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HOCAZÂDE MUSLİHUDDİN EFENDİ Skip to content (ö. 893/1488)
Fâtih Sultan Mehmed’in hocası, âlim ve kazasker.
Muhtemelen 838 (1434) yılı dolaylarında Bursa’da doğdu. Babası Bursa tüccarlarından Yûsuf Efendi’dir. O dönemde ticaretle uğraşanlar “hoca” unvanıyla anıldığından Muslihuddin Efendi “Hocazâde” diye meşhur olmuştur. Kaynakların belirttiğine göre daha küçük yaşta iken ticaretle uğraşmasını isteyen babasına karşı çıkarak ilim tahsiline yöneldi. Emîr Sultan’ın öğrencilerinden Şeyh Velî Şemseddin, Muslihuddin’in babasını oğlunun tahsili için ikna etmeye çalıştıysa da başaramadı. Bu yüzden tahsil hayatının ilk yılları sıkıntılı geçti; ancak bu durum onun şevkini kırmadı. Ağras (Atabey) Medresesi’nde Ayasuluk kadısının oğlu olup Ayasuluk Çelebisi diye tanınan oğlu Mehmed’den usul, meânî ve beyân dersleri aldıktan sonra Bursa Sultâniye Medresesi’nde Hızır Bey’in derslerine devam etti. İlmî yeteneği ve çalışkanlığı sayesinde kısa zamanda hocasının ilgisini çekti ve onun yardımcısı oldu. Bir müddet sonra da hocası tarafından II. Murad’a takdim edildi. II. Murad Hocazâde’yi önce Kestel kadılığına, ardından Bursa’daki Esediye Medresesi müderrisliğine getirdi. Altı yıl süren bu müderrisliği sırasında Seyyid Şerîf el-Cürcânî’nin Şerḥu’l-Mevâḳıf adlı hacimli eserini ezberleyen Hocazâde başarılı çalışmaları sayesinde II. Murad’ın güvenini kazandı. Padişahın huzurunda yapılan bir sohbet sırasında vaktiyle Timur’un meclisinde Teftâzânî ile Seyyid Şerîf arasında geçen ilmî tartışma gündeme gelmiş, Ali Kuşçu Teftâzânî’nin, Hocazâde Seyyid Şerîf’in görüşlerini savunmuş, sonuçta Ali Kuşçu da Hocazâde’ye hak vererek onu II. Murad’ın huzurunda övmüştür.
Fâtih Sultan Mehmed’in tahta çıktıktan sonra etrafına âlimleri topladığını duyan Hocazâde padişahla görüşmek üzere İstanbul’a gitti ve Mahmud Paşa tarafından hükümdara takdim edildi. Fâtih’in huzurunda Molla Zeyrek ve Molla Seyyid Ali’ye verdiği cevaplarla dikkati çekti. Bunun üzerine padişah onu kendisine hoca tayin etti ve ondan sarf dersleri aldı. Ancak Hocazâde’ye gösterilen bu ilgi başta Mahmud Paşa olmak üzere birçok devlet erkânının kıskançlığına yol açmış; hatta onu padişahın yanından uzaklaştırmayı planlayan Mahmud Paşa Hocazâde’nin kazasker olmak istediğini söylemiş; padişah da bunu Hocazâde’nin kendi arzusu sanarak kabul etmiştir. Kaynaklarda Hocazâde’nin bu görevi kabul etmek istemediği, ancak Mahmud Paşa’nın hükümdar tarafından verilen bir görevi reddetmenin uygun olmayacağı yolundaki telkinleriyle fikrini değiştirdiği de anlatılır (Mecdî, s. 147). Bir süre kazaskerlik yaptıktan sonra bu görevden ayrılan Hocazâde günlük 50 akçe ile önce Bursa Sultâniye Medresesi’ne, ardından İstanbul Sahn-ı Semân müderrisliğine tayin edildi. Bu sırada Fâtih’in isteği üzerine Tehâfütü’l-felâsife adlı eserini kaleme aldı. Padişah, Alâeddin Ali et-Tûsî’den de aynı konuda bir eser yazmasını istemişti. Hocazâde çalışmasını dört ayda, Ali et-Tûsî altı ayda bitirdi. Bu iki çalışmadan Hocazâde’ninki daha değerli bulunmakla birlikte padişah her birini 10.000 dirhemle ödüllendirdi, ayrıca Hocazâde’ye bir de kaftan hediye etti. Bunun üzerine Ali et-Tûsî İstanbul’u terkedip İran’a gitti. Hocazâde daha sonra Edirne ve İstanbul kadılıkları görevinde bulundu (1466-1467). Ali et-Tûsî’nin öğrencisi Karamânî Mehmed Paşa vezir olunca Hocazâde’yi İstanbul’dan uzaklaştırmak amacıyla padişaha onun İstanbul’un havasından hoşlanmadığını, bu sebeple İznik’e gitmek istediğini söyleyerek Hocazâde’nin İznik’e müderris ve kadı olarak tayinini sağladı. Fakat Hocazâde kadılığı bırakıp müderrislik görevine devam etti; Fâtih Sultan Mehmed’in vefatına kadar da bu görevde kaldı.
