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HÜLÂGÛ Skip to content (ö. 663/1265)
İlhanlı Devleti’nin kurucusu ve ilk hükümdarı (1256-1265).
Babası Cengiz Han’ın en küçük oğlu Toluy Han, annesi Kerayit Hükümdarı Ong Han’ın yeğeni Sorgaktani Hatun’dur. Toluy’un 1232 yılında henüz kırk yaşında iken ölmesi üzerine Büyük Han Ögedey kardeşine ait yerlerin idaresini Sorgaktani’ye verdi. Bir hıristiyan olan Sorgaktani Hatun, dönemin kaynaklarındaki bilgilere göre oğullarının eğitimini Budist Uygur Türkleri’nden Sevinç Tuğrul (Toğril), Bulad Kaya, Mungsuz ve Töre Kaya gibi Cengiz Han’ın yakın adamlarına bırakmıştır.
Hülâgû’nun çocukluk ve gençlik yıllarına ait bilgiler sınırlı olup sadece dedesi Cengiz Han’ın batı seferi sırasında onunla ilgili bir kayıt vardır. Buna göre Cengiz Han, torunlarından on bir yaşındaki Kubilay ile dokuz yaşındaki Hülâgû’yu İmil nehri kıyılarında ilk avları dolayısıyla mükâfatlandırmıştır. Bundan başka gençlik yıllarında Karakorum’da vergi ve para işleriyle meşgul olduğuna dair bazı bilgiler daha bulunmaktaysa da bunları ihtiyatla karşılamak gerekir; çünkü Moğol geleneğine göre şehzadelere bu görevin verilmesi uzak bir ihtimaldir.
Cengiz Han döneminde batıda ele geçirilen topraklar merkezden gönderilen sivil ve askerî valilerce idare ediliyordu. Ancak yörenin başşehir Karakorum’a olan uzaklığı ve diğer bazı sebeplerden dolayı batı yönünde beklenen ilerleme gerçekleşmediği gibi mevcut topraklar da tehdit altında kalmıştı. Bu yüzden Mengü Han, merkezî otoriteyi güçlendirmek ve doğuda da batıda da sınırları genişletebilmek için kardeşlerinden Kubilay’ı Çin’e, Hülâgû’yu Yakındoğu’ya göndermiştir. Alınan kurultay kararınca her iki şehzadeye de Moğol ordusunun onda ikisi verilecek, bunun yanında diğer hânedan üyeleri de güçleri oranında bu seferlere katılacaktı. Mengü Han’ın ölmesi ve değişen bazı şartlar sebebiyle Hülâgû ve Kubilay kendilerine verilen görevi tamamladıktan sonra Karakorum’a dönmemişler ve idareleri altındaki topraklar üzerinde merkeze bağlı iki ayrı Moğol devleti kurmuşlardır. Böylece Hülâgû, Karakorum’da oturan büyük hanın nüfuzu altında kalmak şartıyla batıda zaptettiği toprakları idare etmeye başladı. İlhanlı hükümdarlarının merkeze olan bağımlılıkları 1294 yılına kadar sürmüştür.
