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HUDEYBİYE ANTLAŞMASI Skip to content Mekkeli müşriklerin Medine İslâm Devleti’ni resmen tanıdıklarını gösteren belgeyi imzaladıkları barış antlaşması (6/628).
Adını, altında Bey‘atürrıdvân’ın yapıldığı hadbâ adlı ağaçtan (“semüre” denilen sakız veya mugaylân cinsi bir çeşit çöl ağacı) yahut yanındaki kuyudan alan Hudeybiye Mekke’nin 17 km. batısında ve eski Cidde yolu üzerindedir. Harem alemlerinden birinin dikildiği Hudeybiye Mekke’de bulunanların ihrama girdiği yerlerden biridir. Buranın İslâmiyet’in doğuşu sırasında yerleşim merkezi olduğunu gösteren bir belirtiye rastlanmamıştır. İlk iskân, Hulefâ-yi Râşidîn döneminden (632-661) hemen sonra hacıların ihtiyaçlarını karşılayacak şekilde başlamış ve kısa sürede gelişerek bir köy halini alan iskân yeri VIII. (XIV.) yüzyıldan itibaren Şümeysî adıyla anılmıştır. Günümüzde burada, Cidde’den gelen gayri müslimleri kontrol ederek Harem bölgesine sokmamakla görevli bir polis karakolu, Hz. Ömer zamanında kesilmiş olan ağacın (şeceretü’r-rıdvân) yerine yapılmış Hudeybiye Mescidi denilen cami ve Harem sınırını belirleyen alemin hemen dışında, üzerinde Osmanlı dönemine ait kitâbelerin yer aldığı bir hamam bulunmaktadır. Hudeybiye’nin asıl şöhreti, 6. yılın Zilkadesinin başında (Mart 628) Hz. Peygamber’in, gördüğü bir rüya üzerine (bk. el-Feth 48/27) ashabıyla birlikte umre yapmak için Medine’den Mekke’ye giderken burada konaklamasından ve Kureyş ile bir barış antlaşması yapmasından ileri gelmektedir.
Hudeybiye Antlaşması’ndan önce Medine’nin siyasî ve askerî durumu pek parlak değildi. Güneyde genç İslâm devletinin huzur ve sükûnunu devamlı surette tehdit eden Mekke, kuzeyde ise yağmacı Gatafân ve Fezâre kabileleriyle Medine’den çıkarılan Benî Nadîr’in yerleşmesi sonucunda önemli bir yahudi merkezi durumuna gelen Hayber bulunuyordu. Hendek Gazvesi’nde bu üç düşman gücünün ittifakı boşa çıkarılmış olmakla beraber tehlike henüz geçmemişti. Ayrıca Hayberli yahudilerle Kureyş arasında, Hz. Peygamber’in taraflardan birine saldırması halinde birlikte karşı koymak ve gerekirse yine birlikte Medine’ye saldırmak için bir antlaşma yapılmıştı. Öte yandan Hendek Gazvesi’nden sonra Uyeyne b. Hısn el-Fezârî’nin Medine’yi tâciz etme çabası barış ve huzur döneminin henüz başlamadığını gösteriyordu. Müslümanlar bütün bu can düşmanlarıyla aynı zamanda başa çıkacak güce sahip değillerdi; şartlar, bunlardan en az birinin dost edinilmesini ya da hiç olmazsa tarafsız hale getirilmesini gerektiriyordu. Fakat Fezâre ve Gatafân sadece çapulculukla uğraşan güvenilmez bedevî kabileleriydi ve çıkarları için müttefiklerini rahatlıkla terkedebilirlerdi. Hayber’e yerleşen Benî Nadîr yahudileri ise kültür ve ırkları bakımından Araplar’dan tamamen ayrı oldukları gibi Medine’den sürülmelerinin acısını yaşıyorlardı; mallarını geri almadıkça acıları dinmez, aşırı zenginliklerinden dolayı da az miktardaki mal mülk onları tatmin etmezdi. Ayrıca yahudiler, kendi