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HOURANI, Albert Habib Skip to content (1915-1993)
Modern dönem Arap tarihi alanındaki çalışmalarıyla tanınan Arap asıllı İngiliz tarihçisi.
Lübnanlı hıristiyan bir ailenin çocuğu olarak İngiltere’nin Manchester şehrinde doğdu. İlk öğrenimini burada babasının yabancı ailelerin çocukları için açtığı ilkokulda, orta öğrenimini Kuzey Londra’daki Mill Hill’de ve yüksek öğrenimini de Oxford Üniversitesi’ne bağlı Magdalen College’da politika, felsefe ve ekonomi okuyarak, özellikle de Kant ve Hegel felsefesiyle ilgilenerek tamamladı (1936). Lübnan’a karşı derin vatan severlik duyguları besleyen Hourani, aldığı Batı eğitimi sonucu üniversiteyi bitirdiği yıl bir nevi kimlik krizi yaşadı; arkasından da babasının geldiği yer olan Lübnan’ın Merciuyûn kasabasına gitti. Ertesi yıl Beyrut’taki Amerikan Üniversitesi’nde uluslararası ilişkiler ve İngiltere tarihi dersleri vermeye başladı. Burada iken Harvard’da felsefe dalında ihtisas yapıp dönen Lübnan milliyetçisi Charles Malik ile arkadaşlık kurdu; onunla haftada bir felsefî metinler okudu ve kendisinden çok etkilendi. Amerikan Üniversitesi’nde iki buçuk yıl süren hocalık döneminde Hourani’nin Araplık şuuru daha da gelişti ve bir yandan edebî Arapça çalışmaya, bir yandan da Kostantin Züreyḳ’in Ortaçağ İslâm tarihi derslerine devam etmeye başladı. Öğrenciler arasında milliyetçilik duygularını körükleyen 1936-1939 Filistin ayaklanması onun da İngilizler’in Ortadoğu’daki emperyalist politikaları hakkında derin bir hayal kırıklığına uğramasına ve sonuçta Lübnan-Arap kimliğini tamamen kabullenmesine yol açtı. Ancak dinî yönden henüz huzura kavuşamamıştı. Nihayet 1950’li yıllara kadar süren arayışın sonunda Grek Ortodoksluğu’ndan Presbiteryenliğe geçen ailesinin mezhebini terkederek Katolikliği benimsedi.
II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında İngiltere’ye dönen Hourani Kraliyet Uluslararası İlişkiler Enstitüsü’nün Ortadoğu bölümünde görev aldı. Burada meşhur tarihçi Arnold Toynbee ve zamanın önde gelen şarkiyatçısı H. A. R. Gibb ile mesai arkadaşlığı yaptı ve entelektüel ilgilerinin ve kariyerinin şekillenmesinde onların etkisinde kaldı; tarih ve şarkiyat öğrenimi görmediği halde geleceği için bu yolu seçti. 1942’de Kahire’ye tayin edildi ve savaş boyunca orada Britanya Devlet Bakanlığı görevlisi olarak çalıştı. Buradaki asıl işi genç milliyetçilerle bağlantı kurmaktı; böylece Arap milliyetçiliği ve Arap politikaları hakkında birinci elden bilgi sahibi oldu. Savaştan sonra resmî görevinden ayrılan Hourani, iki yıl boyunca Mûsâ el-Alemî tarafından Filistin davasını savunmak için kurulan Arap Bürosu’nda çalıştı. 1946’da Filistin’e gönderilen İngiliz-Amerikan Soruşturma Komitesi’ne (Anglo-American Comittee of Inquiry) sunulan dört ciltlik raporu hazırlayanlar arasında yer aldı; ayrıca Arap tarafının sözlü savunmasını da yaptı. Ancak sonuçta Filistin konusundaki gelişmeler karşısında büyük bir hayal kırıklığı yaşayarak 1948 başında buradan ayrıldı.
