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HUBEYŞ et-TİFLÎSÎ Skip to content Ebü’l-Fazl Bedîüzzamân Kemâlüddîn Hüseyn Hubeyş b. İbrâhîm b. Muhammed et-Tiflîsî (ö. 629/1232 [?])
Anadolu Selçuklu dönemi tabip ve müneccimi.
Hayatı hakkında yeterli bilgi yoktur. Nisbesinden Gürcistan’ın başşehri Tiflis’ten olduğu veya orayla bir ilişkisinin bulunduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Fakat Kifâyetü’ṭ-ṭıb adlı eserinin Bursa Eski Yazma ve Basma Eserler Kütüphanesi’ndeki nüshasında (Orhan Gazi, nr. 1120) adı Kemâleddin Bedîüzzaman Ebü’l-Fezâil Hubeyş b. Muhammed b. Hubeyş el-Gaznevî şeklinde geçmektedir. Burada babası İbrâhim’den söz edilmediği gibi Tiflîsî nisbesinin yerini de Gaznevî almıştır. Bu durum, onun aslen Gazneli olduğunu ve daha sonra Tiflis’e yerleştiğini hatıra getirmektedir. Kâmilü’t-taʿbîr adlı eserinde ise (Beyazıt Devlet Ktp., Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Paşa, nr. 19.051) Ebü’l-Fazl Hüseyin b. İbrâhim b. Muhammed Tığlı et-Tiflîsî isim zincirine rastlanmaktadır (TÜYATOK , 34/II, s. 8-9, nr. 5). Hubeyş’in Ḳānûnü’l-edeb adlı eserini 548 (1153) yılında kaleme aldığı bilindiğine göre o sırada en az yirmi-yirmi beş yaşlarında olması gerektiği göz önüne alınarak VI. (XII.) yüzyılın ilk çeyreğinin sonlarında doğduğu söylenebilir. Yine onun Kifâyetü’ṭ-ṭıb adlı eserini 590-593 (1194-1197) yılları arasında II. Kılıcarslan’ın oğlu Kutbüddin Melikşah’a takdim etmesinden hareketle VII. (XIII.) yüzyılın başlarında vefat ettiği ileri sürülebilir. Bununla birlikte Kâtib Çelebi ölüm tarihini 629 (1232) olarak, Bağdatlı İsmâil Paşa ise “629’dan sonra” şeklinde kaydeder (Hediyyetü’l-ʿârifîn , I, 263).
Hubeyş, çok eser vermiş ve eserlerinin yaygın biçimde kullanılmış olmasına rağmen İslâm ve Osmanlı kaynaklarında pek sözü edilmeyen bir müelliftir. Yalnız Kâtib Çelebi ile Müstakimzâde Süleyman Sâdeddin Efendi’nin ondan bahsettikleri görülür. Kâtib Çelebi Süllemü’l-vüṣûl ’ünde onu “el-Hakîm Kemâleddin Ebü’l-Fazl Hubeyş b. İbrâhim b. Muhammed et-Tiflîsî, sâhibü Taḳvîmi’l-edviye ” (Süleymaniye Ktp., Şehid Ali Paşa, nr. 1887, vr. 74b ) ve “eş-Şeyh Ebü’l-Fazl Hubeyş b. İbrâhim b. Muhammed el-Edîb, sâhibü Ḳānûni’l-edeb fî luġati’l-Fürs ” (vr. 367a ) diye “Hubeyş” ve “Tiflîsî” maddelerinde zikretmekte, fakat hakkında bilgi vermemektedir. Müstakimzâde ise Mecelletü’n-nisâb ’ında (Süleymaniye Ktp., Hâlet Efendi, nr. 628, vr. 159b ) iki ayrı Tiflis bulunduğunu ve bunlardan birinin Azerbaycan’da, diğerinin