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HOŞAP KALESİ Skip to content Van’ın güneyinde kale ve müstahkem derebeyi mâlikânesi.
Van-Hakkâri karayolunun 60. kilometresinde aynı adla anılan kasabanın kuzeyinde bulunmaktadır; Mahmûdî Kalesi ve Narin Kale adlarıyla da bilinir. Kalan izlerden Urartular tarafından kurulduğu, Bizans, Vaspurakan (Ermeni), Abbâsî, Selçuklu, İlhanlı, Karakoyunlu, Akkoyunlu ve Safevî dönemlerinde kullanıldığı, son şeklini ise Osmanlı Devleti’ne bağlı Mahmûdî Beyliği zamanında aldığı anlaşılmaktadır. İç kalenin giriş kapısı üzerindeki üç satırlık altı beyitli Farsça kitâbede 1052 (1642) yılında Mahmûdî Beyi Sarı Süleyman tarafından yaptırıldığı yazılıdır. XIX. yüzyılın ortalarına kadar faal olan kalede günümüzde de otuz kadar köy evi bulunmaktadır. İç kale 1970-1973 ve 1986 yıllarında kısmen restore edilerek ziyarete açılmıştır. Kale, Hoşap suyunun (Güzelsu) kenarında yükselen kaya kütlesi üzerine kurulmuş bir iç kale ile kuzeyinde ona bitişen bir dış kaleden oluşmaktadır.
Dış Kale. İç kalenin eteklerinde teşekkül eden iskân yeri eğimli ve engebeli bir arazi üzerinde bulunduğundan etrafını çeviren surlar da bu konuma uygun olarak şekillendirilmiştir. Matrakçı Nasuh ve Evliya Çelebi gibi kaynaklardan önünün hendeksiz olduğu, doğu ve batıda iki giriş kapısının bulunduğu ve kırk kadar kuleyle desteklendiği öğrenilmektedir. Zamanla surların üst kısımları ile meskûn alandaki bölümleri yıkılmış, burçlardan bazıları ve gözetleme kulesi günümüze ulaşabilmiştir. İç kalenin kuzeydoğu köşesindeki kayalıktan başlayıp karşı tepeye kadar uzanan doğu surları toplam 380 m. uzunluğundadır. Başlangıçtan dere yatağındaki burca kadar olan 175 metrelik bölümü ile doğu kapısı ve bitişiğindeki ikinci burç subasman seviyesine kadar yıkılmıştır. 1,80-3,20 m. kalınlığındaki duvarların alt kısımları yaklaşık 2 m. yüksekliğe kadar taş, üst kısımları ise yöre halkı arasında “bat” adı verilen bir çeşit kerpiç malzemeyle yapılmıştır. Kuzeye doğru tepeye tırmanan kesim araziye uygun olarak merdiven şeklinde teraslanmıştır. Köşelerde burçlarla kesilen kuzey ve batı surları da aynı teknik ve malzemeyle şekillendirilmiştir. 40-50 m. yüksekliğinde kayalık bir alanı takip eden 247 m. uzunluğundaki kuzey surları kalenin en sağlam kısmını oluşturur. İç kaleye kadar uzanan batı surları ise son zamanlarda yapılan evler arasında kaybolmuştur. 5,30-6,50 m. arasında değişen yükseklikteki duvarlar içten 1,40 m. genişliğindeki seyirdim yolları ve mazgallıdendanlı barbata ile sonuçlanmaktadır. Bazı bölümlerde kerpiçlerin erimesi sebebiyle aralarda açıklıklar oluştuğundan barbata yıkıldığı halde bu bölümler uzaktan dendan şeklinde görünmektedir. Surlar genelde 9-10 m. çapında yuvarlak planlı, duvar kalınlığı 3 m., yüksekliği 10 m. civarında olan üst kısımları barbata ve dendanlarla donatılmış içi boş burçlarla desteklenmiştir; burçların inşa tekniği surlarla aynı özelliğe sahiptir. Etrafa hâkim bir tepeye rastlayan kalenin kuzeydoğu köşesinde bir gözetleme kulesi inşa edilmiştir. Günümüze harabe halinde ulaşan Evliya Çelebi’nin bahsettiği cami, 13,30 × 20,50 m. ölçülerinde dikdörtgen planlı bir harimden ibaret olup düzgün kırma taşlarla yapılmış ve izlerden anlaşıldığına göre düz toprak damla örtülmüştür; duvarların kireçle sıvanan iç yüzlerinde bazı kalem işi süsleme kalıntıları mevcuttur.
