe , s. 90-91). İbn Reşîḳ el-Kayrevânî, Muâviye’nin bu hırkayı 30.000 dirheme satın aldığını belirtirken Resûlullah’ın Kâ‘b b. Züheyr’e ayrıca 100 deve verdiğine dair bir rivayeti de kaydeder (el-ʿUmde , I, 11). Süyûtî, Muâviye’nin satın aldığı hırkanın Emevîler’in yıkılışı sırasında kaybolduğunu yazar (Târîḫu’l-ḫulefâʾ , s. 19). Zehebî ise Abbâsî halifelerinin elinde bulunan hırkanın Ebü’l-Abbas es-Seffâh tarafından Eyle (Akabe) hâkiminden 300 dinara satın alınan hırka olduğunu belirtir. Resûlullah bunu, Tebük Gazvesi sırasında Eyle halkına gönderdiği emannâme ile birlikte hediye etmişti (Târîḫu’l-İslâm , s. 495).
Hırka-i saâdet Moğol istilâsından sonra Bağdat’tan Mısır’a götürülmüş, Yavuz Sultan Selim 923’te (1517) Mısır’ı fethedince Mekke şerifi II. Berekât tarafından, sultana bağlılığının nişanesi olarak oğlu Ebû Nümey vasıtasıyla Kahire’ye gönderilen Mekke’nin anahtarları ve diğer kutsal emanetlerle birlikte İstanbul’a getirilmiştir. Mısır’da Sultan Kansu Gavri’nin limanda elli adet gemide beklettiği büyük bir hazine ve mukaddes emanetlerin Yavuz Sultan Selim’in gönderdiği Kara Pîrî Paşa tarafından ele geçirildiğini ve bunların Mısır’ın fethi sırasında Yavuz’a teslim edildiğini söyleyen Evliya Çelebi bu arada iki hırkadan da söz eder (Seyahatnâme , X, 123). Ancak Hz. Peygamber’e ait bir tesbihten bahsetmesi ve saydığı eşyaların bir kısmının halen mevcut emanetler arasında bulunmaması, Evliya Çelebi’nin anlattıklarından en azından bir kısmının doğru olmadığını akla getirmektedir.
Atâ Bey, Yavuz Sultan Selim’in kutsal emanetleri saraya getirdiğinde onların muhafazası için Has Oda (hâne-i hâssa) adı verilen özel bir mekân yaptırdığını söyler (Târih , I, 93). Ancak gerek Yavuz Sultan Selim dönemine gerekse daha sonrasına ait başka bir kaynakta bu bilgiye rastlanmamaktadır. Teşkilâtı Fâtih Sultan Mehmed tarafından kurulan Has Oda’nın binasını da büyük bir ihtimalle bu padişah yaptırmıştır. XVI ve XVII. yüzyıl Osmanlı kaynaklarında hırka-i saâdet hakkında fazla bilgi bulunmamaktadır. III. Murad’ın hırka-i saâdeti 0,57 × 0,45 × 0,21 m. ebadında altın bir mahfaza içine koydurduğu bilinmektedir. I. Ahmed’in imamı Sâfî Mustafa Efendi Zübdetü’t-tevârîh adlı eserinde verdiği bilgiye göre (TSMK, Revan Köşkü, nr. 1304, vr. 128a ) sultan Has Oda’daki tahtının üzerine bir raf yaptırarak hırka-i saâdeti buraya koydurmuştur. IV. Murad da hırka-i saâdeti, Evliya Çelebi’nin babası kuyumcubaşı Derviş Mehmed Zıllî Efendi’ye yaptırdığı murassa‘ bir taht üzerinde muhafaza ettirmiştir. Zübdetü’t-tevârîh ’ten öğrenildiğine göre (vr. 128a ) I. Ahmed zamanında mukaddes emanetlerin tamamı Has Oda’da değildi. XVI. yüzyıl çinileriyle kaplı olan bu oda II. Mahmud döneminde restore edilmiş, yeni bir şömine eklenmiş, kubbe tezyinatı ve duvarların üst kısımları elden geçirilerek bütün bina mukaddes emanetlere tahsis edilmiş, bu arada kafes işi kapılar yapılınca hırka-i saâdetin konulduğu taht yeniden sanduka tarzı bir mahfazaya çevrilmiştir. Bu dönemlerde hırka-i saâdeti korumakla görevli kırk has odalı mevcuttu. Bunların görevi odaları süpürmek, burada mevcut mushafların ve diğer kitapların tozunu almak, buhur yakmak, gül suyu serpmek, altın ve gümüş eşyaları parlatmak ve binanın tabanını yıkamaktı (Uzunçarşılı, s. 325, 455). Üçüncü avluya açılan kapının bulunduğu duvarın köşesinde buhur çekmek için kullanılan bir değirmen taşı, aynı duvarın diğer tarafında da süprüntülerin atıldığı bir kuyu vardı. Dört has odalı gece nöbeti tutar ve Kur’an okurlardı (a.g.e. , s. 32). Has Oda’nın korunması oda ağasının sorumluluğundaydı ve nöbeti yirmi dört saat sürerdi (geniş bilgi için bk. MUKADDES EMANETLER DAİRESİ ).