Türkistan’da yer aldığını belirttikten sonra Mahmûd adlı bir âlimin et-Tuḥfe başlıklı eserine dayanarak Ḳānûnü’l-edeb , Kâmilü’t-tefsîr ve Ṣıḥḥatü’l-ebdân ’ın müellifi Şeyh Ebü’l-Fazl Hubeyş Hüseyin İbrâhim b. Muhammed el-Edîb’in Türkistan’daki Tiflis’ten olduğunu kaydetmektedir. Hubeyş’in Anadolu’ya, II. Kılıcarslan’ın (1155-1192) Aksaray’ı camiler, medreseler, zâviyeler ve çarşılarla donatıp buraya Azerbaycan’dan gaziler, âlimler ve tüccarlar getirttiği sırada geldiği tahmin edilmektedir. Onun, Sivas’ta Muhammed b. Ebû Bekir et-Tiflîsî ile (ö. 791/1389) Hâce Cemâleddin b. Ebû Bekir b. el-Hâc Ömer b. Hüseyin et-Tiflîsî’nin (Rıdvan Nâfiz – İsmâil Hakkı, s. 153-154) dedesi olduğu ileri sürülmekteyse de (Ateş, TM , VII-VIII/2, s. 97) bunların, yine Sivas’ta Şehristânî’nin el-Milel ve’n-niḥal ’ini 629 (1232) yılında istinsah eden Ali b. Ebû Bekir el-Hatîb et-Tiflîsî’nin torunu olmaları da kuvvetle muhtemeldir (Şeşen, Nevâdirü’l-maḫṭûṭâti’l-ʿArabiyye , II, 141).
II. Kılıcarslan’ın dostluğunu kazanan Malatya Süryânî patriği Mikhail vekāyi‘nâmesinde, sultanın Malatya’ya geldiği zamanlar huzurunda ilmî-felsefî münazaralar tertip edildiğini ve bu toplantılarda yanında daima Kemâleddin adında bir hakîmin bulunduğunu nakletmektedir. Genellikle çok yönlü âlimlere “filozof” anlamında “hakîm” unvanının verilmesi, Hubeyş’in II. Kılıcarslan ile oğullarından birine bazı eserlerini ithaf etmiş olması ve kendisinin Kemâleddin lakabıyla anılması, ayrıca Taḳvîmü’l-edviye ve Uṣûlü’l-melâḥim adlı eserlerinin önsözünde “el-Hakîm Kemâlüddin” şeklinde tanıtılması gibi hususlar dikkate alınırsa Süryânî Mikhail’in bahsettiği Kemâleddin’in Hubeyş et-Tiflîsî olduğu söylenebilir. Aynı şekilde Hubeyş et-Tiflîsî’nin, kehaneti doğru çıkmadığı için II. Kılıcarslan tarafından görevinden azledilen müneccimbaşı olması da muhtemeldir. Kaynaklarda nakledildiğine göre kehanete çok inanan Kılıcarslan, müneccimlerinin, Şâban 582’de (Ekim 1186) yıldızlar Terazi burcunda toplandığı zaman Nûh tûfanı gibi büyük bir felâketin vuku bulacağına dair verdikleri haber üzerine büyük masraflarla sığınaklar yaptırmış ve kehanet gerçekleşmeyince de müneccimbaşını öldürtmek istemiş, fakat müneccimbaşı nükteli bir cevapla canını kurtarmış ve sadece azledilmekle kalmıştır. II. Kılıcarslan devrinde, özellikle kaleme aldığı üç astroloji kitabı ile tanınan ve saraya yakınlığı bilinen en önemli müneccimin Tiflîsî olması sebebiyle azledilen kişinin de o olabileceği düşünülmektedir.
