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HÛD SÛRESİ Skip to content Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in on birinci sûresi.
Mekke döneminde Yûnus sûresinden sonra ve İsrâ sûresinden önce nâzil olmuştur. Başından sonuna kadar âyetler arasındaki konu ve üslûp birliği sûrenin tamamının bir defada indiği kanaatini vermektedir. 12, 17 ve 114. âyetlerin Medine’de nâzil olduğu yolundaki rivayetler zayıftır. 123 âyetten oluşan sûrenin fâsıla ları ب، د، ذ، ر، ز، ص، ط، ظ، ق، ل، م، ن harfleridir. Adını 50, 53, 58, 60 ve 89. âyetlerde geçen Hûd peygamberin adından alır. Kaynaklarda sûrenin nüzûl sebebiyle ilgili herhangi bir açıklamaya rastlanmamaktadır. Bununla birlikte eski çağların inkârcı ve zalim toplumlarına yöneltilmiş olan uyarı ve tehditlerdeki sert üslûba bakarak müşriklerin müslümanlar üzerindeki baskılarını iyice arttırdıkları Mekke döneminin son yıllarında nâzil olduğu söylenebilir (Seyyid Kutub, IV, 1839-1841; Mevdûdî, II, 371-372).
Fahreddin er-Râzî’nin kaydettiği bir rivayete göre İbn Abbas, bütün Kur’an’da Hz. Peygamber’i en çok etkileyen, onun saçlarının ağarmasına sebep olan âyetin Hûd sûresinde geçen, “Emrolunduğun gibi dosdoğru ol” meâlindeki 112. âyet olduğunu söylemiştir. Aynı sahâbî, Hûd sûresi hakkında rivayet edilen diğer hadisleri de bu âyetle irtibatlandırmıştır (Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb , XVIII, 71). Bu hadislerin en meşhuruna göre Hz. Ebû Bekir, “Yâ Resûlellah, saçların ağardı” deyince Resûl-i Ekrem, “Beni Hûd, Vâkıa, Mürselât, Amme yetesâelûn (Nebe’) ve İze’ş-şemsü küvvirat (Tekvîr) sûreleri kocalttı” demiştir (Tirmizî, “Tefsîr”, 56/6).
Geniş ölçüde peygamber kıssalarından oluşan sûrenin giriş mahiyetindeki ilk bölümünde, Kur’an’ın mânaları açıkça anlaşılacak şekilde berrak ve hikmetli olan âyetlerinin Allah tarafından insanların yalnız O’na kulluk etmelerini, O’ndan mağfiret dileyip tövbe etmelerini sağlamak üzere indirildiği belirtilir. “Ona gökten bir hazine indirilmeliydi veya onunla beraber bir melek gelmeliydi” tarzındaki itirazlarıyla Hz. Muhammed’in peygamberliği ve Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in Allah kelâmı olduğu konusunda şüphe uyandırmak isteyenlere karşı Resûlullah teselli edilmekte (âyet 12), müşriklerden, beşer sözü olduğunu ileri sürdükleri Kur’an’ın benzeri on sûre getirmeleri istenerek onlara karşı meydan okunmaktadır. Her canlının rızkını veren, yeri göğü yaratan Allah’ın sınırsız ilmine, engin kudret ve azametine dikkat çekerek hayatın bir imtihan olduğunu, insanların sonunda Allah’a döndürüleceklerini bildiren âyetlerin ardından kendilerine tanınan fırsatları değerlendirmeyen inkârcıların artık âhirette azaptan kurtulma imkânlarının da kalmayacağı uyarısında bulunulur. Kendilerini dünya tutkularına kaptıranların istediklerini elde etseler bile bu dünyada yaptıkları işlerin âhirette onlara fayda sağlamayacağı, cehennem ateşinden başka bir sonuçla karşılaşmayacakları bildirilir (âyet 15-22). Öte yandan Hz. Peygamber’in davetine uyarak iman edenlerin ve rablerine gönülden bağlananların cennetle ödüllendirileceği müjdesi verilir. Bu arada iki zümreden inkârcılar körlere ve sağırlara, müminler de gören ve duyan kimselere benzetilerek giriş bölümü inkârcıları sağlıklı düşünmeye çağıran âyetle son bulur.