Hülâgû’nun Ketboğa (Kitbuğa) Noyan idaresindeki öncü birlikleri 24 Ağustos 1252’de, kendisi ise 24 Nisan 1253 tarihinde Karakorum’dan hareket etmiştir. Kurultay kararına göre ordunun iâşesi batıdaki Moğol tâbileri tarafından karşılanacak, ayrıca güzergâh üzerindeki yollar ve köprüler onarılacak, sulara ve çayırlıklara el konulacaktı. Hülâgû’ya İsmâilîler’in ortadan kaldırılması, Abbâsî halifeliğinin itaat altına alınması ve Mısır ile Suriye’nin zaptı görevleri verilmişti. Öncü birlikler Mayıs 1253’te İsmâilîler’e karşı harekete geçerek daha Hülâgû gelmeden birçok kaleyi teslim aldı. İsmâilîler Moğollar karşısında tutunamadılar; merkezleri Alamut’ta oturan reisleri Rükneddin Hûrşah 19 Kasım 1256 tarihinde Hülâgû’ya teslim oldu. Hülâgû kaleyi yerle bir edip halkını kılıçtan geçirmesine rağmen Rükneddin’e iyi davrandı ve onu bir Moğol prensesiyle evlendirdikten sonra Büyük Han Mengü’ye gönderdi. Ancak Mengü Han, kıymetli hediyelerle Karakorum’a gelen Rükneddin’i kabul etmeyerek onu henüz Moğollar’ın eline geçmemiş İsmâilî kalelerinin tesliminden sonra gelmesi için Hülâgû’ya geri gönderdi; ardından fikrini değiştirip dönüş yolculuğu sırasında öldürülmesini emretti. Hülâgû, çoğu Suriye’de bulunan İsmâilî kalelerinin zaptı işini Otçiğin Noyan’a verdi. Kısa zamanda kalelerin tamamı alındı; böylece yıllardan beri bütün Yakındoğu’yu tehdit eden İsmâilî varlığı dağıtılmış oldu.
Rivayete göre Hülâgû Alamut Kalesi’ne saldırmadan önce 653’te (1255) Abbâsî Halifesi Müsta‘sım-Billâh’tan bu harekât için asker göndermesini istedi; ancak halife, bunun Bağdat’ın müdafaasını zayıflatmak amacına yönelik bir taktik olduğunu düşünerek elçiye olumlu cevap vermedi. Alamut’un zaptından sonra Hülâgû halifeye ikinci bir mektup daha yollayıp şehrin surlarını yıkmasını, hendekleri doldurmasını ve idareyi oğluna bırakıp bizzat huzuruna gelmesini istedi. Halifenin bu teklifi de reddetmesi üzerine Hülâgû, üçüncü bir mektupla Tanrı’nın dünyayı idare etme görevini Cengiz Han’a ve onun soyuna tevdi ettiğini bildirerek halifeyi şiddetle azarladı. Halife ise mektubunda Mengü Han’la ve kendisiyle dost olduğunu, elçilerin getirdiği haberlere inanmadığını ve eğer Bağdat’a karşı harekete geçecek olursa başına büyük felâketler geleceğini bildirdi. Bu cevap üzerine Hülâgû 9 Rebîülevvel 655’te (27 Mart 1257) Hemedan’dan Bağdat’a hareket etti ve sağ kanat, sol kanat, merkez olmak üzere üçe ayırdığı ordusuyla şehri çepeçevre kuşattı. Daha önce yakınlarını, ailesini ve hazinesini yanına alıp bir gemiyle Basra’ya kaçması teklifini nasıl olsa kendisine dokunulmayacağını düşünerek reddeden Halife Müsta‘sım 4 Safer 656’da (10 Şubat 1258) kayıtsız şartsız teslim oldu; fakat bir süre üç oğluyla birlikte Bâbülkelvâzâ’da hapsedildikten sonra işkenceyle öldürüldü. Moğollar, çeşitli rivayetlere göre şehri 7, 30, 34 veya 40 gün süreyle yağma ve tahrip ederken halkı da kılıçtan geçirdiler. Yanan eserler arasında Halife Camii, Mûsâ Kâzım’ın türbesi ve Rusâfe’deki halife mezarları da vardı. Halifeden hazinelerini sakladığı yeri işkenceyle öğrenen Hülâgû bunları ele geçirerek Urmiye gölünün ortasındaki Şâhî (Şahu) adasına yaptırdığı kaleye göndermiş, şehirden ayrılmadan önce de Halife Camii ile Mûsâ Kâzım’ın türbesinin ve yıkılan diğer bazı binaların onarılmasını emretmiştir.