Eserleri. A) Tıp. 1. Taḳvîmü’l-edviyeti’l-müfrede . Hubeyş, bu Arapça eserini telif ederken Câlînûs’un (Galen) tıbbın temel kitaplarını oluşturan el-Kütübü’s-sittete ʿaşere adlı külliyatını okuduğunu, eski ve yeni tabiplerin tıp sanatıyla ilgili eserlerini araştırdığını, basit ilâçlarla ilgili tasnifleri incelediğini, faydalandığı eserler arasında Câlînûs’un on bir makaleden meydana gelen Kitâbü’l-Edviyeti’l-müfrede ’sinin, Huneyn b. İshak’ın konuyla ilgili bir eserinin, Ebû Bekir er-Râzî’nin el-Ḥâvî ’sinin, İbn Abdân el-Ahvâzî’nin Kitâbü’l-Edviyeti’l-müfrede ’sinin, Ali b. Abbas el-Mecûsî’nin Kâmilü’ṣ-ṣınâʿa ’sının, Ebû Sehl el-Mesîhî’nin Kitâbü’l-Miʾe ’sinin, İbn Butlân’ın kitabının (muhtemelen Daʿvetü’l-eṭıbbâʾ sı), İbn Sînâ’nın el-Ḳānûn adlı eserinin ve İbn Cezle’in kitabının da (muhtemelen Taḳvîmü’l-ebdân ’ının) içinde bulunduğu zengin bir literatürü zikretmektedir. Bu durum, onun klasik kaynaklara olan vukuf ve hâkimiyetini göstermesi bakımından önemlidir. Hubeyş’in Sa‘deddin Şerefülislâm Seyyidü’l-Küttâb Ebü’l-Mehâsin Es‘ad b. Hüseyin el-Kâtib’e ithaf ettiği bu eserin (Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 467) bir nüshası Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’nde bulunmaktadır (Ayasofya, nr. 3600/1; diğer nüshaları için bk. Şeşen, Fihrisü maḫṭûṭâti’ṭ-ṭıbbi’l-İslâmî , s. 198; Brockelmann, I, 893).
2. Kitâbü Minhâci’ṭ-ṭıb . Çeşitli tıbbî açıklamalar ihtiva eden eser, 24 Safer 558’de (1 Şubat 1163) yazılan kıraatle ilgili Kitâbü Telḫîṣi ʿileli’l-Ḳurʾân ’dan önce kaleme alınmıştır (Ateş, TV , I/16, s. 163-164).
3. Taḥṣîlü’ṣ-ṣıḥḥa bi’l-esbâbi’s-sitte . Müellif, eski ve yeni hekimlerin eserlerinden yararlanmak suretiyle hazırladığı bu Arapça eserini dört risâle şeklinde tertip etmiştir. Kitabın bir nüshası Musul’da (Yahyâ Paşa el-Celîlî Medresesi, nr. 236), başka bir nüshası da British Museum’da (Or., nr. 8296) kayıtlıdır.
4. Kifâyetü’ṭ-ṭıb . Farsça yazılan eser, II. Kılıcarslan’ın oğullarından Sultan Ebü’l-Hâris Kutbüddin Melikşah’a sunulmuştur. Kutbüddin Melikşah’ın en son 593’te (1197) sağ olduğu bilindiğine göre eserin telifi 590-593 (1194-1197) yılları civarına rastlamalıdır. Bir nüshası Bursa Eski Yazma ve Basma Eserler Kütüphanesi’nde (Orhan Gazi, nr. 1120) bulunmaktadır (Şeşen, Fihrisü maḫṭûṭâti’ṭ-ṭıbbi’l-İslâmî , s. 198).
5. Evdiyetü’l-edviye . Tıp müfredatıyla ilgili olan ve kaynaklarda adı geçmeyen bu Arapça eserin bir nüshası Beyazıt Devlet Kütüphanesi’ndedir (Veliyyüddin Efendi, nr. 2540/2; bk. a.g.e. , s. 197).
6. Risâle fî şerḥi baʿżi’l-mesâʾil li-esbâb ve ʿalâmât münteḫabe mine’l-Ḳānûn . İbn Sînâ’nın el-Ḳānûn ’undan hastalıkların sebepleri ve arazlarıyla ilgili olarak seçilmiş bazı meselelerin açıklanmasına dairdir.
7. İḫtiṣâru Fuṣûli’l-Buḳrâṭ . Hipokrat’ın İslâm dünyasında Kitâbü’l-Fuṣûl adıyla bilinen Aforizmoi ’sının Arapça muhtasarıdır (bu eserlerin yazma nüshaları için bk. Brockelmann, I, 893).