Osmanlı sultanları hırka-i saâdete hilâfet alâmeti olarak ayrı bir değer vermiş, ona yakın olmaya özen göstermişlerdir. I. Ahmed’in gittiği her yere hırka-i saâdeti de beraberinde götürdüğü bilinmektedir (a.g.e. , s. 256). II. Mustafa ve III. Ahmed dönemlerinde Has Oda görevlisi olan Silâhdar Fındıklılı Mehmed Ağa hırka-i saâdet hakkında geniş bilgi vermektedir. II. Mustafa hırka-i saâdeti özel bir arabayla ramazan için gittiği Çatalca’ya götürmüş ve özel bir odada muhafaza ederek ramazanın on beşinde törenle ziyaret etmiştir. Saltanatına son veren ayaklanma meydana geldiğinde Edirne’ye giderken hırka-i saâdeti yanına almayı ihmal etmemiştir (Nusretnâme , II, 45, 183). III. Ahmed de hırka-i saâdeti beraberinde bulundurmaya özen göstermiş, 1127’de (1715) yaz aylarını geçirmek üzere Tersane Bahçesi’ne, kış aylarını geçirmek için Vâlide Sultan Sahilsarayı’na gittiğinde ve oğullarından birinin sünnet merasiminde hırka-i saâdeti de yanında bulundurmuştur (Uzunçarşılı, s. 213, 338-339, 397). IV. Murad kılıç kuşanma töreninin ardından Has Oda’daki hırka-i saâdeti ziyaret ederek dua etmiştir (Evliya Çelebi, I, 227). II. Mustafa, tahta çıkacağını öğrenince Has Oda’ya giderek hırka-i saâdetin önünde icra edilen dua merasiminden sonra saltanat elbiselerini giyerek kendisine yapılan biatı kabul (Silâhdar, I, 4), daha sonra da her cuma hırka-i saâdeti ziyaret etmiştir (a.g.e. , I, 32).
Hırka-i saâdetin savaş zamanlarında daha büyük bir önem kazandığı bilinmektedir. Bunun en kayda değer örneği III. Mehmed’in Eğri seferinde (1596) yaşanmış, savaş Osmanlılar aleyhine gelişmekte iken Hoca Sâdeddin Efendi etkili sözlerle padişahı yerinde tutmuş ve ona hırka-i saâdeti giydirerek muhtemel bir hezimeti zafere dönüştürmüştür (Kâtib Çelebi, Fezleke , I, 90). II. Mustafa, bütün seferlerinde ordunun cesaretini arttırmak için hırka-i saâdeti beraberinde taşımıştır (Silâhdar, I, 67, 183, 186). III. Ahmed de askerlerin moralini yükseltmek için hırka-i saâdet ve sancak-ı şerifi yanına alırdı (a.g.e. , II, 290). Yeni bir padişah tahta çıktığında sadrazam, şeyhülislâm, Dârüssaâde ağası ve yüksek rütbeli görevlilerin biatı Has Oda’da (Hırka-i Saâdet Dairesi) gerçekleşirdi (Silâhdar, II, 187-189; Cevdet, IV, 237; Uzunçarşılı, s. 187).