II. Bayezid Hocazâde’yi günlük 100 akçe ile önce Bursa Sultâniye Medresesi’ne, ardından Bursa müftülüğüne tayin etti. Bu görevde iken kendisine felç geldi. Padişah ondan Şerḥu’l-Mevâḳıf ’a bir hâşiye yazmasını istediyse de daha önce bu kitapla ilgili olarak hazırladığı notlarının Fenârî Hasan Çelebi tarafından elinden alınıp kendi hâşiyesine eklendiğini belirterek artık yeni bir hâşiye yazacak güce sahip olmadığını söyledi. Buna rağmen padişah ısrar edince hâşiyeyi yazmaya başladı, ancak temize çekemeden Bursa’da vefat etti ve Emîr Sultan’ın yanına defnedildi. Hocazâde’nin Mehmed ve Abdullah adlarında iki oğlu olup ilki bir müddet müderrislik yaptıktan sonra Zeyniyye tarikatına intisap etmiş, ikinci oğlu ise genç yaşta ölmüştür.
Üç padişah dönemine yetişen Hocazâde birçok talebe yetiştirmiştir. Bunların en meşhurları Molla Bahâeddin, Molla Sirâceddin, Yarhisarlı Molla Mustafa Muslihuddin, Kirmastî, Nûreddin Yûsuf Karesî, Zeyrekzâde Ahmed Rükneddin, Kadızâde Kutbüddin Mehmed, Mîrim Çelebi, Paşa Çelebi ve Gıyâseddin Kutbî’dir. Kaynaklarda Eşrefoğlu Rûmî onun talebeleri arasında gösterilmekteyse de yapılan araştırmalar sonunda söz konusu kişinin Eşrefzâde Muhyiddin Muhammed olduğu anlaşılmıştır (DİA , XI, 481). Hocazâde’nin çok titiz ve dikkatli bir araştırmacı olduğu nakledilir. Fâtih’in onu kendine hoca tayin etmesi ve bir “tehâfüt” yazmasını istemesi ilmine olan güvenini gösterir.