dinlerinden olmayanlarla yaptıkları anlaşmalara bağlı kalma gereği duymuyorlardı; bundan dolayı onlara da güvenilemezdi. Buna karşılık Mekke’ye bazı imtiyazlar verilebilirdi. Kâbe müslümanların kıblesi, haremi ve hac merkezi olduğundan Mekkeliler burada kan dökülmesini istemezlerdi. Diğer taraftan Kureyş ağır bir ekonomik baskı altındaydı. Zira müslümanlar, bölgenin tek geçim kaynağı olan kervan ticaretini büyük ölçüde engellemişti. Kuzeyde Medine civarından geçen Suriye ve Mısır ticaret yolu tamamen kapalıydı. Ayrıca Irak yolu da müslümanların kontrolü altında bulunuyordu. Sümâme b. Üsâl’in İslâmiyet’i kabul etmesiyle Mekke’ye doğudan, Necid ve Yemâme’den yiyecek ulaşması da zorlaşmıştı. Güneyde ise Kureyş’in azılı rakibi ve Hz. Peygamber’in sadık müttefiki Benî Huzâa Yemen’e geçit vermiyordu. Bu şartlarda Mekkeliler artık müslümanları yenmekten umutlarını kesmişler ve bir barış antlaşması yaparak şereflerini koruyacak bazı şartların bu antlaşmada yer almasını isteyecek hale gelmişlerdi.
Bu durumları değerlendiren Resûlullah Mekkeliler’le arayı düzeltmeye çalıştı ve ilk olarak 5. yılın sonunda (Nisan 627) kıtlık çeken Mekke’nin fakirlerine yardım için 500 dinarlık bir bağış gönderdi. Arkasından şehrin reisi Ebû Süfyân’ın Habeşistan muhacirlerinden olan kızı Ümmü Habîbe ile evlendi; ayrıca Ebû Süfyân’a bol miktarda Medine hurması yollayarak karşılığında onun bir türlü satamadığı derileri aldı. Böylece savaş halinin devam etmesine rağmen kendi tarafından uzlaşıcı, hatta dostça jestler yaptı ve iyi ilişkiler kurmaya çalıştı. Bu sırada Ninevâ’da (Ninova), Sâsânîler’le Bizans arasında yüzyıllardan beri devam eden savaşta İran hezimete uğramıştı. Bu durum, Arabistan’daki İran hâkimiyeti altında bulunan bölgelerin serbest hale getirilmesi imkânını ortaya çıkardı. Yemâme kabilelerinin İslâmiyet’i kabul etmeleri sebebiyle müslümanlar esasen Uman ve Bahreyn sahillerine ulaşmışlardı. Kureyş’in müslüman olmasıyla da Yemen yolu açılabilirdi.
Siyasî şartların bu şekilde geliştiği bir dönemde Hz. Peygamber İbn Ümmü Mektûm’u namaz kıldırmak, Nümeyle b. Abdullah el-Leysî’yi de şehri idare etmek üzere yerine vekil bırakıp 1400-1500 müslümanla birlikte umre için Medine’den Mekke’ye doğru yola çıktı. Bir yıl önce Hendek Gazvesi’nde 3000 askerin bulunduğu dikkate alınarak savaşabilir nüfusun yarısı herhangi bir saldırıya karşı geride bırakılmıştı. Müslümanlar umreye niyet edip ihramlarını giymiş ve yanlarına yetmiş adet kurbanlık deve almışlardı; barışçı amaç taşıdıkları için de silâhları yoktu. Resûl-i Ekrem, önceden Abbâd b. Bişr’in başkanlığında yirmi kişilik bir grubu Kureyşliler’in durumunu öğrenmek üzere yollamıştı; Zülhuleyfe mevkiine gelince de Büsr b. Süfyân el-Huzâî el-Kâ‘bî’yi casus olarak Mekke’ye gönderdi. Büsr geri dönünce Kureyşliler’in müslümanların gelişini haber aldıklarını ve savaşmak için müttefiklerini topladıklarını söyledi. Resûl-i Ekrem, Medine’den çıkışından itibaren her fırsatta niyetinin umre yapmak olduğunu beyan