Osmanlı döneminde hırka-i saâdet etrafında teşekkül eden önemli geleneklerden biri de ramazanın on beşinci günü yapılan ziyarettir; eğer bu gün cumaya rastlarsa ziyaret cumartesi gününe bırakılırdı. Sultanlar Topkapı Sarayı’nı terkettikten sonra bile hırka-i saâdet saray içinde kalmış, ya sultanın odasında ya da Sofa Köşkü’nde muhafaza edilmiş ve ziyaret törenlerine Hırka-i Saâdet Alayı denilen bir tören eklenmiştir.
Ramazan ayının on ikinci günü başta padişah olmak üzere Has Oda ağaları mukaddes emanetleri Revan Odası’na taşıdıktan sonra her taraf süpürülür, gül suyu ile yıkanır, öd ve amber yakılır, böylece hırka-ı saâdet ziyarete hazırlanırdı. Ramazanın on dördünde ziyaret merasimine katılacak olan devlet adamlarına davet tezkireleri gönderilirdi. Sadrazam ve davetliler, ertesi gün öğle namazından sonra Bâbüssaâde önünde silâhdar ağa tarafından karşılanırdı. Sadrazam sağında silâhdar ağa, solunda Has Oda başı, şeyhülislâmın da sağında ve solunda birer Has Odalı ağalarla beraber çuhadar, rikâbdar, tülbent, anahtar ve peşkir ağaları protokol sırasına göre hırka-i saâdetin ziyaret edileceği yerde toplanıp imâm-ı evvel, imâm-ı sânî, Has Oda imamı ve pek çok müezzin ayakta Kur’an okurlar, padişah, şeyhülislâm, sadrazam ve diğer erkân hırkayı ziyaret ederlerdi. Akşama kadar süren bu törende yeniçerilere ve öteki ocaklılara baklava dağıtılır (Şem‘dânîzâde, II, 79), ilgililere rütbelerine göre hil‘at giydirilir, ziyaretçilere de üzerinde, “Hırka-i hazret-i fahr-i rusüle / Atlas-ı çerh olamaz pâyendâz // Yüz sürüp zeylini takbîl ederek / Kıl şefî-i ümeme arz-ı niyâz” gibi mısraların yazılı olduğu çevreler verilirdi. Ramazan ziyaretlerinde hırka-i saâdetin gümüş tahtı ve altın anahtarlı altın sandukası bizzat sultan tarafından açılır, yedi ipek kadife bohça içindeki hırka-i saâdet çıkarılır, uçları su dolu bir kâseye hafifçe batırılarak ıslatılır ve bu su, dolu kazanlara taksim edilir, kazanlardaki su ise içilmek üzere dağıtılırdı. I. Ahmed tarafından başlatılan bu âdet, sonraları hırka-i saâdete zarar verdiği gerekçesiyle sadece bohçanın bir kısmı ıslatılmak suretiyle devam ettirilmiştir. Ancak II. Mahmud tarafından bunun yerine özel olarak hazırlanmış, üzerine hırka-i saâdet hakkında bir şiir yazılmış tülbentlerin hırka-i saâdete sürülmesi ve bunların ziyaretçilere dağıtılması âdeti yerleştirilmiştir. Ziyaretin sonunda hırka-i saâdet yine sultan tarafından yerine konulur, gelecek ramazana kadar açılmazdı. Önce Hz. Âişe’nin yanında bulunan, onun vefatı üzerine kardeşi Esma’ya intikal eden Resûl-i Ekrem’e ait bir cübbenin, Esmâ tarafından yıkanıp suyunun şifa için kullanıldığı (Müsned , VI, 348; Müslim, “Libâs”, 10) ve Ömer b. Abdülazîz’in özel bir odada muhafaza ettiği Resûlullah’a ait eşya içinde yer alan, onun ter kokusunun sindiği bir kumaşın talep üzerine ıslatılıp sıkılmasıyla elde edilen suyun bir hastaya iyi geldiği (İbnü’l-Cevzî, el-Vefâ , II, 555-556) şeklindeki rivayetler, bu tür eşyanın şifa ve teberrük amacıyla kullanılması âdetinin sahâbe ve tâbiîn dönemine kadar indiğini göstermektedir.