Kaynaklarda Bağdat’ta kılıçtan geçirilen halkın sayısı hakkında 800.000’den 2.300.000’e kadar değişen rakamlar verilmektedir (Özdemir, s. 200). Halife Müsta‘sım’ın öldürülmesi ve Hülâgû’yu Bağdat’ı istilâya teşvik ettiği söylenen Abbâsî Veziri İbnü’l-Alkamî ile ilgili olarak da farklı rivayetler vardır (a.g.e. , s. 202 vd., 207 vd.). Bağdat’ın işgali ve Abbâsî halifeliğine son verilmesi İslâm tarihi ve medeniyeti açısından bir dönüm noktası olmuştur. Burada tarihte eşine az rastlanır bir katliam yapılmış, cesetlerden yayılan kokular Hülâgû’yu dahi şehirden uzaklaşmak zorunda bırakmıştır. Cami ve kütüphaneler tahrip edilmiş, kitaplar Dicle’ye atılmış, nehir günlerce mürekkep renginde akmıştır. Bu istilâ, sadece Bağdat için değil bütün İslâm dünyası için bir felâket olmuştur. Bu tarihten itibaren İslâm medeniyetinin duraklamaya ve gerilemeye başladığı görülür.
Hülâgû, kurultay tarafından kendisine verilen iki önemli görevi yerine getirdikten sonra yapacağı Suriye ve Mısır seferinin hazırlıklarını tamamlamak üzere ağırlıklarının bulunduğu Hemedan’a, oradan da Azerbaycan’a geçti; daha önce Boğatimur (Buka Timur) idaresindeki Moğol kuvvetleri de Kûfe, Vâsıt ve Basra şehirleriyle Hûzistan bölgesini ele geçirmişti. Hülâgû, Suriye seferi için gereken hazırlıkları tamamladıktan sonra Ketboğa Noyan idaresindeki öncü birliklerini gönderdi, kendisi de 12 Eylül 1259 tarihinde Tebriz’den hareket etti. Suriye şehirleri yaklaşan Moğol tehlikesine karşı ortak bir cephe oluşturamadı. Bu sebeple Urfa, Harran, Hama, Humus ve Dımaşk kısa zamanda Moğol kuvvetlerine teslim oldu. Bizzat Hülâgû tarafından idare edilen ve Ermeniler’le Haçlılar’ca da desteklenen kuvvetler Halep’i kuşattılar ve bir süre sonra ele geçirdiler. Halep’in arkasından da Antakya dolaylarındaki Hârim Kalesi düşürüldü.
Mengü Han’ın ölümü üzerine Kubilay ile Arıkboğa arasında başlayan büyük hanlık mücadelesi sebebiyle Karakorum’daki gelişmeleri yakından takip etmek isteyen Hülâgû, Suriye’deki Moğol kuvvetlerinin kumandasını Ketboğa Noyan’a bırakıp doğuya hareket etmişti. Ketboğa, bazı başarılar elde etmekle birlikte 3 Eylül 1260 tarihinde Filistin’de Aynicâlût’ta Memlük kuvvetlerine mağlûp oldu ve öldürüldü. İslâm dünyasında büyük bir sevinç yaratan Memlükler’in bu zaferiyle Suriye, Mısır ve Mağrib Moğol istilâsından kurtarılmıştır. Moğollar bu savaştan sonra Suriye’yi istilâ amacıyla bir daha ciddi bir harekâta teşebbüs edemediler. Hülâgû’nun intikam almak amacıyla gönderdiği ordu Aralık 1260’ta Halep civarında çok sayıda müslümanı öldürdüyse de kısa sürede geri çekilmek zorunda kaldı.
Hülâgû 1260’tan sonra doğuda Çağatay, kuzeyde Altın Orda ve batıda Memlük devletleriyle sürekli şekilde mücadele etmiştir. Bu devletlerden Çağatay ve Altın Orda’nın Cengiz Han’ın oğul ve torunları tarafından kurulmuş olması dikkat çekicidir. Bu dönemde dikkat çeken diğer bir husus da Altın Orda-Memlük dostluğuna karşı oluşturulan İlhanlı-Bizans-Küçük Ermeni Krallığı-Fransa Krallığı-Haçlılar-papalık iş birliğidir. Hülâgû, Altın Orda Hükümdarı Berke Han ile yaptığı Terek Savaşı’nda ağır bir bozguna uğradı (Rebîülevvel 661 / Ocak 1263). Bu iki kardeş devlet arasındaki mücadele Hülâgû’dan sonra İlhanlı tahtına çıkan hükümdarlar zamanında da devam etmiştir.