Sûrenin bundan sonra gelen uzun bölümünde (âyet 25-99) Nûh, Hûd, Sâlih, İbrâhim, Lût, Şuayb ve Mûsâ’nın tebliğ faaliyetleri anlatılarak bunlardan özellikle Nûh, Hûd, Sâlih, Lût ve Şuayb’ın davetleri ve kavimlerinin bu davetler karşısındaki inkârcı ve inatçı tutumları ayrıntılı biçimde ortaya konmuştur. Nûh, Hûd, Sâlih ve Şuayb’ın ilk tebliğlerinin tevhidle ilgili olması, bunların kavimlerinde müşrikliğin hâkim inanç olduğunu göstermektedir. Ayrıca Lût’un kavminde eşcinselliğin yaygın olduğu (âyet 78-79), Şuayb’ın tebliğde bulunduğu Medyen halkı içinde de ticaret ahlâkının bozulduğu (âyet 84-85) anlaşılmaktadır. Bu bölümlerde peygamberlerin görevlerini hiçbir dünyevî karşılık beklemeden yaptıkları (âyet 29, 51), kavimlerinin zarar görmelerini ve acı çekmelerini istemedikleri (âyet 26, 52), kendi güçlerine değil Allah’ın yardım ve desteğine güvendikleri (âyet 29-31, 34, 56, 63) ifade edilirken muhatapları olan kitlelerin de çoğunlukla bu peygamberlere karşı kaba ve küstah davrandıkları, onları küçümsedikleri, yalancılıkla suçladıkları ve nihayet inkâr ve kötülüklerinde ısrar ettikleri bildirilmekte, en sonunda peygamberler ve onlara inananlar kurtulurken diğerlerinin çeşitli âfetlerle yok edildiği anlatılmaktadır. Nitekim Nûh’un kavmi tûfanda boğulmuş (âyet 44), Hûd’un Âd isimli kavmi büyük bir azapla cezalandırılmış (âyet 58), Sâlih’in Semûd adlı kavmiyle Şuayb’ın muhatabı olan Medyen halkı korkunç bir gürültü ile (âyet 67, 94), Lût’un kavmi de başlarına taş yağdırılarak (âyet 82) helâk edilmiştir.
Hz. Nûh’a ayrılan bölümde (âyet 25-49) tûfan olayına geniş yer verilmiştir. Burada Nûh’un, “Ben size Allah’ın hazineleri benim yanımdadır demiyorum; gaybı da bilemem; ben bir meleğim de demiyorum” şeklindeki samimi ifadeleri (âyet 31) İslâm’daki peygamber telakkisini yansıtması bakımından; onun inkârcılar tarafında yer alan oğlunun gemiye alınarak kurtarılması için Allah’tan dilekte bulunmasına rağmen bu isteğinin reddedildiğini ve Nûh’un böyle yanlış bir dilekte bulunmasından mahcubiyet duyduğunu ifade eden âyetler (âyet 45-47), bir peygamberin evlâdı için dahi iltimas yapılamayacağına imada bulunması açısından anlamlıdır.