Eserleri. 1. Tehâfütü’l-felâsife . İslâm dünyasında tehâfüt geleneğinin en önemli metinlerinden biri kabul edilir. Müellif eserini, Fâtih Sultan Mehmed’in Gazzâlî’nin Tehâfütü’l-felâsife ’si gibi bir eser yazmasını istemesi üzerine kaleme aldığını belirtir (Tehâfütü’l-felâsife , s. 4). Bazı araştırmacılar, Tehâfütü’l-felâsife ’nin Gazzâlî ve İbn Rüşd’ün tehâfütlerini karşılaştırarak haklı tarafı ortaya çıkarmak amacıyla yazdırıldığını söylüyorlarsa da eser hakkında bilgi veren eş-Şeḳāʾiḳ ve Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn ’da bunu doğrulayan bir bilgi bulunmadığı gibi Hocazâde de bundan hiç söz etmez. Ayrıca kitapta İbn Rüşd’ün ve onun Tehâfüt ’ünün adı bile geçmez. Gazzâlî filozofları yirmi meselede eleştirdiği halde Hocazâde’nin eserinde mesele sayısı yirmi ikidir ve bunlardan sadece beşi farklı başlık taşımaktadır; bu bölümlerde ele alınan meseleler de Gazzâlî’nin Tehâfüt ’ünde çeşitli vesilelerle yer almıştır. Hocazâde bir kelâmcı olmakla birlikte filozoflara karşı peşin hükümlü değildir. Kelâm ve felsefe meselelerinin bir arada işlendiği müteahhirîn kelâm akımının bir temsilcisi olduğu için Hocazâde bir konudaki tez ve antitezle ilgili düşüncelerin serbestçe muhakemesini yapar. Fakat onun yeni ve orijinal sayılacak bir yorum getirmeyip daha önceki filozof ve kelâmcıların görüşlerinden birini tercih ettiği görülür. Eserin giriş kısmında filozof ve kelâmcılar arasında tartışma konusu olan meseleleri tarafsız olarak ele alacağını, bununla birlikte Gazzâlî’nin Tehâfüt ’ünde gördüğü bazı hataları ortaya koymaktan çekinmeyeceğini belirtir (a.g.e. , s. 5). Fakat Gazzâlî’yi eleştirmekte o kadar ileri gider ki İbn Kemal, Hocazâde’nin amacının filozofların mı yoksa Gazzâlî’nin mi tutarsızlığını ortaya koymak olduğu konusunda tereddüt ettiğini söyler (bk. Tehâfüt Hâşiyesi , s. 511). Hocazâde yöntem olarak genellikle klasik kelâmın başvurduğu “kıyâs-ı hulf”ü kullanır. Bu yöntemde bir mesele hakkındaki görüşler tez-antitez şeklinde ikiye indirgenir, ardından mesele bütün boyutlarıyla incelenir; her şık ayrı ayrı tartışılarak tüketilir ve böylece sonuca ulaşılır. Bu şekildeki akıl yürütmede mesele meseleyi doğurur; hatta konuyla ilgili tâli meselelere ve akla gelebilecek bütün sorulara cevap arandığından bazan asıl meseleden uzaklaşılmış olur. Skolastik denilen bu verimsiz yöntemle insan zihninin yeni bir şey ortaya koyması güçtür. Bu açıdan bakıldığında Hocazâde’nin Tehâfüt ’ünün Gazzâlî’ninkinden daha tıkız ve daha ufuksuz olduğu söylenebilir. Buna rağmen Celâleddin ed-Devvânî’nin, Müeyyedzâde Abdurrahman Efendi tarafından kendisine hediye edilen Hocazâde’nin eserini gözden geçirdikten sonra onu çok beğendiğini söylediği ve kendisinin de aynı konuda bir kitap yazmayı düşündüğü halde bundan vaz geçtiği nakledilir (Mecdî, I, 157).
Tehâfütü’l-felâsife ’nin çeşitli yazma nüshaları arasında Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’nde bulunan müellif nüshasıyla (Şehid Ali Paşa, nr. 1583) Râgıb Paşa Kütüphanesi’ndeki nüsha (nr. 828) örnek olarak gösterilebilir. Eser, Gazzâlî ve İbn Rüşd’ün Tehâfüt ’lerinin kenarında Mustafa el-Bâbî el-Halebî tarafından yayımlanmıştır (Kahire 1302, 1321). Hakîm Şah el-Kazvînî Ḥâşiye ʿalâ Tehâfüti Ḫocazâde ve İbn Kemal Ḥâşiye ʿalâ Tehâfüti’l-felâsife adıyla Hocazâde’nin eserine birer hâşiye yazmışlardır. Ahmet Arslan, İbn Kemal’in hâşiyesini konu alan doktora çalışmasında bu hâşiyeyi Türkçe’ye çevirmiş (İstanbul 1987), ayrıca doktoranın ilk bölümünü oluşturan Tehâfüt Hâşiyesi adlı çalışmasında (Ankara 1987) eserin bir değerlendirmesini yapmıştır.