ediyordu. Ancak Hz. Ömer’in teklifi üzerine Medine’den savaş araç ve gereçleri getirtmeyi de ihmal etmedi. Hudeybiye’ye vardıklarında Hz. Peygamber’in Kasvâ adlı devesi çökünce sahâbîler, “Kasvâ çöktü, yerinden kalkmıyor” demişler, bunun üzerine Resûlullah, “Onun böyle bir huyu yoktur fakat fili Mekke’ye girmekten meneden Allah şimdi de Kasvâ’yı şehre girmekten alıkoydu” buyurmuştur. Öte yandan müşrikler, Resûlullah’ın niyetini ve bu husustaki kararlılığını anladıkları halde müslümanları Mekke’ye sokmamaya karar verdiler ve Hâlid b. Velîd kumandasında 200 kişilik bir süvari birliğini Gamîm mevkiine gönderdiler. Hz. Peygamber önce Hırâş b. Ümeyye’yi elçi olarak yolladı; ancak elçi çok kötü şekilde karşılandı ve hatta öldürülmek istendi. Bunun üzerine başta Ebû Süfyân olmak üzere Kureyşliler arasında birçok akrabası bulunan Hz. Osman gönderildi. Mekke’de Ebân b. Saîd b. Âs’ın himayesine giren Osman, amaçlarının savaşmak değil sadece umre ziyareti yapmak olduğunu belirtti. Kureyşliler ona yakın ilgi gösterdiler ve sözlerini dinleyip kendisine emniyet içerisinde Kâbe’yi tavaf edebileceğini bildirdiler; ancak Osman, “Hz. Peygamber tavaf etmeden ben asla tavaf edemem” diyerek bunu reddetti. Bu söze çok öfkelenen ve Hz. Osman’ın ayrılmasına izin vermeyen Mekkeliler onu üç gün yanlarında tuttular; bu arada onun şehid edildiği söylentileri müslümanlara kadar ulaştı. Bunun üzerine Resûlullah, Bey‘atürrıdvân ile müslümanların Kureyş’e karşı kanlarının son damlasına kadar çarpışacaklarına dair söz aldı. Bu haberi duyan Kureyşliler telâşlanarak Hz. Osman’ı hemen serbest bıraktılar ve ardından Süheyl b. Amr’ı Mikrez b. Hafs ve Huveytıb b. Abdüluzzâ’nın refakatinde elçi olarak gönderdiler. Kısa bir tartışmadan sonra Hz. Ali’nin kaleme aldığı barış antlaşması metni Hz. Peygamber ve Süheyl b. Amr tarafından imzalandı. Antlaşmaya müslümanlardan Ebû Bekir, Ömer, Osman, Abdurrahman b. Avf, Sa‘d b. Ebû Vakkās, Ebû Ubeyde b. Cerrâh ve Muhammed b. Mesleme, müşriklerden Mikrez b. Hafs ile Huveytıb b. Abdüluzzâ şahitlik ettiler. Kureyş’in birçok isteğinin kabul edildiği antlaşmanın belli başlı şartları şunlardır: 1. Müslümanlar o yıl Mekke’ye girmeden Hudeybiye’den geri dönecekler, umre için ertesi yıl gelecek ve şehirde ancak üç gün kalabilecekler. 2. Mekkeli bir kimse Hz. Muhammed’in yanına kaçarsa velisinin isteği üzerine geri verilecek, fakat bir müslüman kaçarak Mekke’ye sığınırsa iade edilmeyecek. 3. Barış on yıl sürecek; taraflardan biri bu ittifaka dahil olmayan herhangi bir kabile ile savaşa girerse diğeri pasif kalacak. İki taraf, kendi hâkimiyetleri altındaki toprakları kervanların geçişi, hac ve umre için emniyet altında tutacak. 4. Diğer Arap kabileleri taraflardan istedikleriyle ittifak yapabilecekler. 5. Bu şartlara tarafların dışında kendileriyle müttefik olan kabileler de uyacak. Hz. Ömer dahil ashap bu anlaşmaya tepki göstermekle birlikte Resûlullah anlaşma şartlarını kabul ettiğini söyleyince herkes bağlılığını bildirdi.