Sûrenin son bölümünde (âyet 100-123), önceki kısımda yer alan peygamber kıssaları genel bir tahlile tâbi tutularak cezalandırılıp helâk edilen kavimlere haksızlık edilmediği, başta inkârcılıkları olmak üzere bizzat kendi kötülükleri yüzünden helâke uğradıkları belirtilir. İlâhî ceza onlara âniden gelivermiş, putları da kendilerini kurtaramamıştır. Üstelik onlar bu putlar yüzünden çok ağır cezalara çarptırılmışlardır. Kıssalar birer öğüt ve ibret vesilesidir. Âhiret azabından korkarak bunların üzerinde düşünenler, milletlerin yükseliş ve çöküşlerinde kendilerinden kaynaklanan sebeplerin bulunduğunu anlamalıdırlar (âyet 101). İlâhî adalet, inkârcıların ve refah yüzünden şımarıp ahlâkî çöküntüye sürüklenenlerin yakasını âhirette de bırakmayacak, ayrıca o gün Allah izin vermeden hiç kimse konuşamayacaktır; putların kendilerine şefaat edeceklerini sanan müşrikler de hüsrana uğrayacaktır. Allah’ın cezalandırma ve mükâfatlandırma kanununa göre inkârcılar cehenneme gidecekler ve orada acıklı bir azabı tadacaklar, müminler ise cennetle mükâfatlandırılacak ve orada sonsuz bir saadet içinde yaşayacaklardır (âyet 106-108). Kur’an’ın getirdiklerine karşı çıkan ve tıpkı geçmişte helâk olup giden kavimler gibi atalarını taklit ederek putlara tapan Araplar da inkârlarının cezasını çekecektir. Bu arada sûrede Hz. Peygamber’e ve müminlere yönelik tavsiyelerde bulunularak onlardan dosdoğru olmaları, yalnız Allah’ı dost edinmeleri, namaz kılmaları ve sabretmeleri istenir. Geçmiş asırlarda yaşayan milletler arasında inanmış bir azınlığın dışında kötülüklerden uzaklaştıran ve iyiliği tavsiye eden faziletli kimseler kalmadığı ve artık onlara hiçbir nasihat tesir etmediği için helâk oldukları anlatılır (âyet 116).
Bu bölümde ayrıca Allah’ın iyi olan ve iyilik yapan (muhsin) kimselerin ecrini zayi etmeyeceği (âyet 115), halkı ıslahçı olan ülkeleri zulümle yıkıma uğratmayacağı (âyet 117) yolunda vaadde bulunulmaktadır. Fahreddin er-Râzî, “Şirk çok büyük bir zulümdür” (Lokmân 31/13) meâlindeki âyeti delil göstererek 117. âyetteki zulüm kelimesinin “şirk” anlamında kullanıldığını, buna göre bir toplumun müşrik ve kâfir olmasının onların toptan yok edilmesine sebep teşkil etmeyeceğini, böyle ağır bir cezanın ancak toplumsal ilişkilerin tamamen kötüleşmesinden, insanların birbirine eziyet ve haksızlık etmesinden kaynaklanabileceğini belirtir. Müslüman hukukçuların da Allah hakları için hoşgörülü ve bağışlayıcı olmayı, kul hakları konusunda ise hassasiyet ve titizlik göstermeyi esas kabul ettiklerini hatırlatan Râzî buna göre âyeti, “Halkı birbirine karşı iyilikle ve doğrulukla muamelede bulunduğu sürece senin rabbin sırf şirk sebebiyle ülkeleri helâk edecek değildir” şeklinde açıklayarak bunun Ehl-i sünnet’in yorumu olduğunu söyler (Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb , XVIII, 76).
Sûrede, insanlar arasında görüş ve inanç farklılığı bulunmasının bir tesadüf olmayıp bizzat Allah tarafından takdir edildiği belirtilmekte, böylece dolaylı olarak bunun zihnî ve mânevî gelişme gibi hususlarda Allah’ın insanlara bir lutfu olduğuna işaret edilmektedir. Geçmiş dönemlere dair anlatılanlarla Peygamber’in yüreğini güçlendirmenin, dolayısıyla ona ve diğer müminlere gerçeği bildirmenin amaçlandığı bildirilmekte, nihayet müminiyle münkiriyle herkesin dilediğini yapmakta serbest olduğu, fakat herkesin yaptığının sonucunu dikkate almak ve beklemek durumunda bulunduğu vurgulanmaktadır. Sûre, bütün işlerin Allah’a vardığı ve O’nun yapılan işlerden gafil olmadığı uyarısıyla sona erer.
