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HÜDHÜD Skip to content Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de Hz. Süleyman kıssasıyla ilgili olarak zikredilen bir kuş.
Hemen bütün dillerde çıkardığı sese (T. ibibik, büdbödek; Ar. hüdhüd; Far. pûpe, pûpû; İng. hoop poo; Fr. huppe; İbr. dûkifat; Lat. upupa, epops) veya başında bulunan sorguç şeklindeki renkli tüylere (T. çavuş kuşu, taraklı, turakçın, ibik, ibikli; Far. şâne-ser) göre adlandırılan hüdhüd “coraciiformes” takımının “upupidae” familyasının tek üyesi olan ve taraklı tepeliğiyle tanınan bir kuş türüdür. Kanatları ve kuyruğu siyah beyaz alacalı, öbür bölümleri pembeye çalan açık kahverengi, tepeliğinin uçları siyahtır. Yuvasını genellikle ağaç kovuklarına, duvar deliklerine ve kaya oyuklarına yapar (EBr. , VI, 47; ABr. , XI, 427). Filistin’de ve daha çok Mısır’da bulunur; kışın Afrika’ya göç eder. Eski Mısırlılar hüdhüde saygı gösterir ve Horus’un simgelerinden biri kabul ederlerdi (DB , III/1, s. 780).
Hüdhüd Talmud’da “yaban horozu” olarak adlandırılmakta (EJd. , VIII, 970), Tevrat’ta eti yenilmeyecek kuşlar arasında sayılmaktadır (Levililer, 11/19; Tesniye, 14/18). Karaîler hüdhüdü tavukla karıştırmışlar ve bu sebeple tavuğun yenilmesini yasaklamışlardır.
Kur’ân-ı Kerîm Hz. Süleyman’dan bahsederken diğer vasıfları yanında kendisine kuş dilinin öğretildiğini, cinler, insanlar ve kuşlara hükmettiğini ve onlardan müteşekkil orduları bulunduğunu bildirmektedir. Âyetlerde bu konuda verilen bilgileri şöyle özetlemek mümkündür: Bir sefer esnasında ordularıyla birlikte karınca vadisine gelen Hz. Süleyman kuşları gözden geçirir ve hüdhüdün orada olmadığını anlar. Sebebini sorarak eğer mazereti varsa bunu ispat etmesini, yoksa canını yakacağını veya kafasını koparacağını belirtir. Çok geçmeden hüdhüd gelip Hz. Süleyman’a onun bilmediği Sebe ülkesinden haber getirdiğini, bu ülkeyi bir kadının yönettiğini söyler ve onların dinî inançları hakkında bilgi verir. Bunun üzerine Hz. Süleyman hüdhüde bir mektup vererek Sebe’ye götürmesini ve oradaki yöneticilerin nasıl bir karar alacaklarını öğrenmesini ister. Mektubu okuyan Sebe melikesi, ileri gelen adamlarıyla istişare ettikten sonra Hz. Süleyman’a bazı hediyeler göndermeye karar verir (en-Neml 27/16-35).
Hüdhüd hakkında Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de verilen bu bilgilerin yanında İslâmî literatürde daha başka bilgiler de yer almaktadır. Buna göre Hz. Süleyman Beytülmakdis’in yapımını tamamladıktan sonra insan, cin, şeytan, kuş ve vahşi hayvanlardan bir ordu toplayarak önce Mescid-i Harâm’a, oradan da Yemen’e gitmek üzere yola çıkar. San‘a’ya vardığında bir yerde konaklar. Bu arada su sıkıntısı baş gösterir. Toprağın altındaki suyu görebilme gücüne sahip olan, bu sebeple de Hz. Süleyman’a su bulmada rehberlik eden hüdhüd aranır, fakat bulunamaz. Daha sonra olaylar Kur’an’da belirtildiği şekilde gelişir. Başka bir rivayete göre, Hz. Süleyman ve ordusu konakladığında Ya‘fûr adını taşıyan hüdhüd Hz. Süleyman’ın konaklama işiyle meşgul olmasından faydalanarak dolaşmaya çıkar. Etrafı gözden geçirirken Sebe ülkesinin melikesi Belkıs’ın bahçesini görür ve bu yeşilliğe konar. Orada Ufayr adlı Yemen hüdhüdü ile karşılaşır. Ufayr kendisini Belkıs’ın saltanatı hakkında bilgi verir. Hüdhüd, namaz vakti gelip de suya ihtiyaç duyan Hz. Süleyman’ın kendisini bulamamasından endişe ederse de Ufayr ile Belkıs’ın mülkünü dolaşır. Ancak geri döndüğünde ikindi vakti olmuştur. Diğer bir rivayette, Hz. Süleyman’ın susuz bir alanda konakladığında önce insanlar, cinler ve şeytanlardan su bulmalarını istediği, daha sonra hüdhüdü arattığı, fakat onun bulunamadığı anlatılır. Vehb b. Münebbih’e göre ise hüdhüdün aranma sebebi nöbetine gelmeyişidir (Taberî, XI, 144).