Anadolu 1243 Kösedağ Savaşı ile Moğol hâkimiyeti altına girmişti. Hülâgû’nun gelmesinden sonra buradaki Moğol baskısı daha da arttı. Hülâgû 1258 yılında Anadolu’yu, merkezi Konya ve Tokat olmak üzere II. İzzeddin Keykâvus ile IV. Rükneddin Kılıcarslan arasında taksim etti ve her iki sultanla ayrı ayrı antlaşmalar yaparak Anadolu’nun İlhanlı Devleti’ne ödediği vergiyi iki katına çıkardı. Hülâgû’nun oğullarından Yeşmut’un emrindeki kuvvetler de 658’de (1260) Meyyâfârikīn’ı işgal ederek el-Melikü’l-Kâmil Muhammed b. Şehâbeddin Muzaffer Gāzî’yi öldürüp Eyyûbîler’in Meyyâfârikīn, Cebel ve Sincar koluna son verdiler (Reşîdüddin [nşr. Abdülkerîm Alioğlu Alizâde], s. 77-78). Hülâgû’nun el-Melikü’l-Kâmil Muhammed’in şehid edilmesinden sonra sara hastalığına yakalandığı ve ölünceye kadar bu dertten kurtulamadığı söylenir (Abdüsselâm Abdülazîz Fehmî, s. 149).
Hülâgû 1254 ve 1255’te Büyük Han Mengü adına, 1256 yılında ise kendi adına para bastırmış ve kendi adını taşıyan paralara İslâm dünyasındaki geleneğe uygun olarak kelime-i tevhid koydurmuştur. Onun 1262 yılından itibaren imar faaliyetlerine ağırlık verdiği ve İran ile Azerbaycan’da birçok âbidevî eser yaptırdığı görülmektedir. Bunlar arasında Tebriz, Aladağ ve Merâga’daki saraylarla Merâga Rasathânesi, Hoy’daki Budist mâbedleri zikredilebilir.
19 Rebîülâhir 663’te (8 Şubat 1265) Merâga’da kırk sekiz yaşında ölen Hülâgû hazineleri için Şâhî adasında yaptırdığı kaleye defnedildi. Hülâgû’nun on iki karısı, on dört oğlu ve yedi kızı vardı. Ölüm haberinin duyulması üzerine tahtına büyük oğlu Abaka geçmiştir.
Hülâgû matematik, astroloji, astronomi ve kimya ile ilgilenmiş, ünlü bilgin Nasîrüddîn-i Tûsî’nin Merâga’da bir rasathâne kurması için masraftan kaçınmamıştır. Posta teşkilâtını geliştirmiş ve böylece idaresi altındaki şehirler arasında ulaşım ve haberleşmeyi kolaylaştırmıştır. Cesur, kararlı, savaş taktiklerini iyi bilen, cömert, ulemâ ve filozofları koruyan bir hükümdar olarak tanınan Hülâgû, Nasîrüddîn-i Tûsî ile Târîḫ-i Cihângüşâ adlı eserinde Cengiz Han ve haleflerinden bahseden Alâeddin Atâ Melik Cüveynî’yi himayesi altına almıştır. Kendisi Budist olmasına rağmen kaynaklarda hanımları arasında en itibarlısı olarak gösterilen hıristiyan Dokuz Hatun’un da tesiriyle onun devrinde Hıristiyanlığın nüfuzu artmış, birçok kilise ve manastır yapılırken bazı mescidler kiliseye çevrilmiş, müslümanlar zulüm, işkence ve katliama mâruz kalmıştır.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1998 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 18. cildinde, 473-475 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.