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HİZBÜ’t-TAHRÎRİ’l-İSLÂMÎ Skip to content 1953’te Kudüs’te siyasî bir parti olarak ortaya çıkan İslâmî hareket.
Partinin kurucusu olan ve ismi onunla âdeta özdeşleşen Muhammed Takıyyüddin en-Nebhânî 1909’da Hayfa’nın İczim kasabasında doğdu. Ezher Üniversitesi’ni bitirdikten sonra Filistin’in çeşitli şehirlerinde öğretmenlik ve kadılık yaptı. Gençlik yıllarında İzzeddin el-Kassâm’la beraber İngilizler’e ve yahudilere karşı mücadele planları hazırladı. Önceleri İhvân-ı Müslimîn’e yakındı; bu teşkilâtın lideri Hasan el-Bennâ’yı takdir ediyor, ayrıca konuşmalarında Seyyid Kutub’un görüş ve ifadelerine yer veriyordu. Daha sonra cemaat olarak kalmayı ön planda tuttuğu ve siyasî parti niteliği taşımadığı için Hasan el-Bennâ’dan ayrıldı (Yeken, I, 45). Filistin’in İsrail tarafından işgal edilmesi üzerine (1948) bölgenin ancak düzenli bir fikrî ve siyasî çalışmayla kurtarılabileceğini düşünen Nebhânî 1949 yılında partinin çatısını ve söylemini oluşturmaya başladı. “Filistin’i Kurtarmak” başlığı ile kaleme aldığı ilk yazısında İslâm’ın VII. yüzyıldan bu yana Filistin’e nasıl güçlü bir damga vurduğunu ortaya koydu, müslümanların sömürgeci güçlere boyun eğdiği için gerilediğini savundu. Ağustos 1950’de Risâletü’l-ʿArab adıyla yayımlanan bir çalışmasını İskenderiye’de toplanan Arap Birliği Zirvesi’ne de sundu. Risâlede esas olarak Araplar’ın gerçek mesajını İslâm’ın teşkil etmesi gerektiğini, ümmetin fikrî ve siyasî canlanmasının bu bilinçle sağlanabileceğini vurguladı. Arap Birliği Zirvesi kendisini muhatap almayınca 1953’te, o sırada Ürdün idaresinde bulunan Doğu Kudüs’te Hizbü’t-tahrîri’l-İslâmî adıyla siyasî bir parti kurdu. Onu parti kurmaya sevkeden temel sebebin, 1948’de Araplar’ın İsrail karşısında uğradığı hezimet veya İhvân-ı Müslimîn’in lideri Hasan el-Bennâ’nın öldürülmesinden (1949) duyduğu üzüntü olduğu söylenir (Abdülmün‘im el-Hifnî, s. 183). Nebhânî Ürdün hükümetine partinin kuruluşunu bildirdi. Hükümet, o sırada Ürdün ordusunun başında bulunan İngiliz generali Glubb Paşa’nın isteği üzerine 1954’te partinin faaliyetlerini yasakladı. Bunun üzerine Lübnan’a giden Nebhânî 1956 yılında parti parasını zimmetine geçirdiği iddiasıyla tutuklandı. Aralık 1977’de ölünceye kadar Beyrut’ta gözaltında tutuldu. Nebhânî’nin ölümü üzerine yerine Abdülkadîm Zellûm geçti.