Osmanlı sarayında belli günlerde yapılan hırka-i saâdet ziyaretleri ve bu vesileyle düzenlenen Hırka-i Saâdet Alayı zengin folklorik özellikleriyle asırlar boyunca toplumun temel dinamiklerinden birini teşkil etmiş ve bu törenlerle ilgili olarak pek çok müellif tarafından bilgi verilmiştir (meselâ bk. Esad Efendi, s. 30-33; Ahmed Râsim, II, 340-341; Uşaklıgil, I, 176-177; II, 126-127; Pakalın , II, 805-806). Yahya Kemal’in 1921 Şubatında yazdığı şu satırlar, Türkler’in hırka-i saâdete karşı beslediği derin saygının en güzel bir tezahürüdür: “Bu devletin iki mânevî temeli vardır: Fâtih’in Ayasofya minaresinden okuttuğu ezan ki hâlâ okunuyor! Selim’in hırka-i saâdet önünde okuttuğu Kur’an ki hâlâ okunuyor! Eskişehir’in, Afyonkarahisar’ın, Kars’ın genç askerleri! Siz bu kadar güzel iki şey için döğüştünüz” (Aziz İstanbul , s. 120).
Saltanatın ilgası üzerine hem hırka-i saâdet ziyareti, hem de Hırka-i Saâdet Dairesi’nde günün her saatinde Kur’an okunması âdeti kaldırılmıştır. Cumhuriyet’in ardından Topkapı Sarayı müze haline getirildikten sonra Has Oda 1962 yılına kadar ziyarete kapalı tutulmuş, bu tarihten sonra da hırka-i saâdet ziyareti mânevî derinliğinden yoksun turistik bir mahiyet kazanmıştır. 1980’de müzenin açık olduğu saatler içinde, Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı Haseki Eğitim Merkezi Kıraat Bölümü’nde ihtisas yapan hâfızlar tarafından okunmak üzere yeniden Kur’ân-ı Kerîm tilâvetine başlanmıştır. Bu uygulama bazı teknik sebepler yüzünden sürdürülemeyince 15 Mart 1991 tarihinde İstanbul Müftülüğü ile yapılan protokol gereği görev müftülüklerce seçilen yedi imam tarafından nöbetleşe yürütülmüştür. Hırka-i Saâdet Dairesi’nde 25 Ekim 1996’dan itibaren yirmi dört saat boyunca Kur’an okuma uygulaması başlatılmıştır.
Asırlar boyunca gerek padişahlar gerekse müslüman halk tarafından büyük bir saygı ile korunan, Osmanlı töresi ve törenlerinde önemli bir yere sahip olan hırka-i saâdet, bugün altın sırmalı yedi ipek kadife kumaşa sarılmış olarak üstten iki kanatlı bir altın çekmecede muhafaza edilmekte, bu çekmece de Sultan Abdülaziz döneminde yapılan altın bir sanduka içine yerleştirilmiş olarak Hırka-i Saâdet Dairesi’ndeki bir gümüş taht üzerinde teşhir olunmaktadır.
Hırka-i Şerif. Hz. Peygamber’in bir diğer hırkası yine İstanbul’da Hırka-i Şerif Camii’nde muhafaza edilmektedir. Resûl-i Ekrem’in vasiyeti üzerine Hz. Ömer ile Hz. Ali’nin Yemen’deki Karen köyüne giderek Veysel Karanî’ye hediye ettiklerine inanılan bu hırka (Ocak, s. 84-88) krem renginde yünlü bir kumaştan yapılmıştır. Yen ve yakalarında şemseli bordür motifleri bulunan hırka, geçmeli çark-ı felek deseni delikli dokuma şeklinde olup yer yer yıpranmıştır. Hırka-i şerif bugün sakal-ı şerif ve Veysel Karanî’ye ait kemer ve takke ile birlikte bir mahfaza içerisinde özel bir dairede korunmaktadır.