2. Ḥâşiye ʿalâ Şerḥi Hidâyeti’l-ḥikme li-Mevlânâzâde . Esîrüddin el-Ebherî’nin Hidâyetü’l-ḥikme adlı eserine Mevlânâzâde Ahmed b. Mahmûd el-Herevî’nin yazdığı şerhin hâşiyesidir (Süleymaniye Ktp., Lâleli, nr. 2211, vr. 260-289, nr. 2539, vr. 71-102, Hasan Hüsnü Paşa, nr. 1233, Ayasofya, nr. 4847, vr. 45-81; Konya Bölge Yazma Eserler Ktp., nr. 216; Beyazıt Devlet Ktp., nr. 3999; Köprülü Ktp., Mehmed Âsım, nr. 269).
3. Ḥâşiye ʿalâ Şerḥi’l-Mevâḳıf li-Seyyid Şerîf el-Cürcânî . Adudüddin el-Îcî’nin el-Mevâḳıf adlı eserine Seyyid Şerîf el-Cürcânî tarafından yazılan şerhin hâşiyesidir. Müellifin vefatı üzerine kitap öğrencilerinden Molla Bahâeddin tarafından temize çekilmiştir. Eserin bazı nüshaları Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’nin yanı sıra (Amcazâde Hüseyin Paşa, nr. 302; Bağdatlı Vehbi Efendi, nr. 826, 248-333 varaklar arasında bulunmaktadır; Cârullah Efendi, nr. 2119; Damad İbrâhim Paşa, nr. 784; Hüsrev Paşa, nr. 122) Beyazıt Devlet (nr. 2878) ve Tire (Necip Paşa, nr. 167) kütüphanelerinde bulunmaktadır.
4. Ḥâşiye ʿalâ Şerḥi’ṭ-Ṭavâliʿ li’l-İṣfahânî . Kādî Beyzâvî’nin Ṭavâliʿu’l-envâr adlı eserine Mahmûd b. Abdurrahman el-İsfahânî tarafından yazılan şerhin hâşiyesidir (Süleymaniye Ktp., Şehid Ali Paşa, nr. 1597; Hüsrev Paşa, nr. 122). Hüsrev Paşa nüshasında eserin adı Ḥâşiye ʿale’l-İṣfahânî fî ʿilmi’l-kelâm şeklinde yazılmış olup bu nüsha Şehid Ali Paşa’daki nüshadan farklıdır. Muhtemelen bu eser İsfahânî’nin kelâm konusundaki başka bir eserinin hâşiyesidir.
5. Risâle fi’l-iʿtirâż ʿalâ delîli is̱bâti vücûdiyyeti’l-Bârî (Süleymaniye Ktp., Ayasofya, nr. 2350, vr. 18b -26b ). Eser, Allah’a cihet nisbet edilemeyeceğini aklî delillerle ispat etmektedir.
6. Risâle fi’t-tevḥîd (Süleymaniye Ktp., Ayasofya nr. 2206, vr. 12a -21a ). Müellif adının yer almadığı risâlede bir yerde (12b sayfa kenarında) “Hocazâde” ibaresi bulunmaktadır. Eserde Allah’ın zâtıyla ilgisi açısından vücûb, vâcib, vücûd ve mümkin terimleri tahlil edilmekte, bu terimlerin Allah’a nisbeti tartışılmaktadır.
7. Risâle fî baḥs̱i’l-ʿille ve’l-maʿlûl (Süleymaniye Ktp., Esad Efendi, nr. 1161, vr. 98b -100a ). Nasîrüddîn-i Tûsî’nin Tecrîdü’l-kelâm ’ının illet-ma‘lûl bahsine açıklık getirmek üzere yazılmıştır.