Bir rivayete göre de Hz. Süleyman, bir sefer esnasında bütün maiyetiyle birlikte rüzgâr tarafından uçurulan bir halı üzerinde yol almakta ve kuşlar tarafından güneşten korunmakta iken bir noktadan başına güneş ışıkları gelince oraya bakar ve hüdhüdün yerinde olmadığını farkeder. Yapılan soruşturmada kuşların yöneticisi olan akbaba onu bir yere göndermediğini söyleyince Hz. Süleyman öfkelenir, hüdhüdü mutlaka cezalandıracağını veya öldüreceğini bildirir ve kuşların efendisi kartala hüdhüdü bulmasını emreder. Kartal havada Yemen’den dönen hüdhüdle karşılaşır; beraberce Hz. Süleyman’ın huzuruna gelirler. Hz. Süleyman hüdhüdün Belkıs’a dair anlattıklarını dinledikten sonra bir mektup vererek onu Sebeliler’e gönderir (Sa‘lebî, s. 236-239; Demîrî, II, 436-440).
Bir İran efsanesine göre ise hüdhüd evli bir kadındır. Ayna karşısında yarı çıplak bir durumda saçlarını taramakta iken kayınpederi habersizce odasına girer. O anda durumundan utanıp korkuya kapılarak kuş olur ve uçar, tarağı da başında kalır. Bundan dolayı hüdhüdün Farsça’daki bir adı da “şâne-ser”dir (tarak başlı).
İslâmî literatürde hüdhüdün “ebü’l-ahbâr, ebü’r-rebî‘, ebû ibâd, ebû seccâd” gibi birçok künyesi vardır. Belli başlı özellikleri ise şunlardır: Toprağın altındaki suyu görür. Eşine çok bağlıdır, eşi ölünce yeni bir eş aramaz. Anne babasına karşı çok hürmetkârdır; yaşlandıklarında yiyeceklerini temin eder. Annesi öldüğünde uygun bir yer buluncaya kadar onu başında taşıdığı için mükâfat olarak güzel bir tepelikle donatılmıştır (Câhiz, III, 510-514; Demîrî, II, 436-440). Hüdhüdle ilgili benzer telakkilere Yunanlılar ve Romalılar’da da rastlanmaktadır (DB , III/1, s. 780). İbn Abbas’ın naklettiğine göre Resûlullah hüdhüd, göçeğen kuşu, karınca ve arının öldürülmesini yasaklamıştır. Hüdhüdle ilgili yasaklamanın sebebi olarak Hz. Süleyman’a su bulması ve elçilik görevi yapması gösterilir (Kurtubî, XIII, 172). Hüdhüd hakkında Kur’an’da verilen bilgiler Eski Ahid’in Ârâmîce tercümelerinden Targum Şeni’de de bulunmaktadır. Bu bilgilerin Yahudilik’ten alındığı ileri sürülmüşse de (Speyer, s. 391) Targum Şeni’nin milâdî VII. yüzyılın sonunda veya VIII. yüzyılda yazıldığı (EJd. , XV, 813) göz önüne alınırsa bu iddianın asılsız olduğu ortaya çıkar.