Veysel Karanî Sıffîn’de Hz. Ali’nin saflarında şehid olunca hiç evlenmediği ve evlâdı da olmadığı için hırka-i şerif kardeşi Şehâbeddin el-Üveysî’ye intikal etmiştir. Daha sonra Üveys ailesinin, Irak ve Güneydoğu Anadolu bölgesinde ikamet ettiği dönemlerde burada sık sık meydana gelen çarpışmalar yüzünden huzuru kaçmış ve Zîver el-Üveysî zamanında kesin olarak bilinmeyen bir tarihte Kuşadası’na göç edip yerleşmiş, uzun müddet ziraatla meşgul olup aşiret halinde yaşamıştır. Ellerinde Hz. Peygamber’in hırkasının bulunması sebebiyle aileye karşı daima saygı gösterilmiş ve Üveysîler o bölgede dinî bir önem kazanmıştır. Daha sonra I. Ahmed’in isteği üzerine aile İstanbul’a gelmiş ve reisleri olan Şükrullah el-Üveysî’nin Fatih civarındaki Yavuzselim’de kiraladığı evde İstanbul halkının hırka-i şerifi ziyaret etmesi sağlanmıştır. Bu ziyaretlerin her yıl artması üzerine önce I. Abdülhamid Fatih semtinde tek odadan ibaret bir hırka-i şerif dairesi yaptırmış, ardından Sultan Abdülmecid bir cami (Hırka-i Şerif Camii) inşa ettirerek (1851) hırka-i şerif burada muhafaza edilmeye başlanmıştır. Özellikle ramazan ayının ikinci yarısında vâlide sultan tarafından burada ziyarete açılan hırka-i şerif, Osmanlı devlet erkânının Topkapı’daki hırka-i saâdeti ziyaret ettikten sonra bu camiye gelerek hırka-i şerifi de ziyaret etmeleri geleneğini başlatmıştır. Ramazan ayının ilk haftasından başlanarak arefe gününe kadar halkın ziyaretine açık bulundurulan hırka-i şerif ziyaretleri için günümüzde herhangi bir resmî protokol mevcut değildir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Müsned , VI, 348.
Müslim, “Libâs”, 10.
İbn Hişâm, es-Sîre2 , II, 502-515.
İbn Sellâm el-Cumahî, Ṭabaḳātü’ş-şuʿarâ , Beyrut 1402/1982, s. 47.
İbn Kuteybe, eş-Şiʿr ve’ş-şuʿarâʾ , I, 156.
İbn Reşîḳ el-Kayrevânî, el-ʿUmde (nşr. M. Muhyiddin Abdülhamîd), Kahire 1353/1934, I, 11.
Sâbî, Rüsûmü dâri’l-ḫilâfe , s. 90-91.
İbnü’l-Cevzî, el-Vefâ , II, 555-556.
İbnü’l-Esîr, el-Kâmil , II, 276.
Zehebî, Târîḫu’l-İslâm: es-Sîretü’n-nebeviyye , s. 495.
İbn Kesîr, el-Bidâye , IV, 373.
Süyûtî, Târîḫu’l-ḫulefâʾ , Kahire 1371/1952, s. 19.
Âmirî, Behcetü’l-meḥâfil , Medine, ts. (el-Mektebetü’l-ilmiyye), I, 447-456.
Sâfî Mustafa Efendi, Zübdetü’t-tevârîh , TSMK, Revan Köşkü, nr. 1304, vr. 128a .
Kâtib Çelebi, Fezleke , I, 90.
Evliya Çelebi, Seyahatnâme , I, 227; X, 122-124.
Silâhdar, Nusretnâme , I, 2, 4, 32, 67, 183, 186, ayrıca bk. tür.yer.; II, 45, 183, 187-189, 280, 290, 300, 388, ayrıca bk. tür.yer.
Şem‘dânîzâde, Müri’t-tevârîh (Aktepe) , II, 79-80.
Ayvansarâyî, Hadîkatü’l-cevâmi‘ , I, 52.
Atâ Bey, Târih , I, 93.
Cevdet, Târih , IV, 237.
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Mufassal Osmanlı Tarihi , İstanbul 1958, II, 767, 768.
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Abdülhay el-Kettânî, et-Terâtîbü’l-idâriyye (Özel) , I, 286-287.
Şevket Gürel, Veysel Karanî ve Hırka-i Şerif , İstanbul 1997, s. 74-79.
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Zarif Orgun, “Topkapı Sarayı, Birinci Avlu, İkinci Avlu, Üçüncü Avlu (Enderûn), Bu Bölümde Anlatılan Saray Teşrifatı”, Sanat , sy. 7, İstanbul 1982, s. 35.
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Nurhan Atasoy, “K̲h̲ırḳa-yi S̲h̲erīf”, EI2 (İng.) , V, 18-19.
“Hırka”, TDEA , IV, 217.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1998 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 17. cildinde, 374-377 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.