8. Risâle fî enne kelâmallāhi ḳadîm (Süleymaniye Ktp., Esad Efendi, nr. 3782, vr. 20b -21a ). Eserde kelâmın mahiyeti ve lafız-mâna ilişkisi üzerinde durulmakta, kelâm-ı nefsînin kadîm, Cebrâil’in Hz. Peygamber’e tilâvet ettiği kelâm-ı lafzînin hâdis olduğu belirtilmektedir.
9. el-Ceẕrü’l-eṣam (Süleymaniye Ktp., Esad Efendi, nr. 1143, vr. 89b -91a ; Şehid Ali Paşa, nr. 2830; Hâlet Efendi, nr. 802, vr. 52b -56b ). Eserde hüsün ve kubuh terimlerinin anlamları açıklanmakta, bunların mutlak ve zatî değerler olup olmadığı ve akılla bilinip bilinemeyeceği tartışılmaktadır. Hatibzâde, bu risâlede hüsün ve kubhun aklî olduğunu savunan Hocazâde’ye cevap vermek üzere Ḥâşiye ʿalâ maġlaṭati’l-Ceẕri’l-eṣam adıyla bir risâle kaleme almıştır (Beyazıt Devlet Ktp., Veliyyüddin Efendi, nr. 2122; Süleymaniye Ktp., Lâleli, nr. 2200).
10. Şerḥu’l-ʿÎzzî fi’t-taṣrîf (Süleymaniye Ktp., Antalya-Tekelioğlu, nr. 628). İzzeddin ez-Zencânî’nin eserinin şerhidir.
11. Ḥâşiye ʿalâ Şerḥi Telḫîṣi’l-Miftâḥ (Süleymaniye Ktp., Antalya-Tekelioğlu, nr. 838). Hatîb el-Kazvînî’nin eserine Teftâzânî’nin yazdığı şerhin hâşiyesidir.
12. Muḳaddimât sebʿ fî maʿrifeti ḳavsi ḳuzaḥ . Işığın kırılmasından, gök kuşağı ve özelliklerinden bahseden bir risâledir (yazma nüshaları için bk. Osmanlı Astronomi Literatürü , s. 50).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Küçük Nişancı Mehmed Paşa, Târih , İstanbul 1279, s. 145, 173, 233.
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İbnü’l-İmâd, Şeẕerât , VII, 354-356.
Şevkânî, el-Bedrü’ṭ-ṭâliʿ , II, 306-308.
Leknevî, el-Fevâʾidü’l-behiyye , s. 214-215.
Osmanlı Müellifleri , I, 293-294.
Serkîs, Muʿcem , I, 842-843.
Brockelmann, GAL , II, 297-298; Suppl. , II, 290, 322.
Hediyyetü’l-ʿârifîn , II, 433.
Ziriklî, el-Aʿlâm , VIII, 148.
M. Celâl Şeref, Allāh ve’l-ʿâlem ve’l-insân fi’l-fikri’l-İslâmî , Beyrut, ts. (Dârü’n-nehdati’l-Arabiyye), s. 164-177.
Mübahat Türker, Üç Tehâfüt Bakımından Felsefe ve Din Münasebeti , Ankara 1956, s. 53-62.
Kehhâle, Muʿcemü’l-müʾellifîn , XII, 290-291.
Uzunçarşılı, İlmiye Teşkilâtı , s. 230.
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Ahmet Arslan, Kemal Paşazâde: Tehâfüt Hâşiyesi’nin Tahlili , İstanbul 1987.
Recep Cici, Kuruluştan Fatih Devrinin Sonuna Kadar Osmanlılarda Fıkıh Çalışmaları (doktora tezi, 1994, MÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü), s. 301.
Osmanlı Astronomi Literatürü Tarihi (haz. Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu v.dğr.), İstanbul 1997, s. 48-50.
A. Neclâ Pekolcay – Abdullah Uçman, “Eşrefoğlu Rûmî”, DİA , XI, 481.
Eyyüp Sabri Fâni, “Hakîm Şah el-Kazvînî”, a.e. , XV, 195.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1998 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 18. cildinde, 207-209 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.