Hourani, Arap Bürosu’ndan ayrılmasının ardından mezunu olduğu Magdalen College’ın araştırmacı kadrosuna tayin edilerek Oxford Üniversitesi’ndeki yeni işine başladı. Klasik şarkiyatçıların Doğu dilleri ve ilk dönem İslâm tarihi çalışmalarının aksine II. Dünya Savaşı’ndan sonra beliren bölge tarihi çalışmaları eğilimine uyan Hourani modern Ortadoğu araştırmalarını başlatanların ilklerindendi ve 1951’de Oxford Üniversitesi’ne Ortadoğu tarihçisi olarak tayin edildiğinde Londra Üniversitesi’nde bulunan Bernard Lewis’den sonra bu göreve getirilen ikinci kişi olmuştu. Hourani, bu alanda devamlılığı sağlayacak araştırmacıların yetişmesine de önemli katkılar sağladı. 1958’de Oxford Üniversitesi’ne bağlı St. Antony’s College’da Ortadoğu Merkezi’nin kurulmasına ön ayak oldu ve başkanlığına getirildi; bu görevi 1971 yılına kadar devam etti. 1973’te Britanya Ortadoğu Araştırmaları Cemiyeti’nin kuruluşuna katkıda bulundu ve ilk başkanı seçildi. 1979’da Oxford Üniversitesi’nden emekliye ayrıldıktan sonra zaman zaman Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin Chicago ve Harvard üniversitelerinde dersler verdi. 1980 yılında Harvard Üniversitesi’nde iken geçirdiği bir kalp krizi sebebiyle önerilen dâimî kadroyu kabul etmedi. Emeklilik yıllarını son kitabı olan A History of the Arab Peoples ’ı yazarak geçirdi. 1992’de Chicago Üniversitesi’nin 100. kuruluş yıldönümü münasebetiyle kendisine üniversite senatosu tarafından Ortadoğu araştırmalarına yaptığı katkılardan dolayı fahrî doktorluk unvanı verildi ve kurucusu olduğu Oxford Üniversitesi’nin Ortadoğu Merkezi tarafından şerefine bir kitap yayımlandı (Problems of the Modern Middle East in Historical Perspective: Essays in Honour of Albert Hourani [ed. J. P. Spagnolo], Reading 1992). Hourani 17 Ocak 1993’te Oxford’da öldü. Daha sonra şahsî kütüphanesi Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Araştırmaları Merkezi tarafından satın alındı (1997).
Eserleri. II. Dünya Savaşı yıllarında kazandığı tecrübeler sonunda Hourani Araplar’ın yanlış ittifak içinde olduklarını, Batılı müttefikleri tarafından yanlış anlaşıldıklarını ve küçük görüldüklerini düşünmekteydi. Bu düşünceyi ömrünün sonuna kadar muhafaza etti ve 1944 yılında başladığı yayım hayatı boyunca eserlerinin büyük bir bölümünü bu anlayıştan hareketle kaleme alarak daima Batı dünyasına Araplar’ı anlatmayı ve onları savunmayı kendine görev edindi. İlk önemli eserleri olan Syria and Lebanon (Oxford 1946) ve Great Britain and the Arab World ’de (London 1946) Fransa ile İngiltere’nin Ortadoğu politikalarını eleştirdi. 1950’li yılların ikinci yarısında artık soğumaya başladığı siyasî tarih çalışmalarından düşünce tarihine geçti ve bu alanda klasikleşen Arabic Thought in the Liberal Age 1798-1939 adlı eserini yazdı (London 1962). Türkçe dahil (Çağdaş Arap Düşüncesi , İstanbul 1994) birçok dile çevrilen eser, Ortadoğu tarihi üzerine çalışan hemen herkesin müracaat kaynakları arasındadır. Bu kitabın yayımlandığı yıl Chicago Üniversitesi’nde misafir öğretim üyesi olarak bulundu ve bu sırada sosyal tarih çalışmalarına ilgi duymaya başladı. Bu alanda “Ottoman Reform and the Politics of Notables” (Beginnings of Modernization in the Middle East [ed. W. R. Polk – R. L. Chambers], Chicago 1968, s. 41-68) ve “Shaikh Khalid and the Naqshbandi Order” (Islamic Philosophy and the Classical Tradition [ed. S. M. Stern v.dğr.], Oxford 1972, s. 89-103) adlarıyla iki makale yazdı. Modern Ortadoğu’nun anlaşılmasına önemli katkılar sağlayan bu iki makalenin ardından Araplar’ın Batı’yla ilişkileri konusuna yöneldi ve daha önce çıkmış yazılarının bir kısmını gözden geçirerek Europe and the Middle East (London-Berkeley 1980), The Emergence of the Modern Middle East (London-Berkeley 1981) ve Islam in European Thought (Cambridge 1991; T trc., Batı Düşüncesinde İslam , İstanbul 1994) adlı