İç Kale. Kartal yuvasına benzetilen iç kale aslında bir derebeyi mâlikânesidir ve uzaklardan dikkati çeken heybetli yapısıyla günümüzde de ihtişamını korumaktadır. Güney surlarıyla yalçın kayalığın zirvesinden Hoşap suyuna bakarken kuzeyden de eğimli bir araziyle dış kaleye açılır. Doğudan batıya doğru daralan dikdörtgen planlı topografik konuma uydurulmuş ve içindeki üniteler kademeli üç bedene yerleştirilmiştir. İç beden seyir köşkü, orta beden harem, selâmlık ve hizmet odaları, dış beden ise muhafız odaları, mescid, fırın, zindan ve depolar şeklinde değerlendirilmiştir. Kaleyi kuzeyden çeviren 140 m. uzunluğundaki surlar doğuya doğru üç, batı tarafta da iki burçla takviye edilmiştir. Doğu ve batı surlarında birer burç, güney cephede de iki kule yer almaktadır. Duvarlar genelde 3,20-4,00 m. kalınlığında, birbirine harçla tutturulan taş malzemeyle yapılmış, orta beden duvarlarının barbata kısımlarında dış kalede olduğu gibi kerpiç kullanılmıştır.
İçeriye kuzeydeki büyük burçtan girilir. 26 m. çapında ve duvarları 4 m. kalınlığında olan burç Mahmûdî Beyi Sarı Süleyman tarafından yaptırılmıştır. Muntazam kesme taşla örülen burcun mimarisi gibi kayalar arasına gizlenmiş bir insan boyunda olan küçük kapısı da dikkat çekicidir. Önü tıraş edilmiş bir kaya kütlesinin arkasına rastlatılan kapı küçüklüğüne rağmen görkemli bir süslemeyle taçkapı görünümüne kavuşturulmuştur. Kalın silme kemerle kuşatılan giriş açıklığının üzerinde onunla aynı büyüklükte dilimli kemerli, kaval silme çerçeveli bir niş içerisinde ortada yörenin mimari tezyinatına has damla motifi, yanlarda karşılıklı ayağa kalkmış iki arslan kabartması ve altta üç satırlık Farsça manzum kitâbe yer almaktadır. Bitki motifleri, zencirek ve mukarnaslarla süslenen kitâbelik ayrıca sütunçelere yaslanan kademeli kemerler ve kaval silmelerle kuşatılmıştır. Kapı kanatları çok kalın demir kaplamadır. Taçkapının yanına, batıya doğru bastiyon şeklinde çıkıntı yapan sur duvarlarında geniş bir kör kemerle kapı taklidi yapılmıştır. Kuzeydoğu surlarının orta burcunda zorunlu hallerde kaleye geçit veren küçük bir kapı daha bulunmaktadır.
Taçkapıdan burcun alt katındaki giriş holüne girilir. Birbirine kemerlerle bağlanan tonoz örtülü üç mekânla nöbetçi odalarından oluşan holden sonra, güneyden doğuya doğru yönelen ve ana kayanın 4 m. derinliğinde oyulmasıyla elde edilen 1,20-1,80 m. genişliğinde ve 30 m. uzunluğunda bir taş merdiven gelir. Bunu takip eden üzeri tonoz örtülü yol batıya dönerek iç kalenin bedenlerine ulaşır. Burcun üst katı askerî eğitim ve gözetleme alanı olarak düzenlenmiştir; güney tarafında 3 m. derinliğinde bir sarnıç vardır.
İç kalenin en yüksek ve manzaraya hâkim noktasına inşa edilen seyir köşkü bazı araştırmacılara göre kalenin sarayıdır. Doğu-batı doğrultusunda uzanan on iki köşeli ve kenar uzunlukları birbirinden farklı yamuk bir plana sahip olan köşke kuzeybatıdaki kapıdan girilmektedir. Yapı, giriş bölümü ile zemine çıkan iki kademeli merdiven boşluğu dışında üç katlıdır. Zemin katında güney beden duvarlarına bitiştirilmiş bir hamamla hizmetli odaları olduğu sanılan bazı mekânlar mevcuttur. 3,50 × 8,50 m. ölçülerindeki hamam soyunmalık, sıcaklık ve külhandan müteşekkildir. Hamamın dışındaki kısımların tamamı yıkıldığından mimarileri ve işlevleri hakkında kesin bir şey söylemek mümkün değildir. Diğer iki katta seyir salonları ve odalar yer almaktadır; düz tepe örtüsünün kenarları mazgallarla barbata şeklinde düzenlenmiştir. Güney beden duvarlarının dışından yükselen piramidal külâhlarla örtülü silindirik kulelerin biri izlerden varlığı anlaşılan merkezî ısıtma sistemi için baca, diğeri gözetleme kulesi ve güvercinlik olarak değerlendirilmiştir.
