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HOLLANDA DOĞU HİNDİSTAN ŞİRKETİ Skip to content Hollanda’nın Güneydoğu Asya sömürgelerini idare eden özerk devlet statüsündeki ticaret şirketi.
Asıl adı Birleşik Doğu Hindistan Şirketi’dir (Vereenigde Oost-Indische Compagnie: VOC); ancak diğer sömürgeci ülkelerin de bölgedeki faaliyetleri bu adla anılan şirketler tarafından yürütüldüğü için daha çok Hollanda Doğu Hindistan Şirketi adıyla tanınmıştır. XVI. yüzyılın sonlarında Hint Okyanusu’nda ticaret yapan Hollanda şirketlerinin 20 Mart 1602 tarihinde birleşmesiyle ve 6,5 milyon florin tutarında bir sermaye ile kurulan şirket, Amsterdam’da oturan ve “Heeren XVII” denilen on yedi kişilik bir idare meclisi tarafından yönetilmekteydi. Hollanda hükümeti, aynı yıl çıkarılan bir kanunla şirkete Macellan Boğazı ile Ümitburnu arasındaki sularda ticaret yapma tekelini ve ayrıca silâhlı kuvvet bulundurma, kaleler inşa etme ve Asya’daki ülkelerle antlaşma yapma gibi yetkileri verdi; 1610’da da şirketin başına bir genel vali tayin etti.
Hollanda Doğu Hindistan Şirketi, ilk olarak Endonezya’nın doğusunda bulunan Maluku adalarındaki baharat ticaretini ele geçirmeye çalıştı ve bu hususta büyük önem taşıyan Ambon’u Portekizliler’den alarak (1605) diğer Avrupalı rakiplerini bölgeden uzaklaştırdı. “Savaşsız ticaret, ticaretsiz savaş olmaz” diyerek işe başlayan genel vali Jan Pieterszoon Coen, 1619’da Cava’nın batısındaki önemli liman şehri Cayakarta’yı (bugünkü başşehir Cakarta) zaptetti ve şehrin ismini Hollanda’da eski bir Germen kabilesinin adı olan Batavya ile değiştirerek burayı bölgede kurduğu sömürge yönetiminin merkezi haline getirdi; ertesi yıl Banda adalarını işgal etti.
Çeşitli sahillerde büyük garnizonların koruduğu kalelerle çevrili ticaret merkezleri açan şirket, XVII. yüzyıl boyunca bölgeye komşu ülkelerde ticarî tesir ve nüfuzunu arttırdı. Önce Gucerât tekstil ticaretini ele geçirmek için Hindistan’ın Sûret, Masulipatam, Petapoli şehirlerinde fabrikalar kurdu ve 1630’lu yılların ortalarına doğru bu ülkenin güneydoğusundaki Coromandel sahiliyle yoğun bir ticarî ilişkiye girdi. 1634’te Bengal, Arakan, Burma ve Ayuttaya’da iş yerleri açarak Bengal ve Siyam körfezleri ticaretinde söz sahibi olmaya çalıştı. 1641 yılında Malay yarımadasındaki Malaka’yı Portekizliler’den alarak Malaka Boğazı’nın denetimini ele geçirdi. 1642’de şeker ticaretinde önemli bir yeri bulunan Formoza adasını (Tayvan) İspanyollar’dan aldıysa da 1661 yılında Çinli Koxinga’nın işgali üzerine burasını terketmek zorunda kaldı. 1652’den itibaren Güney Afrika’nın Kaapstad (Cape Town) şehrinde yerleşim merkezleri kurarak ilk gerçek kolonisini oluşturmaya başladı. 1656’da tarçın ticaretine el koyabilmek için Seylan adasındaki Colombo’yu zaptetti ve burada bir merkez kurdu. 1659 yılında kara biber ticaretinde önemli bir yer tutan Sumatra’nın güneyindeki Palembang’ı işgal etmesiyle ve daha sonraları Minangkabau kabile reisleriyle imzaladığı antlaşmalarla Sumatra’nın güney ve batı kesimlerinde gücünü gösterdi. Yine bu sıralarda Maluku adalarında Hitu, Ternate ve Tidore gibi küçük sultanlıklarla giriştiği savaşlar neticesinde ve İspanyollar’ın 1663’te Tidore’yi boşaltmalarından sonra bu adaların tamamını hâkimiyeti altına aldı; aynı yıl Portekizliler’i Seylan adasından tamamen uzaklaştırdı. 1668’de Sulavesi’nin (Selebes) güneyindeki Makassar’ı (Ucung Pandang), ertesi yıl da Gova’yı işgal ederek adalar arası ticareti tekeline aldı. Daha sonra Çin ve Japonya ile doğrudan ticaret yapmak üzere bazı girişimlerde bulundu ve 1727’de Canton’da bir ticaret merkezi açmayı başardı.