Hudeybiye’de on iki veya yirmi gün kalan Hz. Peygamber ve ashabı, antlaşmanın imzalanmasından sonra umre niyetiyle geldikleri için kurbanlarını keserek ihramdan çıktılar ve Medine’ye döndüler. Bu sefere katılan ve “ehlü Bey‘ati’r-rıdvân” adı verilen sahâbîler, Nîsâbûrî’nin taksimine göre fazilet ve derece bakımından dokuzuncu sırayı oluştururlar. Saîd b. Müseyyeb de Harre Vak‘ası’ndan bahsederken özellikle Hudeybiye’de bulunanlara dikkat çeker ve onlardan hayatta kalanların bu olay sırasında öldürüldüğünü söyleyip üzüntüsünü dile getirir.
Hadis kitaplarında ve İslâm tarihi kaynaklarında Emrü’l-Hudeybiyye, Kıssatü’l-Hudeybiyye, Umretü’l-Hudeybiyye, Sulhu’l-Hudeybiyye, Gazvetü’l-Hudeybiyye şeklinde kaydedilen Hudeybiye Antlaşması Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de müslümanlar için “feth-i mübîn” ve “nasr-ı azîz” olarak nitelendirilmiştir (el-Feth 48/1, 3). Müslümanlar, antlaşma metninin başında “bismillâhirrahmânirrahîm” yerine Câhiliye döneminde bilinen “bismikellāhümme” ve “Muhammedü’r-resûlullah” yerine “Muhammed b. Abdullah” yazılmasını kabul etmişlerdi. Bunu kendi zaferleri olarak yorumlayan Kureyşliler müslümanların gerilediğini düşündüler. Fakat “bismikellāhümme” sözünde bir şirk yoktu, Muhammed b. Abdullah yazılması da durumu değiştirmiyordu, umrenin engellenmesi ise geçici bir olaydı. Esir ve mültecilerle ilgili maddeye gelince, müslümanlardan kaçan kişi ancak bir münafık veya mürted olabilirdi ve böylesinin kaçması hiç şüphesiz daha hayırlı idi; halbuki Mekke’den kaçıp Medine’ye sığınan kimse yeni bir müslüman demekti. Müslümanlığı kabul edenlerin sayısının Mekke ve çevresinde artması Mekkeliler için tehlike oluştururdu ve müslümanların askerî bir harekât yapması halinde bu yeni mühtediler onlara yardımda bulunabilirlerdi. Kureyş’i Hayber’den soyutlamak ise Hz. Peygamber’in ileriyi gören politikasının önemli bir sonucuydu. Mekke’nin fethine doğru atılmış fiilî bir adım olan Hudeybiye Antlaşması sayesinde müslümanlar daha fazla serbestlik kazandılar; tehlikeler de bir süre için önlenmiş oldu; dolayısıyla bu antlaşma İslâm tarihinde bir dönüm noktası teşkil eder. O güne kadar müslümanları tanımayan, onları muhatap saymayan ve Hz. Muhammed’e atalarının dinini ortadan kaldırmak isteyen bir âsi nazarıyla bakan Kureyşli müşrikler, bu antlaşma ile müslümanları kendileriyle denk bir taraf olarak kabul ettiler. Bu durum diğer müşrik kabilelerin arasına korku saldı ve yakın bir gelecekte müslümanların hâkim güç olacağına inanmalarını sağladı.