İç kalenin ikinci bedeninde bulunan harem kısmı seyir köşkünün batısına yerleştirilmiş ve meyilli zemin üzerine oturtulduğundan iki bölüm halinde planlanmıştır. Doğudaki büyük bölümün yalnızca dış duvarları ayakta kalmış, iç yapısı tamamen yıkılmıştır; kalan izlerden iki katlı olduğu ve üzerinin ahşap malzemeli düz damla örtüldüğü anlaşılmaktadır. Güneydoğu köşede yer alan bir hamamın bazı hücreleri, ikinci kata ait ocak nişleri ve duvarlar üzerindeki kalem işi süslemeli sıvalar bu bölümden günümüze ulaşabilen kalıntılardır. Duvarlar moloz taşla örülmüş, köşe ve açıklıklarda kesme taş kullanılmıştır. Haremin beye ait batıdaki ana bölümü 12,50 × 21,50 m. ölçülerinde ve dikdörtgen planlı düzgün bir yapı olup ortadaki bir holle bunun güney ve kuzeyine yerleştirilmiş ikişer odadan meydana gelmektedir. Örtü sistemi yıkılan bu bölüm diğerine göre daha sağlam durumdadır. Doğudan bir kapıyla geçilen holün batısında iki mazgal pencere, güneyinde de bir ocak nişi ile odalara açılan kapılar bulunmaktadır. Aynı mimari düzenlemeyle ele alınan odalarda sivri kemerli pencere kavsaraları ile ocak ve dolap nişlerinin üst kısımları alçıdan mukarnaslar ve prizmatik üçgenlerle dolgulanmıştır. Sıva üzerindeki kırmızı ve mavi renklerin hâkim olduğu kalem işi süslemelerde mahallî üslûpla işlenmiş bitki motifleri mevcuttur. İkinci kattaki odaların iç duvarlarında kerpiç, diğer kısımlarda taş malzeme kullanılmıştır. Pencereler lokma demir şebekelidir.
Haremin batısında yer alan selâmlık, doğu-batı istikametinde uzanan dikdörtgen bir alana oturmaktadır. Uzun bir salonla batısında ona bitişen tek bir odadan müteşekkil olan bu yapı da iki katlıdır. Mimari ve süsleme özellikleriyle haremin tekrarı durumundadır; ancak salonuna daha fazla pencere ve dolap nişi açılmıştır. İç kalede harem duvarına bitişik bir de mescid bulunmaktadır. 6,00 × 6,00 m. ölçülerinde kare planlı ve üzeri tromp geçişli bir kubbeyle örtülü olan yapının kuzey duvarında giriş kapısı, kıble yönünde yuvarlak nişli mihrap, batısında da iki pencere vardır. Tromplarla kapı ve pencere açıklıklarında sivri kemer kullanılmıştır; kubbesi yıkılmış ve duvarlarındaki kaplama taşları sökülmüş vaziyettedir. Kalenin bunlardan başka fırını ile zindanı da günümüze ulaşmıştır. Kuzey beden duvarının hemen gerisindeki zindan hücreleri kısmen kayaların oyulmasıyla elde edilmiş, merdivenle inilen büyükçe odalar şeklindedir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Matrakçı Nasuh, Sefer-i Irâkeyn , s. 103.
Evliya Çelebi, Seyahatnâme , IV, 272-274.
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A. Cüzeyrî Yazıcıoğlu, Van’ın Tarihi Kitabeleri , Ankara 1957, s. 5-7.
Nazmi Sevgen, Anadolu Kaleleri , Ankara 1959, s. 137-146.
a.mlf., “Hoşap Kalesi”, Coğrafya Dünyası , I/1, İstanbul 1950, s. 80-82.
G. Goodwin, A History of Ottoman Architecture , London 1971, s. 188.
S. Yerasimos, Les voyageurs dans l’Empire Ottoman (XIVe -XVIe siècles) , Ankara 1991, s. 217.
Mehmet Top, Hoşap’taki Mahmudî Beyliği Mimarisi (yüksek lisans tezi, 1993), Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, s. 21-52.
a.mlf., “Gökyüzünde Bir Kale-Sarp Kayalar Üzerinde: Hoşap Kalesi”, Kültür ve Sanat , sy. 32, Ankara 1996, s. 25-27.
Selçuk Güzeloğlu, Tanrı Haldi’nin Başkenti Van ve Çevresine Tarihi ve Arkeolojik Bir Bakış , İstanbul 1996, s. 80-81.
Ali Saim Ülgen, “Hoşap (Mahmudiye) Kal’ası”, AÜİFD , II/4 (1953), s. 83-88.
M. T. Tarhan – Veli Sevin, “Van Bölgesinde Urartu Araştırmaları”, Anadolu Araştırmaları , IV-V, İstanbul 1977, s. 287.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1998 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 18. cildinde, 247-248 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.