XVII. yüzyıl boyunca devamlı gelişme gösteren şirketin 1669’da 150 ticaret ve kırk savaş gemisiyle on bin askeri vardı ve ortaklarına % 40 kadar kâr payı dağıtıyordu. Ambon, Banda, Ternate, Makassar, Malaka, Seylan, Kaapstad ve Cava’da mahallî idare merkezleri bulunan şirket, diğer yerlerdeki önemli ticaret merkez ve kuruluşlarının başına temsilciler tayin etmişti.
Şirket, önemli bir silâhlı güç olarak başlangıçta mahallî idarecilerden çeşitli imtiyazlar koparmayı ve kontrolü altında tuttuğu yerlerde ticaret merkezleri kurmayı hedefliyordu. Ancak zamanla diğer Avrupalı ve Asyalı rakipler karşısında üstünlüğünü korumak ve kurmuş olduğu merkez ve iş yerlerinin savunmasını sağlamak amacıyla daha fazla toprak ele geçirmeye ve mahallî siyasî olaylara karışmaya başladı. Madura Prensi Trunajaya’nın Orta Cava’daki Mataram hânedanına karşı 1675’te başlattığı savaşa o zamanki veliaht prens II. Amangkurat lehine müdahale ederek 1677’de yeni ticarî imtiyazlar sağladı. Arkasından Batavya’nın güneyindeki Priangan bölgesiyle Cava’nın kuzey sahilindeki Semarang Limanı ve çevresini topraklarına katan şirket 1680’de Çeribon bölgesini idaresi altına aldı. Dokuz yıl süren hânedan kavgalarından sonra küçülen Mataram Devleti’ni 1755’te biri Surakarta, diğeri Yogyakarta olmak üzere iki prensliğe ayırarak Cava’da yeni topraklar kazandı. Bu arada, Batı Cava’daki Bentem Sultanlığı’nda çıkan taht kavgaları sırasında babasına karşı isyan eden veliaht prens Sultan Hacı’nın tarafını tutarak 1682’de Bentem’in bağımsızlığına son verdi ve himayesine aldığı yeni sultanla yaptığı anlaşma sayesinde İngiliz ve diğer yabancı tüccarları bölgeden uzaklaştırdı. Böylece şirket, XVII. yüzyılın sonuna doğru sağladığı ticarî imtiyazlarla ve kazandığı yeni topraklarla Cava’nın en büyük siyasî ve ekonomik gücü haline geldi. Özellikle bu dönemde şirketin ticaret filosu her yılbaşında Japon bakırı, ipeği, porseleni; Çin kalayı, ipeği, porseleni, yeşil çayı, kâğıdı; Hint ipeği, pamuğu, çayı; İran halısı, ince kumaşları; Cava kahvesi; Malay kalayı; Maluku baharatı ile dolu olarak Avrupa’ya doğru yola çıkıyordu.
XVIII. yüzyılın ortalarından itibaren ekonomik durum giderek kötüleşmeye başladı ve toprak ilhakları sonucunda şirketin daha fazla idarî ve askerî sorumluluklar yüklenmesi idarî masrafları arttırdı. Ayrıca görevliler arasında kaçakçılığın ve yolsuzluğun yaygınlaşması, İngiliz rekabetinin artan baskısı ve kâr oranlarının yüksek tutulması gelirlerin giderek azalmasına sebep oldu. Hollandalılar’ın Amerikan devrimi sırasında İngilizler’le savaşa girmesi (1780) şirketi iflâsın eşiğine getirdi ve 1750’de 10 milyon florin olan borç yükü savaş sonrasında 100 milyona yükseldi. Fransa’nın 1795’te Hollanda’yı işgal etmesinden sonra idare meclisi “Heeren XVII” dağıtılarak şirketin yönetimi bir komisyona devredildi; 1 Ocak 1800 tarihinde ise resmen feshedilip 135 milyon florin tutan borcuyla birlikte bütün malları ve toprakları Hollanda Devleti’ne intikal ettirildi.