Bu antlaşma ile Kureyşliler’in müslümanlara karşı fiilî düşmanlığı sona erdi. Hem müslümanlara hem de müşriklere savaş tehdidinden uzak bir ortamda birbirlerini daha iyi tanıma ve aralarındaki ilişkileri geliştirme imkânı verdi. O zamana kadar diğer Araplar nezdindeki itibarından faydalanarak Medine Devleti aleyhinde gerçekleştirilen her hareketin başlatıcısı olan Kureyş ile barış yapılınca, esasen Hz. Muhammed ile doğrudan bir anlaşmazlığı bulunmayan diğer Arap kabileleri müslümanlarla rahatça görüşüp İslâmiyet hakkında bilgi edindiler ve onların giderek artan güç ve nüfuzları karşısında ihtida ettiler. İslâmiyet Arap yarımadasında hızla yayılmaya başladı; öyle ki Hudeybiye Antlaşması’ndan Mekke’nin fethine kadar geçen iki yıl içinde müslüman olanların sayısı, o güne kadar geçen on sekiz yıl içerisinde İslâmiyet’i kabul edenlerin sayısını aştı. Önceleri benimsenmeyen Hudeybiye Antlaşması, aslında Hz. Peygamber’in Kur’an ile de teyit edilen en büyük siyasî zaferi idi. Bu antlaşma aynı zamanda Hayber’in fethine zemin hazırlamıştı. Nitekim Resûl-i Ekrem daha bir ay bile geçmeden 1500 kişilik bir kuvvetle Hayber üzerine yürümüş ve yahudilere ağır bir darbe indirmiştir. Hayber’de kazanılan zafer Arap kabileleri üzerinde şok etkisi yapmış ve sayıları hızla artan müslümanlar, Kureyş müşriklerinin antlaşmayı bozmaları üzerine iki yıl sonra Mekke’yi fethetmişlerdir. Resûl-i Ekrem bu antlaşmadan sonra Bizans ve Sâsânî imparatorlarına, Mısır mukavkısına, Habeş necâşîsine ve bazı Arap emîrlerine mektuplar göndererek onları İslâm’a davet etmiş, üç yıl içinde barışçı yollarla devletini on kat büyütmüş ve hemen hemen bütün Arap yarımadasını hâkimiyeti altına almıştır.
Hudeybiye Antlaşması’nın ertesi yılı müslümanlar umre yapmak üzere Mekke’ye gittiklerinde şehir halkı dağlara çekildi. Resûlullah isteseydi oradan ayrılmaz ve Mekke’yi İslâm devletine ilhak ederdi; ancak onun siyasetinde ahde vefasızlığa yer yoktu. Nitekim daha önce antlaşma yazılırken Ebû Cendel adlı bir genç İslâmiyet’i kabul ederek Mekke’den kaçıp Hudeybiye’ye gelmiş ve Hz. Peygamber, ashabın hoşuna gitmemesine rağmen antlaşma şartları uyarınca onu babası Süheyl b. Amr’a teslim etmişti. Buna karşılık yine aynı günlerde ona sığınan iki kadını, antlaşmada sadece erkek mültecilerden söz edildiğini belirterek geri vermemiş ve Kureyş de bunu kabul etmek zorunda kalmıştı. Daha sonra Ebû Basîr Mekke’den kaçıp Hz. Peygamber’in yanına Medine’ye geldi. Kureyşliler antlaşma gereğince onun kendilerine iade edilmesini istediler. Resûl-i Ekrem de kabul etti. Ebû Basîr yolda kendisini götüren iki muhafızdan kurtulup Medine’ye döndü; ancak tekrar Kureyş’e teslim edilmekten korktuğu için buradan ayrılarak Mekke-Suriye ticaret yolu güzergâhındaki Îs veya Sîfülbahr mevkiine yerleşti. Başta Ebû Cendel olmak üzere kendisi gibi Mekke’den kaçıp antlaşma uyarınca Medine’ye giremeyen yeni müslümanlar da ona katıldılar ve kervanları tehdit etmeye başladılar. Bunun üzerine Kureyş, İslâmiyet’i kabul ederek Medine’ye sığınan Mekkeliler’in geri verilmesi şartının kaldırılmasını istedi (ayrıca bk. FETH SÛRESİ ).
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1998 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 18. cildinde, 297-299 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.