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HUKŪK-ı İSLÂMİYYE ve ISTILÂHÂT-ı FIKHİYYE KĀMUSU Skip to content Ömer Nasuhi Bilmen’in (ö. 1971) İslâm hukukuna dair eseri.
Daha çok Istılâhât-ı Fıkhiyye Kāmusu adıyla tanınmıştır. Latin harflerinin kabulünden sonra Türkiye’de İslâm hukuku alanında yazılan ilk ve en geniş muhtevalı eser olup klasik fıkıh literatürünün sistem ve bütünlüğünü büyük ölçüde korumuş olmasıyla da bu türün son örnekleri arasında yer alır.
Müellif eserin önsözünde fıkhın ibadetler, vakıf, vasiyet, miras gibi değişik dallarında Türkçe bazı eserler bulunmakla beraber İslâm hukukunun bütün konularını içeren kitapların yok denecek ölçüde az olduğunu, Türkçe’ye çevrilen bazı fıkıh kitaplarının da ya çok muhtasar ya da düzensiz şekilde kaleme alındığını söyleyerek bu alanda kapsamlı bir eserin telifine olan ihtiyacı dile getirir. Müellifin verdiği bilgiye göre, Mustafa Hayri Efendi’nin şeyhülislâmlığı zamanında (1914-1916) nikâh, talâk, muâmelât ve cezaya dair özellikle Hanefî mezhebinin görüşlerini içine alan bir eserin yazılması için Meşîhat-ı İslâmiyye Dairesi’nde bir heyet kurulmuş ve bu heyet başta nikâh ve talâkla ilgili konular olmak üzere çeşitli meseleleri ihtiva eden Arapça metinleri toplamıştı. Bu metinlerin tercümesi için üyelerden Mecelle şârihi Ali Haydar Efendi ile (Küçük) fetvahânede telif heyeti âzası olan Ömer Nasuhi Efendi görevlendirilmiş, ancak Hayri Efendi’nin şeyhülislâmlıktan ayrılmasıyla bu heyetin çalışmaları durmuştu. Bu süre içerisinde Ömer Nasuhi nikâhla ilgili meselelerden yaklaşık 1600 madde tercüme etmiş bulunuyordu. Daha sonra Hukuk İlmini Yayma Kurumu (1941’de Türk Hukuk Kurumu adını almıştır) 1937’de bir Türk hukuk kāmusu hazırlanmasına karar vermiş, I. cildi İslâm hukukuna ayrılan bu eserle ilgili çalışmalar sürerken 1939’da önce bir Türk hukuk lugatının yazılmasına gerek duyulmuş ve bu lugatta yer alacak İslâm hukuku terimleri Ebül‘ulâ Mardin’in başkanlığında Ali Himmet Berki, Mehmet Gönenli, Şevket Yund ve Ömer Nasuhi Bilmen’den oluşan bir heyet tarafından kaleme alınmıştır (Türk Hukuk Lûgatı , Ankara 1944). Bilmen ayrıca hazırlanacak kāmusun kendisine verilen ceza hukukuyla ilgili kısmını kısa süre içinde yazıp kuruma göndermesine rağmen muhtemelen diğer bölümlerle ilgili konular yazılamadığı için bu teşebbüs bir sonuç vermemiştir (Bilmen, I, 3-4). Bunun üzerine müellif, önceki çalışmalarına yeni bölümleri de ekleyerek Hūkûk-ı İslâmiyye ve Istılâhât-ı Fıkhiyye Kāmusu ’nu tek başına kaleme almıştır. Eserin ibadetlerle ilgili kısmı Büyük İslâm İlmihali adıyla ayrıca basılmıştır (İstanbul 1947-1948).
Eserin hazırlanması akademik çevrelerde geniş yankı uyandırmış ve yayımlanması için özellikle Ebül‘ulâ Mardin’in olumlu mütalaası Sıddık Sami Onar, Hüseyin Nail Kubalı ve Hıfzı Veldet Velidedeoğlu’nun bu yöndeki teşvik ve kararları sonucu eser İstanbul Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi tarafından neşredilmiştir (İstanbul 1949-1952). Adı geçen hukukçuların da esere yazdıkları takrizlerde işaret ettikleri gibi İslâm hukukunu hakkıyla bilen insanların çok azaldığı bir dönemde yazılan kitap, hem müslümanların çeşitli dinî ve hukukî problemlere karşı İslâm hukukunun çözümlerini öğrenme ihtiyacını gidermiş, hem de Türk hukuk tarihi ve İslâm hukukunun klasik doktrinini araştıracak hukukçular için önemli bir kaynak teşkil etmiştir.
Konuların tertibinde daha çok Kâsânî’nin Bedâʾiʿu’ṣ-ṣanâʾiʿ fî tertîbi’ş-şerâʾiʿ adlı kitabından faydalanılan eser otuz ana bölümden (kitap) meydana gelmiş ve bu bölümler de kendi arasında alt bölümlere ayrılmıştır. Her bölümün başında konuyla ilgili terimlerin tarifi ve kısa açıklaması yapılmaktadır. Sayıları 1400’e yaklaşan bu terimler (Kara, sy. 29-30 [1985], s. 175), esere Istılâhât-ı Fıkhiyye Kāmusu adının verilmesini haklı kılacak niteliktedir. Ayrıca Mecelle-i Ahkâm-ı Adliyye ile Osmanlılar’da uygulanan Arazi Kanunnâmesi ve intikal kararnâmeleri gibi kanun ve kararnâmeler de konuların içerisine serpiştirilerek nakledilmiştir.