8. Kitâbü Ṣıḥḥati’l-ebdân . Arapça olan eserin telifi Kâmilü’t-taʿbîr ’den önce tamamlanmıştır (Îżâḥu’l-meknûn , II, 64). Müellifin bu sahada ayrıca Taḳdîmü’l-ʿilâc ve beẕreḳatü’l-minhâc , Rumûzü’l-minhâc ve künûzü’l-ʿilâc ile Lübâbü’l-esbâb adlı eserleri vardır.
B) Astroloji. 1. Kitâbü Medḫali’n-nücûm . Kitâbü Telḫîṣi ʿileli’l-Ḳurʾân adlı eserden sonra yazılmıştır. Yedi bab ve 134 fasıl üzerine tertip edilerek bir de alfabetik fihristin eklendiği bu Farsça kitabın önsözünde, astrolojiyle ilgili herkesin kolayca okuyup anlayabileceği bilgilerin verildiği söylendikten sonra bu ilmin değerinden ve yararlarından söz edilmekte, ayrıca bunun şeriata aykırı olmaması gerektiği belirtilmektedir. Eserin Fâtih Sultan Mehmed’in kütüphanesi için istinsah edilen bir nüshası Nuruosmaniye Kütüphanesi’nde kayıtlıdır (nr. 2803/1).
2. Kitâbü Beyâni’n-nücûm . Nüshasına henüz rastlanmayan eser Ḳānûnü’l-edeb ’den önce telif edilmiştir (Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 262).
3. Uṣûlü’l-melâḥim . Yine Ḳānûnü’l-edeb ’den önce telif edilen bu Farsça eser güneş tutulması, fırtına vb. meteorolojik olaylardan çıkarılan astrolojik hükümleri konu edinmiştir. Müellif önsözde, padişahların ve diğer ileri gelenlerin “melhame”ye dair eserlere çok rağbet ettiklerini görünce konuyla ilgili muhtasar bir kitap yazma gereğini duyduğunu ve eseri yirmi sekiz bab üzerine tertip ettiğini söyler. Bir nüshası Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’nde bulunan eser (Ayasofya, nr. 2706) Melḥametü Dânyâl adıyla basılmıştır (Tahran 1340 hş.).
C) Dil ve Edebiyat. 1. Ḳānûnü’l-edeb . Arapça-Farsça bir sözlük olup 548’de (1153) telif edilmiştir. Farsça’da, kırk sekiz kaynaktan derleyerek hazırladığı bu kitap kadar mükemmel bir lugat bulunmadığını söyleyen müellif faydalandığı başlıca kaynakların adlarını zikretmiştir. Saydığı isimlerden Zemahşerî’nin Muḳaddimetü’l-edeb ’i, Ebû Mansûr es-Seâlibî’nin Fıḳhü’l-luġa ’sı, İbnü’s-Sikkît’in Kitâbü’l-Elfâẓ ’ı, Kutrub’un el-Müs̱elles̱ ’i gibi eserlerin yanında Harîrî’nin el-Maḳāmât ’ı ile Şerḥu’l-Ḥamâse , Şerḥu Sebʿiṭṭıvâl gibi Arap edebiyatının önemli klasiklerine de müracaat ettiği anlaşılmaktadır. Bu bakımdan Tiflîsî, Kâtib Çelebi’ye göre sahasında bir eşi daha bulunmayan bir eser meydana getirmiştir (Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , II, 1310). Eserde mukaddimenin ardından sözlük kısmı gelmekte, bunun sonunda da bir fiil çekim cetveli bulunmaktadır. Kitabın 15 Cemâziyelevvel 548’de (8 Ağustos 1153) istinsah edilen bir nüshası (müellif hattı olması da mümkündür) Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’nde (Mehmed Hafîd Efendi, nr. 434) kayıtlıdır (Ateş, TM , VII-VIII/2, s. 100-101; diğer nüshalar Bodleian, nr. 1571/3; Ethé, nr. 2276).