Başta Kudüs, el-Halîl ve Nablus olmak üzere birçok bölgede faaliyetlerine gayri resmî olarak devam eden Hizbü’t-tahrîri’l-İslâmî, yasaklanmasına ve mensuplarının çeşitli baskılara mâruz kalmasına rağmen kısa sürede İslâm dünyasında adını duyurdu. Bütün müslümanların bir ümmet bayrağı altında birleşmesini savunan parti, özellikle sömürge yönetiminde bulunan İslâm ülkelerinde veya Batı’nın hegemonyasını çok yakından hisseden müslüman topluluklarda rağbet gördü. Bu ülkelerde özellikle İslâmî kimlik oluşturma heyecanı içerisindeki gençler Hizbü’t-tahrîri’l-İslâmî’ye yakınlık duydular. Batı emperyalizminden şikâyetçi olan ve önceleri sosyalizme ilgi duyan lise ve üniversite öğrencileri de sosyalizm bir alternatif olmaktan çıkınca Hizbü’t-tahrîri’l-İslâmî’ye ilgi göstermeye başladılar. Avrupa’da yaşayan müslümanlar arasında daha çok gençler partinin söylemine sempatiyle bakmaktadırlar. Ancak hükümetler partinin faaliyetlerini hiçbir zaman olumlu karşılamadılar. Libya lideri Kaddâfî, Arap milliyetçiliğine karşı çıkarak ümmetçiliği savunmasından dolayı Hizbü’t-tahrîri’l-İslâmî’yi Batı’nın ajanı olmakla suçlamıştır (Jansen, s. 165). Ürdün, Suriye, Libya, Tunus, Suudi Arabistan ve Mısır’da partinin birçok üyesi tutuklu bulunmaktadır.
Hizbü’t-tahrîri’l-İslâmî’nin yönetim kadrosunun en üstünde parti liderinin (emîr) başkanı olduğu yönetim komitesi bulunur; görevi tebliğ faaliyetlerini yönetmek ve önemli kararları almaktır. Daha sonra yönetim tarafından önceden belirlenmiş bölgelerde çalışan mu‘temid başkanlığındaki vilâyet komiteleri, son olarak da nakibin yönettiği yerel komiteler gelir. Parti 182 maddelik bir anayasa tasarısı hazırlamıştır. Nebhânî, Niẓâmü’l-İslâm adlı eserinde bu anayasa tasarısının belli bir ülke için değil İslâm âleminde kurulacak İslâm devletinde uygulanmak için hazırlandığını söyler.
Kendisini siyasî parti olarak tanımlayan Hizbü’t-tahrîri’l-İslâmî’nin amacı halifeliği ihya ederek İslâmî bir yönetim kurmaktır. Nebhânî’ye göre, “Sizden hayra çağıran, iyiliği emredip kötülükten sakındıran bir topluluk (ümmet) bulunsun” meâlindeki âyette (Âl-i İmrân 3/104) insanların İslâm’a yönlendirilmesi, iyiliğin emredilip kötülükten sakındırılması ve yapmakta oldukları işler hakkında yöneticilerden hesap sormak için siyasî partilerin kurulması öngörülmekte, hatta “ümmet” kelimesiyle doğrudan parti kastedilmektedir (İslâm’da Yönetim Nizamı , s. 287-289). Nebhânî, Hz. Peygamber’in Medine’de otorite oluştururken ilk günden itibaren yönetimi İslâm akîdesi üzerine kurduğunu, dolayısıyla İslâmî bir yönetim kurmanın müslümanlar için zaruri olduğunu ileri sürer (a.g.e. , s. 17-18). Ona göre gayri İslâmî fikirlerin yavaş yavaş İslâm dünyasını sarması, eğitim programlarının emperyalist ülkelerin empoze ettiği esaslara göre belirlenmesi, İslâm ülkeleri arasındaki bazı kültürel farklılıkların büyümesi, halk ile iktidarların çatışması, milliyetçilik ve sosyalizmin yayılması hilâfetin kurulmasına engel olan sebeplerin başında gelir. Parti, ümmeti İslâm dışı yönetimlerin askerî, politik, ekonomik ve kültürel hâkimiyetinden kurtarmayı amaçladığını iddia etmektedir. İslâm dünyasının tekrar güçlenmesi hem kültürel hem siyasî gelişmeyle mümkündür. Müslümanlar olaylara siyasî bir gözle bakmalı ve ona göre hüküm vermelidir.