Eserin I. cildi İslâm hukukuna giriş mahiyetinde olup iki bölümden meydana gelmektedir. Usûl-i fıkha dair olan ilk bölümde bu ilimle alâkalı terimler, bu ilmin mahiyeti, konusu ve gayesi, tarihçesi anlatılmış, literatürü verilmiş, daha sonra kitap, sünnet, icmâ ve kıyas başta olmak üzere çeşitli şer‘î deliller sıralanmış, hükümle ilgili konular, ictihad, fetva ve kazâ konuları incelenmiştir. Mecelle ’de yer alan ilk doksan dokuz madde ve Ebü’l-Hasan el-Kerhî’den rivayet edilen bazı usul kaideleriyle Necmeddin en-Nesefî’nin bu kaideler için verdiği örnekler ve yaptığı açıklamalar da nakledilmiştir. İkinci bölümde İslâm hukuk tarihi ele alınmıştır. Burada fıkhın tanımı ve faydası, kaynakları, ashap döneminden başlamak üzere çeşitli devirlerde yetişen müctehid ve fakihlerin derece ve tabakaları, ihtilâf sebepleri ve fıkıh mezhepleri anlatılmıştır. Daha sonra ashaptan itibaren müellifin yaşadığı döneme kadar yetişmiş meşhur müctehid ve fakihlerden 405 kişinin biyografisi verilmiştir.
Genel olarak şahıs hukuku ile aile hukukunun kapsamına giren nikâh, talâk, nesep ve hidâne ile nafaka konuları II. ciltte yer almaktadır. III. cilt, İslâm hukukundaki cezaî hükümlerle savaş hukuku ve gayri müslimlerle ilgili bir kısım muâmelâtı ihtiva eder. IV. ciltte irtidad ve esirlerle ilgili konular, İslâm devletinin gelirleri ve çeşitli şer‘î ölçüler, emanetler, hibe ve vakıflar; V. ciltte yine vakıflar ve vasiyetler; VI. ciltte alım satım akidleri, şüf‘a, icâre, kefalet, havale ve vekâlet; VII. ciltte rehin, şirketler, mefkūd, lakīt ve lukata, hacr ve ikrah, gasp ve itlâf; VIII. ciltte ikrar, davalar, beyyineler (şehâdet ve tahlif), kazâ ve iftâ konuları incelenmiştir. VIII. cildin sonunda ayrıca müellifin İslâm hukukunda mânevî zararların tazminiyle ilgili bir araştırması bulunmaktadır. Bu cildin sonuna bütün ciltlerde geçen konu başlıklarının alfabetik bir fihristi de eklenmiştir.
Istılâhât-ı Fıkhiyye Kāmusu ’nda Hanefî mezhebinin görüşleri esas alınmakla beraber Mâlikî, Şâfiî, Hanbelî ve Zâhirî mezheplerinin görüşleri de kısaca zikredilerek hukukçular arasındaki ittifak ve ihtilâf noktaları gösterilmiştir. Kitapta hukukî hükümlerin dayandığı şer‘î deliller geniş yer tutacağı endişesiyle zikredilmemiş, ancak hükümlerin gerekçesi sayılabilecek, onların teşrî‘ hikmet ve sebeplerini anlatan ve “ilel-i fıkhiyye” (menât-ı hüküm) adı verilen bazı delil ve yorumlara yer verilmiştir.
Müellif konuları işlerken özellikle klasik fıkıh kitaplarında yer alan ulemânın görüşlerini sâdıkane bir şekilde nakletmekle yetinmiştir. Onun, müctehidde bulunması gereken şartları saydıktan sonra ictihad için “pek büyük bir kabiliyet ve pek geniş mâlûmatın” gerektiğini, ayrıca “pek büyük bir diyanet ve pek azim bir seciyye-i ahlâkiyye” iktiza ettiğini belirterek, “Bu salâhiyeti haiz olmayanlar için İslâm âlemince kabul edilmiş olan bir müctehid-i muazzama taklidde bulunmaktan başka yol yoktur ve illâ dinin kutsî ahkâmını muhafaza ve idame kabil olamaz” şeklindeki ifadesi de (I, 245, 250) bu anlayışın sonucudur.