Hûd sûresi hakkında müstakil çalışmalar yapılmıştır. Muhammed el-Emîn eş-Şinkītî’nin Meʿâricü’s-suʿûd ilâ tefsîri sûreti Hûd (Cidde 1988), Ahmed b. Rûhullah el-Câbirî’nin Tefsîru sûreti Hûd (Süleymaniye Ktp., Serez, nr. 250), İbrâhim b. Muhammed el-Me’mûnî’nin Ḥâşiyetü Tefsîri sûreti Hûd (Süleymaniye Ktp., Şehid Ali Paşa, nr. 189) ve Sadreddinzâde Mehmed Emin Şirvânî’nin Taʿlîḳāt ʿalâ Tefsîri sûreti Hûd mine’l-Beyżâvî (Süleymaniye Ktp., Antalya-Tekelioğlu, nr. 786/5) adlı eserleri bunlardan bazılarıdır. Muhammed Sipedâr Han Dihlevî’nin Tefsîr-i Hûd diye bilinen Maẓhar-ı ʿUlûm ’u ile (Delhi 1310/1892) müellifi meçhul Tefsîr-i Sûret-i Hûd (Delhi 1905) adlı eserler Urduca’dır. Ayrıca Mahmut Sami Ramazanoğlu’nun Yûnus ve Hûd Sûrelerinin Tefsiri adıyla yayımlanan (İstanbul 1983, 1984, 1987, 1991) tasavvufî bir tefsiri bulunmaktadır.
Sûrenin faziletine dair Abdullah b. Rebâh’tan, “Cuma günü Hûd sûresini okuyunuz” meâlinde bir hadis rivayet edilmiştir (Dârimî, “Feżâʾilü’l-Ḳurʾân”, 17). Bazı tefsirlerde yer alan (meselâ bk. Zemahşerî, II, 240; Beyzâvî, I, 583), “Hûd sûresini okuyana Nûh, Hûd, Sâlih, Şuayb, Lût, İbrâhim ve Mûsâ’yı tasdik ve tekzip edenlerin on katı ecir verilecektir; ayrıca bu kişi kıyamet gününde saadete erenlerden olacaktır” anlamındaki Übey b. Kâ‘b hadisinin ise mevzû olduğu kabul edilmiştir (İbnü’l-Cevzî, I, 239-241; Zerkeşî, I, 432).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Dârimî, “Feżâʾilü’l-Ḳurʾân”, 17.
Tirmizî, “Tefsîr”, 56/6.
Zemahşerî, el-Keşşâf (Beyrut) , II, 240.
İbnü’l-Cevzî, el-Mevżûʿât (nşr. Abdurrahman M. Osman), Medine 1386/1966, I, 239-241.
Fahreddin er-Râzî, Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb , XVII, 177-235; XVIII, 2-82.
Beyzâvî, Envârü’t-tenzîl , İstanbul 1884, I, 583.
Zerkeşî, el-Burhân , I, 432.
İbn Hacer, el-Kâfi’ş-şâf (Zemahşerî, el-Keşşâf [Beyrut] içinde), IV, 37, 88.
Reşîd Rızâ, Tefsîrü’l-Menâr , XII, 2-250.
Elmalılı, Hak Dini , IV, 2749-2840.
Ömer Rıza Doğrul, Tanrı Buyruğu (İstanbul 1943), İstanbul 1980, s. 263-275.
Abdullah Aydemir, Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in Faziletleri , İzmir 1981, s. 43, 138-139.
Seyyid Kutub, Fî Ẓılâli’l-Ḳurʾân , Beyrut 1405/1985, IV, 1839-1968.
Abdullah Mahmûd Şehhâte, Ehdâfü külli sûre ve maḳāṣıdühâ fi’l-Ḳurʾâni’l-Kerîm , Kahire 1986, I, 127-138.
Mevdûdî, Tefhîmü’l-Kur’ân (trc. Muhammed Han Kayanî v.dğr.), İstanbul 1987, II, 371-372.
Emîn Ahsen Islâhî, Tedebbür-i Ḳurʾân , Lahor 1991, IV, 9-12, 97-179.
Cemîl Nakvî, Urdu Tefâsîr: Kitâbiyât , İslâmâbâd 1992, s. 75-92.
Mahmûd el-Hasan Ârif, “Hûd”, UDMİ , XXIII, 227-228.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1998 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 18. cildinde, 281-282 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.