Şirket ve İslâmiyet. Şirket yöneticileri daha başından itibaren müslümanlara sempatiyle bakmamışlardır. İlk genel vali Coen, 1616’da teşkilâta gönderdiği bir genelgede müslüman tüccarları güvenilmezlikle ve hıyanetle suçlayarak onlara karşı dikkatli olunmasını ve şirkete tavır koyanlarla mücadele edilmesini istemişti. Hollandalılar, Portekizli ve İspanyol sömürgeciler gibi dinî fetihler peşinde koşmamalarına rağmen İslâmiyet’i Doğu’daki varlıkları ve ticarî üstünlükleri için bir tehlike olarak gördüler. Batavya’daki müslümanların ibadetlerini serbestçe yerine getirmelerine izin vermeyen şirket, Batavya Kilise Konseyi’nin 7 Aralık 1643 tarihinde aldığı bir tavsiye kararı doğrultusunda müslümanların sünnet olma âdetini de kaldırdı ve dinî okulları kapattı; 1651’de ise hem müslümanların hem Çinliler’in dinî toplantılar düzenlemelerini yasakladı. Daha sonra müslüman halkın tepkisi üzerine bu yasaklar 1674’te biraz yumuşatıldı. Öte yandan şirket, kuruluş tüzüğünde belirtilen görevleri arasındaki “gerçek Hıristiyanlığın yayılmasını ve gelişmesini sağlamak” maddesi gereğince denetimi altındaki bölgelerde yaşayan yerli halkı hıristiyanlaştırmak için her türlü gayreti gösterdi. İdare meclisi de zaman zaman genel valilere gönderdiği tâlimatnâmelerde Hıristiyanlık’tan başka dinlerin yasaklanmasını istiyordu. Genel vali Coen 1618’de, Batavya’daki bir hıristiyan okuluna devam eden her Endonezyalı çocuğa günde yarım kilo kadar pirinç dağıtılmasını öngören bir uygulama başlattı; 1622’de de köle sahiplerinin emirleri altındaki kölelere Hıristiyanlık eğitimi vermelerini zorunlu hale getirdi. Coen’dan sonra gelen vali Hendrik Brouwer ise 1635’te Hıristiyanlığı benimseyen her Endonezyalı’ya bir miktar para verilmesini kararlaştırdı.
Şirketin, Batavya’nın dışında müslüman ve animist halk arasında aktif olarak hıristiyanlaştırmayı teşvik ettiği diğer bir bölge de Maluku adaları, özellikle Ambon adası idi. Coen, 1622’de Ambon Valisi van Speult’a gönderdiği bir tâlimatnâmede, müslüman âdetleriyle mücadele etmesini ve şirket için çalışan Seramlı çiftçileri hıristiyanlaştırmasını istemişti. Nitekim o dönemde hazırlanan bir rapordan, van Speult’in İslâm davetçilerinin bu bölgeye girmesini yasakladığı, şiddete başvurup müslüman halkı öldürdüğü ve köylerini yıkarak onları zorla hıristiyan yapmaya çalıştığı öğrenilmektedir.
Şirket, Batavya ile Maluku adaları dışındaki bölgelerde yaşayan müslüman halkın dinî hayatına fazla müdahale edemedi; çünkü idareciler, müslüman halkın Hollandalılar’a karşı duyduğu hoşnutsuzluk neticesinde bir ayaklanma olabileceği endişesini taşıyorlardı. Şirketin hacı, şeyh, hoca gibi itibar sahibi liderleri kendi varlığı ve ticarî faaliyetleri için daima bir tehdit unsuru olarak görmesi hacca karşı olumsuz bir politika izlemesine sebep oldu ve bazan kendi gemileriyle hacca gidilmesine izin vermedi. Meselâ 1664’te Bentem sultanının isteği üzerine bir hacı adayının, 1667’de Bentemli bir prensin isteğiyle bazı hacı adaylarının şirket gemileriyle hacca gitmesine izin verildi; ancak 1689’da Mekke’den dönen üç Bugili hacı halk arasında karışıklıklara sebep olacağı gerekçesiyle ülkeye sokulmayarak Kaapstad’a sürgüne gönderildi. 1716’da ise genel vali C. van Swoll, on hacının ülkeye girmesine gözetim altında tutulmaları şartıyla izin verdi ve arkasından da şirket gemileriyle hacca gidişi tamamen yasakladı. Daha sonraki yıllarda ise bu yasak kısmen yumuşatılarak hacca gitmek isteyenlere yetkililerden özel izin alma zorunluluğu getirildi. 1803 yılından itibaren yerli halka kamu düzenini bozmamak şartıyla din hürriyeti verilmesi prensibinin benimsenmesine rağmen hacca getirilen kısıtlamalar ve Hollandalı sömürgecilerin hacı korkusu aynı yüzyılın sonlarına kadar devam etmiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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D. G. E. Hall, A History of South-East Asia , London 1955, s. 316-318, 497-503.
K. Glamann, Dutch-Asiatic Trade: 1620-1740 , The Hague 1958.
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a.mlf., Jan Compagnie in War and Peace, 1602-1799: A Short History of the Dutch East-India Company , Hong Kong 1980.
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Islam en Politiek in Indonesië (ed. C. van Dijk), Muiderberg 1988, s. 11-20.
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K. H. D. Haley, “Dutch East India Company”, EBr. , VII, 793-794.
Ian Brown, “Dutch East India Company”, Encyclopedia of Asian History , New York 1988, I, 406-407.
İsmail Hakkı Göksoy, “Endonezya [Sömürge Dönemi]”, DİA , XI, 204-205.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1998 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 18. cildinde, 232-234 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.