Tebliğ metodu olarak Hz. Peygamber’in hayatını, özellikle de Mekke dönemini örnek alan Hizbü’t-tahrîri’l-İslâmî günümüzde müslümanların o döneme eşdeğer bir süreçte, yani dârülküfürde yaşadıklarını iddia eder. Çünkü bugünkü müslümanlar da aynen ilk müslümanlar gibi Allah’ın hükümlerinden başka hükümlerle yönetilmektedir. Mekke döneminin belirli safhaları vardı ve Resûl-i Ekrem her safhada farklı metotlar takip etmişti. Buna dayanarak Hizbü’t-tahrîri’l-İslâmî de üç hareket safhası belirlemiştir. Birinci safhada insanlara tek tek tebliğde bulunulur. İkinci safhada bütün ümmete hitap edilerek müslümanların en değerli varlığının İslâm olduğu ve İslâm’ı hayatlarını düzenleyen bir sistem şeklinde algılamaları gerektiği anlatılır. Üçüncü safha ise İslâmî hükümlerin hayata geçirilmesini sağlayacak ve onun mesajını dünyaya duyuracak bir devlet kurmaktır.
Hizbü’t-tahrîri’l-İslâmî silâhlı mücadeleyle, insanlara sadece ahlâkî değerleri öğütlemekle veya İslâm ülkelerine hâkim olan politik sistemlere bağlanmakla değişimin gerçekleşemeyeceğine inanır. Her müslüman İslâm’ın kurallarına göre yaşamayı hedef edinmelidir. İslâm kapitalizm ve komünizmin karşısında bir ideolojidir. Temelde İslâmiyet’le çatışan bu ideolojileri sosyal, politik ve ekonomik açılardan tasvip etmek câiz değildir. Ekonomide esas problem üretim değil mal ve üretimin dağılımıdır. Mülk edinme İslâm’ın koyduğu prensiplere göre olursa bu konuda bir mesele kalmaz. Kâğıt para yerine altın ve gümüş para kullanılmalıdır. İslâm devletinin dış ilişkileri dârülharp ve dârülislâm esasına dayanmalıdır. Buna göre bütün müslüman devletler yekvücuttur. Diğer ülkelerle ilişkiler dârülharp esasına göre belirlenmelidir. Amerika, İngiltere, Fransa ve Rusya gibi ülkelerle hiçbir anlaşma yapılmamalı, askerî iş birliğine gidilmemeli, İsrail gibi ülkelere ise her zaman savaş halindeymiş gibi tavır alınmalıdır. Ayrıca Birleşmiş Milletler, Dünya Bankası gibi kurumlara katılmak ve Arap Birliği gibi bölgesel kamplar oluşturmak da yanlıştır.
Özellikle Körfez Savaşı’ndan (1991) sonra faaliyetlerini arttıran Hizbü’t-tahrîri’l-İslâmî’nin üyeleri bu savaşı, Ortadoğu’daki müslüman ülkeleri yöneten liderlerin Batı’nın kuklası olduklarını gösteren önemli bir olay olarak değerlendirmektedir. Onlara göre Körfez Savaşı, İslâm ümmetinin kurtuluşu için köklü bir değişimin şart olduğunu göstermiştir.
Hizbü’t-tahrîri’l-İslâmî’ye yönelik tenkitlerin başında, savunulan fikrî oluşumun eğitimsiz elde edilemeyeceği ve kültürleşme merhalesinin hemen inkılâba dönüşemeyeceği iddiası gelmektedir (meselâ bk. Yeken, II, 198-200). Bazıları partinin düşüncelerini ümmetin kurtuluşu için yegâne çare gibi görürken bazıları amacının açık olmadığını söyleyerek İslâm’a hizmet yerine zarar verdiğini savunmuşlardır. Bir diğer kesim ise Hizbü’t-tahrîri’l-İslâmî’nin ıslah yönünde bir deneme olduğunu ve eksikliklerinin yanında kazandırdıklarının da bulunduğunu, ancak artık bu denemenin sona erdiğini, çünkü belirlenen hedeflere şimdiye kadar ulaşamadığını öne sürmüştür (Muhammed el-Hasan, s. 158-159). Hizbü’t-tahrîri’l-İslâmî’nin milletlerarası ilişkiler konusundaki genel tavrının teorik açıdan olduğu kadar pratik bakımdan da tenkide son derece açık olduğu, partinin ortaya çıktığı çevredeki şartlardan doğan tepkiye dayalı bir mahiyet taşıdığı da dikkat çekmektedir.