2. Naẓmü’s-sülûk . Lugata dair olan bu Arapça eserin bir nüshası British Museum’dadır (Brockelmann, I, 893).
3. Tercümânü’l-ḳavâfî . Bu Farsça eseri sadece Bağdatlı İsmâil Paşa zikretmektedir (Hediyyetü’l-ʿârifîn , I, 263).
D) Diğer Eserleri. 1. Kâmilü’t-taʿbîr . Müellif, II. Kılıcarslan’a ithaf ettiği bu Farsça alfabetik rüya tâbirnâmesini Kitâbü Ṣıḥḥati’l-ebdân ’ı yazdıktan sonra kaleme almıştır. Faydalandığı kaynaklar arasında Dânyâl’in Kitâbü’l-Uṣûl ’ü, Ca‘fer es-Sâdık’a nisbet edilen Kitâbü’t-Taḳsîm ’i, İbrâhim el-Kirmânî’nin Kitâb-ı Düstûr ’u, Câbir el-Mağribî’nin Kitâbü’l-İrşâd ’ı, İbn Sîrîn’in Kitâbü’l-Cevâmiʿ i, İsmâil b. Eşhâs’ın Kitâbü’t-Taʿbîr ’i, Abdüsselâm b. Hasan’ın Kenzü’r-rüʾye’l-Meʾmûnî ’si, Abdûs’ün Kitâbü Beyâni’t-taʿbîr ’i gibi eserler yer almaktadır. Hubeyş et-Tiflîsî, on beş fasla ayırdığı eserinin önsözünde rüya ve rüya tabiri hakkında genel bilgiler verdikten sonra o güne kadar hiç kimsenin böyle bir kılavuz meydana getirmediğini, bu eserin okuyucuyu birçok kitaba başvurmaktan müstağni kılacak kadar zengin olduğunu söylemektedir. Kâmilü’t-taʿbîr ’in gerek nüshalarının çokluğu gerekse Türkçe’ye beş ayrı tercümesinin yapılmış olması onun çok beğenildiğinin bir işaretidir. Eser ayrıca birçok defa basılmıştır (Tahran 1265, 1284, 1302, 1346, 1352, 1355; Bombay 1302). Kâmilü’t-taʿbîr ’in Türkçe tercümeleri şunlardır: a) II. Murad devrinde Beylerbeyi Karaca Bey’in emriyle adı bilinmeyen bir kişi tarafından yapılan tercümenin mütercim hattı nüshası Bursa Müze Kütüphanesi’nde (nr. E 4/1251) kayıtlıdır (Ergin, IV/1-2, s. 107-108). b) Yavuz Sultan Selim adına yine kimliği bilinmeyen bir mütercimin yaptığı çevirinin bir nüshası Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Kütüphanesi’nde (Revan Köşkü, nr. 1769) bulunmaktadır (Ateş, TM , VII-VIII/2, s. 99). c) Kevâmilü’t-ta‘bîr . Bevâric’de doğup Musul’da yaşayan Hızır b. Abdülhâdî tarafından Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman zamanında yapılmıştır (Süleymaniye Ktp., Hekimoğlu Ali Paşa, nr. 591; a.g.e. , s. 99-100). d) Kādılkudât Çelebi için kendisini Muhib diye tanıtan bir kişi tarafından yapılan bu tercümenin bir nüshası Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’nde (Lâleli, nr. 2926) kayıtlıdır (a.g.e. , s. 100). e) Mîr Âzam Şah Miskîn tarafından Çağatay Türkçesi’ne yapılan çevirinin bir nüshası Berlin Königlichen Bibliothek’tedir (nr. 162, bk. a.g.e. , s. 100).
2. Kitâbü Vücûhi’l-Ḳurʾân . 24 Safer 558’de (1 Şubat 1163) telif edilen bu Farsça eser Ahmet Ateş’e göre Anadolu’da kaleme alınan ilk eserlerden biridir (TV , I/16, s. 163-164). Kitabın bilinen tek nüshası Âtıf Efendi Kütüphanesi’nde kayıtlıdır (ek, nr. 1316).