kitaplarına dahil etti. Hourani’nin ikinci önemli çalışması, son kitabı olma özelliğini de taşıyan A History of the Arab Peoples ’dır (London-Cambridge 1991). Uzun süredir Arap tarihi üzerine kapsamlı bir çalışma yayımlanmamıştı ve Hourani Cambridge History of Islam ’da verilen Arap tarihini de yetersiz buluyordu (IJMES , sy. XXIII/2 [1991], s. 126-127). Ayrıca son zamanlarda yapılan çalışmalar modern dönem üzerine yoğunlaşmakta ve klasik dönem İslâm tarihi ve Arap-İslâm medeniyeti ihmal edilmekteydi. Bu hususları göz önünde tutan Hourani, müslüman Arap tarihini İslâm’ın doğuş yıllarından günümüze kadar ele aldığı bu eserini yazdı. Yeni bir araştırma ürünü olmayan kitap, yazıldığı döneme kadar yapılan araştırmaların sonuçlarının Hourani’nin süzgecinden geçmiş ve onun yorumlarıyla bilgi birikiminin eklenmiş hali olması bakımından değerlidir. Arap Halkları Tarihi (İstanbul 1997) adıyla Türkçe’ye de aktarılan eser şimdiye kadar İngilizce dışında on beş dilde yayımlandı ve Amerika’da piyasaya çıktığında iki hafta süreyle en çok satan kitap unvanını taşıdı. Hourani eserinde Osmanlı dönemi Arap tarihi için önemli bir yer ayırmıştır; bunun sebebi diğer meslektaşlarına kıyasla bugünkü Arap dünyasının oluşumunda Osmanlı yönetiminin payını daha yüksek görmesidir. Ona göre Osmanlı yönetimi ve kültürü sadece modern tarih perspektifinden değil İslâm toplumunun devamı ve ulaştığı sonuçlar bakımından da değerlendirilmelidir (Paths to the Middle East , s. 50). Ortadoğu tarihini bir bütün kabul eden Hourani için Osmanlı dönemi geçmişle bugün arasındaki başlıca bağdır. Onun genelde Osmanlı lehine ortaya koyduğu tavrın altında yatan gerçek ise Lübnan’ın Osmanlı yönetimi döneminde sahip olduğu nisbî hürriyet ve gelişmişlik derecesidir. Hourani 150’nin üzerinde kitap, makale, ansiklopedi maddesi ve 100’e yakın kitap tenkidi kaleme almıştır (Wilson, s. 287-306).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Albert Hourani, “How Should We Write the History of the Middle East?”, IJMES , XXIII/2 (1991), s. 125-136.
Islamic Studies: A Tradition and its Problems (ed. M. M. Kerr), California 1980, s. 1-27.
M. Wilson, “A Bibliography of Albert Hourani’s Published Works”, Problems of the Modern Middle East in Historical Perspective: Essays in Honour of Albert Hourani (ed. J. P. Spagnolo), Reading 1992, s. 287-306.
Paths to the Middle East: Ten Scholars Look Back (ed. T. Naff), New York 1993, s. 27-57.
Abdulaziz A. al-Sudairi, The Making of Modern Arab Societies: an Intellectual Biography of Albert Hourani (doktora tezi, 1993), The John Hopkins University, tür.yer.
Approaches to the History of the Middle East (ed. N. E. Gallagher), Reading 1994, s. 19-43.
D. Hopwood, “Albert Hourani”, Le monde Arabe dans la recherche scientifique , sy. 1, Paris 1993, s. 11-13.
“Entretien avec Albert Hourani”, a.e. , sy. 1 (1993), s. 14-26.
A. Raymond, “Albert Hourani (1915-1993)”, Revue du monde musulman et de la Méditerranée , sy. 68-69, Aix-en-Provence 1993, s. 275-278.
L. Fawaz, “In Memoriam: Albert Hourani (1915-1993)”, IJMES , XXV (1993), s. I-IV.
Rashid Khalidi, “Albert Hourani, 1915-1993”, MESA Bulletin , sy. 27 (1993), s. 1-3.
P. Sluglett – Marion Farouk Sluglett, “Albert Habib Hourani 1915-1993”, BSMES , XX/1 (1993), s. 139-141.
P. J. Vatikiotis, “Albert Hourani: In Memoriam”, MES , XXIX/2 (1993), s. 370-371.
R. Owen, “In Memoriam: Albert Hourani (1915-1993)”, Harvard Middle Eastern and Islamic Review , I/1, Cambridge 1994, s. II-VI.
Philip S. Khoury, “Albert Hourani at Harvard”, a.e. , I/1 (1994), s. VII-X.
M. E. Yapp, “Two Great British Historians of the Middle East”, BSOAS , LVIII/1 (1995), s. 40-49.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1998 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 18. cildinde, 254-256 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.