Hizbü’t-tahrîri’l-İslâmî faaliyetlerini özellikle sohbet halkalarıyla, okul ve dernek gibi yerlerde tertip ettiği konferans, paneller ve çeşitli yayınlarla gerçekleştirir. Bu yayınlar arasında Nebhânî’nin kitapları ve İslâm dünyasıyla ilgili günlük siyasî gelişmelerin yorumlandığı yazıların yer aldığı broşürler ve birkaç dilde yayımlanan el-Ḫilâfe adlı dergi başta gelmektedir. Bazıları Türkçe’ye de çevrilen kitapların başlıcaları şunlardır: İnḳāẕü Filisṭîn (Dımaşk 1950); ed-Devletü’l-İslâmiyye (Dımaşk 1952); Niẓâmü’l-İslâm (Kudüs 1953; İslâm Nizamı adıyla Türkçe’ye tercüme edilmiştir [baskı yeri yok] 1953); Niẓâmü’l-ḥükm fi’l-İslâm (Beyrut 1951; İslâm’da Yönetim Nizamı adıyla Türkçe’ye tercüme edilmiştir, Karaman 1989); el-Ḫilâfe (T trc. Hilâfet , [baskı yeri ve tarihi yok]); eş-Şaḫṣiyyetü’l-İslâmiyye (Kudüs 1953; T trc. Ş. Duman – M. Hanifi Yağmur, İslam Şahsiyeti , Ankara 1997); et-Tekettülü’l-ḥizbî (Kudüs 1953); en-Niẓâmü’l-iḳtiṣâdî fi’l-İslâm (Kudüs 1953); en-Niẓâmü’l-ictimâʿî fi’l-İslâm (Kudüs 1953); Nidâʾ ḥâr ile’l-ʿâlemi’l-İslâmî ; Keyfe hüdimeti’l-ḫilâfe? ; Naẓarât siyâsiyye li-Ḥizbi’t-taḥrîr . Hizbü’t-tahrîri’l-İslâmî’nin son önemli faaliyetlerinden biri, Ağustos 1994’te Londra’da gerçekleştirdiği ve çeşitli ülkelerden çok sayıda kişinin katıldığı Hilâfet Konferansı’dır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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a.mlf., Hilâfet , [baskı yeri ve tarihi yok] (Hizbü’t-tahrîr Neşriyatı).
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G. H. Jansen, Militant Islam , London 1981, s. 151, 165, 182.
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Fehmî Ced‘ân, “Taʿḳīb”, el-Ḥarekâtü’l-İslâmiyyetü’l-muʿâṣıra fi’l-vaṭani’l-ʿArabî , Beyrut 1989, s. 159.
Muhammed el-Hasan, el-Meẕâhib ve’l-efkârü’l-muʿâṣıra fi’t-taṣavvuri’l-İslâmî , Tanta 1410/1990, s. 157-167.
E. Sivan, Radical Islam , New Haven 1990, s. 133.
K. Salibi, The Modern History of Jordan , London 1993, s. 175.
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Suha Tanji Farouki, “Islamic Discourse and Modern Political Methods: An Analysis of al Nabhānī’s Reading of the Canonical Textual Sources of Islam” The American Journal of Islamic Social Sciences , XI/3, Herndon 1994, s. 365-393.
a.mlf., “Ḥizb al-Taḥrīr al-Islāmī”, The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Modern Islamic World (ed. J. L. Esposito), New York 1995, II, 125-127.
D. Commins, “Takī al-Dīn al-Nabhānī”, EI2 (İng.) , X, 133.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1998 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 18. cildinde, 184-185 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.