İslâm hukukunun geniş bir kāmusunu oluşturan eser birçok kaynaktan faydalanılarak yazılmıştır. Bu kaynaklar bazan paragrafların sonunda belirtilmekle beraber genellikle her bölüm veya ciltten sonra toplu olarak baskı yeri ve tarihi, cilt ve sayfa numaraları verilmeden zikredilmiştir. Fıkıh usulüyle ilgili kaynaklar arasında Pezdevî ve Serahsî’nin el-Uṣûl adlı kitapları, Sadrüşşerîa’nın et-Tavżîḥ ve Teftâzânî’nin bu esere yazdığı et-Telvîḥ adlı hâşiyesi, İbnü’l-Hâcib’in Muḫtaṣarü’l-Müntehâ , Nesefî’nin Menârü’l-envâr , Molla Fenârî’nin Fuṣûlü’l-bedâyiʿ , Molla Hüsrev’in Mirʾâtü’l-uṣûl , İbn Emîru Hâcc’ın et-Taḳrîr , Şevkânî’nin İrşâdü’l-fuḥûl ; fıkıh tarihiyle ilgili olarak genel tarih ve tabakat kitapları yanında Sübkî’nin Ṭabaḳātü’ş-Şâfiʿiyye , İbn Ebû Ya‘lâ’nın Ṭabaḳātü’l-Ḥanâbile ’si gibi biyografik eserler bulunmaktadır. Fürû kitaplarıyla ilgili olarak da Hanefîler’den Ebû Yûsuf ve Muhammed b. Hasan eş-Şeybânî’nin eserleri, Hâkim eş-Şehîd el-Mervezî’nin el-Kâfî , Serahsî’nin el-Mebsûṭ , Kâsânî’nin Bedâʾiʿu’ṣ-ṣanâʾiʿ , Molla Hüsrev’in Dürerü’l-ḥükkâm , İbrâhim el-Halebî’nin Mülteḳa’l-ebḥur , İbnü’l-Hümâm’ın Fetḥu’l-ḳadîr , Ekmeleddin el-Bâbertî’nin el-ʿİnâye , Zeynüddin İbn Nüceym’in el-Baḥrü’r-râʾiḳ ve el-Eşbâh ve’n-neẓâʾir , Fahreddin ez-Zeylaî’nin Tebyînü’l-ḥaḳāʾiḳ , Haskefî’nin ed-Dürrü’l-muḫtâr ve İbn Âbidîn’in Reddü’l-muḥtâr adlı hâşiyesi, el-Fetâva’l-Bezzâziyye , el-Fetâva’t-Tatarḫâniyye , el-Fetâva’l-Velvâliciyye , el-Fetâva’l-Hindiyye , Fetâvâ-yı Ali Efendi , Behcetü’l-fetâvâ ve Netîcetü’l-fetâvâ gibi fetva kitapları, Mecelle ve çeşitli şerhleri; Mâlikîler’den Sahnûn’un el-Müdevvenetü’l-kübrâ , Haraşî’nin Şerḥu’ṣ-ṣaġīr ʿalâ Muḫtaṣarı Ḫalîl , Derdîr’in eş-Şerḥu’l-kebîr ve Muhammed ed-Desûkī’nin buna hâşiyesi; Şâfiîler’den İmam Şâfiî’nin el-Üm , Müzenî’nin el-Muḫtaṣar , Nevevî’nin Minhâcü’ṭ-ṭâlibîn , İbn Hacer el-Heytemî’nin Tuḥfetü’l-muḥtâc , Şemseddin er-Remlî’nin Nihâyetü’l-muḥtâc , Mâverdî’nin el-Aḥkâmü’s-sulṭâniyye ; Hanbelîler’den Muvaffakuddin İbn Kudâme’nin el-Muġnî ve el-Muḳniʿ , Buhûtî’nin Keşşâfü’l-ḳınâʿ ; Zâhirîler’den İbn Hazm’ın el-Muḥallâ vb. kitaplardan faydalanılmıştır.
1949-1952 yılları arasında altı cilt halinde neşredilen eserin 1955 yılında I. cildinin ikinci baskısı yapılmış, daha sonra da Bilmen Yayınevi tarafından yeniden yayımlanmıştır (I-VIII, İstanbul 1967-70, 1985).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Bilmen, Kamus2 , I-VIII, tür.yer.
Osman Öztürk – Bekir Topaloğlu, Cumhuriyet Devrinde Yayınlanan İslâmî Eserler Bibliyografyası (1923-1973) , Ankara 1975, s. 50.
Ahmet Selim Bilmen, Ömer Nasuhi Bilmen , İstanbul 1975, s. 36-45.
Vehbi Vakkasoğlu, Osmanlıdan Cumhuriyete İslâm Alimleri , İstanbul 1987, s. 86-92.
Türk Hukuk Lûgatı , Ankara 1991, s. IX-XIII.
Hulusi Yavuz, “Erzurumlu Ömer Nasuhi Bilmen’in İlim ve Kültür Tarihimizdeki Yeri ve Tesiri”, Siyaset ve Kültür Tarihi Açısından Osmanlı Devleti ve İslâm , İstanbul 1991, I, 212, 217, 218.
İsmail Kara, “Cumhuriyet Türkiyesi’nde Dinî Yayıncılığın Gelişimi Üzerine Birkaç Not”, Toplum ve Bilim , sy. 29-30, İstanbul 1985, s. 153-177.
Rahmi Yaran, “Bilmen, Ömer Nasuhi”, DİA , VI, 162.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1998 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 18. cildinde, 319-320 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.