3. Kitabü Telḫîṣi ʿileli’l-Ḳurʾân (Süleymaniye Ktp., Lâleli, nr. 62/2). Müellif, 24 Safer 558’de (1 Şubat 1163) kaleme aldığını belirttiği bu Arapça eseri üç fasla ayırmıştır. Bu üç faslın her birinde ele alınan konulara işaret edilen eserin mevcut nüshası sadece birinci faslı ihtiva etmektedir.
4. Beyânü’ṣ-ṣınâʿât . Farsça olan ve yirmi babdan meydana gelen bu eser yayımlanmış olup (Tahran 1336 hş.) kimya ilmi, değerli taşlar, cam ve bunların boyanması, boya terkipleri, kılıç, bıçak ve ustura gibi aletlere su verilmesi, deri tabaklama ve boyama teknikleri, mürekkep yapımı, hayvanların özellikleri, değerli taşlar ve madenlerin özellikleri, elbiselerden leke çıkarma teknikleri gibi çok çeşitli konuları içermektedir. Eserin Halîl b. Abdurrahman tarafından Türkçe’ye muhtasar bir tercümesi yapılmıştır (Süleymaniye Ktp., Yenicami, nr. 925/5, vr. 373-384).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Kâtib Çelebi, Süllemü’l-vüṣûl ilâ ṭabaḳāti’l-fuḥûl , Süleymaniye Ktp., Şehid Ali Paşa, nr. 1887, vr. 74b , 367a .
a.mlf., Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 261, 262, 467; II, 1310.
Süryânî Mikhail, Chroniques (trc. J. B. Chabot), Paris 1905, s. 390-391, 394-395.
A. Fonahn, Zur Quellenkunde der persischen medizin , Leipzig 1910, s. 15-16.
Rıdvan Nâfiz [Edgüer] – İsmail Hakkı [Uzunçarşılı], Sivas Şehri , İstanbul 1346/1928, s. 153-154.
Brockelmann, GAL Suppl. , I, 893.
Îżâḥu’l-meknûn , II, 64.
Hediyyetü’l-ʿârifîn , I, 263.
Kehhâle, Muʿcemü’l-müʾellifîn , II, 189.
Osman Turan, Selçuklular Zamanında Türkiye Tarihi , İstanbul 1971, s. 230-233.
Fihrisü’l-maḫṭûṭâti’l-muṣavvere: eṭ-ṭıb , Kahire 1398, III/2, s. 44, nr. 409.
Ramazan Şeşen, Nevâdirü’l-maḫṭûṭâti’l-ʿArabiyye fî mektebâti Türkiyâ , Beyrut 1400/1980, II, 141.
a.mlf., Fihrisü maḫṭûṭâti’ṭ-ṭıbbi’l-İslâmî , s. 197-198.
a.mlf., “Türkiye Kütüphanelerindeki Tanıtılmamış Bazı Farsça Yazmalar”, İTED , VIII/1-4 (1984), s. 31.
Mikâil Bayram, Anadolu’da Te’lif Edilen İlk Eser: Keşfü’l-Akabe , Konya 1981, s. 7-8, 20-21.
TÜYATOK , Ankara 1984, 34/II, s. 8-9, nr. 5.
Ahmet Ateş, “Hicrî VI-VIII. (XII-XIV.) Asırlarda Anadolu’da Farsça Eserler”, TM , VII-VIII/2 (1945), s. 97-101.
a.mlf., “Anadolu Kütüphanelerinde Mühim Yazmalar”, TV , I/16 (1955), s. 163-164.
Muharrem Ergin, “Bursa Kitaplıklarındaki Türkçe Yazmalar Arasında”, TDED , IV/1-2 (1950), s. 107-108.
Hüseyin Ali Mahfûz, “Âs̱ârü Ḥubeyş et-Tiflîsî”, MMLADm. , L/1-2 (1975), s. 392-406.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1998 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 18. cildinde, 268-270 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.