Doğu-İslâm edebiyatlarında hüdhüd kendisine izâfe edilen birçok özelliğiyle zikredilir. Bunların başında bilhassa anne ve babasına gösterdiği saygıdan dolayı sembol olarak anılması gelir. Yürürken sorgucunun sallanışına göre Arapça’da çeşitli isimler alır. Hz. Süleyman yer altında gizlenen düşman askerlerinin yerini belirlemek için hüdhüdü görevlendirmiştir. Bu sebeple Arapça’da, herkesin göremediği şeyleri görebilen kimseler için “absar min hüdhüd” tabiri kullanılır. Tepesindeki sorguçtan dolayı da “sâhib-i külâh” diye nitelendirilir. Hüdhüdün insanları kötü bakışlardan koruduğu veya büyüyü bozduğuna inanılır. Bazı yerlerde hırsızlara karşı dükkânlara, kötü cinlere karşı da evlere asıldığı söylenir. Bazı kavimlerde, hüdhüdün sağ gözünün bir insanın iki gözü arasına konması durumunda onun yer altındaki defineleri göreceği kabul edilir. Esasen “hüd hüd” diye ötmesi gizli şeyleri göstermek için “orada orada” demesinden ibarettir. Rüya tâbirnâmelerinde bu inanışlara bağlı olarak çeşitli yorumlara yer verilmiştir. Rüyada hüdhüd görmek sıkıntıdan kurtulmak, suya kavuşmak, misafir gelmek, emniyette olmak, uzaktan haber almak şeklinde yorumlanmıştır. Arap halk inancında ve Arap şiirine girmiş mesellerde ise hüdhüdün sadece görme gücüne, buna karşılık pislik yediği için etinin pis koktuğuna işaret edilmiştir (Demîrî’nin Ḥayâtü’l-ḥayevân ’ında hüdhüd hakkında geniş bilgi ve hüdhüdün zikredildiği şiir örnekleri verilmiştir).
Hüdhüdle ilgili olarak kaleme alınan müstakil hikâyelerin ilki Ferîdüddin Attâr’ın Manṭıḳu’ṭ-ṭayr adlı tasavvufî mesnevisidir. Eserde anlatıldığına göre kendilerine bir hükümdar seçmek için toplanan kuşlara hüdhüd kılavuzluk ederek Kafdağı’nda sîmurgu aramaya çıkarlar. Sonunda hüdhüdle beraber otuz kuş sîmurga ulaşır. Hikâyede hüdhüd başında hakikat tacı taşıyan bir kuş olarak gösterilmiştir. Kuşların yolculuğu ise ruhun Allah’ı arayışının mistik seferini sembolize eder. Tasavvuftaki kesret-vahdet, zuhur-taayyün düşüncelerine dayanan bu sembolik hikâye İran ve Türk edebiyatlarında defalarca işlenmiştir. Sühreverdî el-Maktûl’e göre hüdhüd derunî ilhamın sembolüdür. Tasavvufî mânası dışında hüdhüd, İran edebiyatında daha çok sevgiliden haber getiren bir kuş olarak yer almıştır.
Mevlânâ Celâleddîn-i Rûmî’nin Mes̱nevî ’sinde Hz. Süleyman’la ilgili bir hikâyede yer altındaki suları görmesiyle zikredilen hüdhüd, Attâr’ın Manṭıḳu’ṭ-ṭayr ’ındaki kılavuz kuş yani mürşid özelliğiyle Türk edebiyatında da işlenmiştir. Gülşehrî’nin aynı adı taşıyan mesnevisinde hüdhüdün aklı, diğer kuşların halkı, sîmurgun Tanrı’yı temsil ettiği şair tarafından belirtilmiştir: “Hüdhüd ü kuşlar u sîmurga misâl / Akl u halk u Tanrı oldu zü’l-celâl.” Ali Şîr Nevâî’nin Attâr’a nazîre olarak yazdığı, fakat konuyu değiştirerek zenginleştirdiği Lisânü’t-tayr adlı mesnevisinde hüdhüd yine tasavvufî karakterdedir ve kesret-vahdet ilişkisi içinde Tanrı’ya ulaşmayı sembolize eder. Derviş Şemseddin’in Dehmurg adlı mesnevisinde ise her biri bir kişiyi veya tipi temsil eden, aralarında hekim sıfatıyla hüdhüdün de bulunduğu on kuşun birbirleriyle münazarası konu edilmiştir.
Mesneviler dışındaki divan şiiri örneklerinde hüdhüd mazmun, mesel veya motif olarak yer almıştır. Bunların pek çoğunda Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’deki Süleyman kıssasına işaret edilir. Nâbî’nin, “Ey nâme sen ol mâhlikādan mı gelirsin / Ey hüdhüd-i ümmîd Sabâ’dan mı gelirsin” beytinde hüdhüd haberci olarak ele alınmıştır. İran’a elçilik göreviyle gidişini anlattığı bir beytinde Sünbülzâde Vehbî de, “Reh-i yeksâleye mânend-i hüdhüd eyledim pervâz / Süleymân-ı zamânın nâmesiyle nâmdârâne” diyerek aynı hususa işaret etmiştir. Hüdhüd, Nedîm’in belirttiği gibi bazan da herkesin göremediği şeye nüfuz etmenin mazmunu olur: “Hüdhüd gibi bînâ gerek onu arayanlar / Vîrânede bûm olmağıla genc bulunmaz.”
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1998 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 18. cildinde, 461-462 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.