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HULÂSATÜ’l-HİSÂB Skip to content Bahâeddin Âmilî’nin (ö. 1031/1662) matematiğe dair eseri.
XI. (XVII.) yüzyıldan itibaren İslâm dünyasında hesap, cebir ve misâha alanında ders kitabı olarak okutulan eser, daha çok yazarına nisbet edilerek er-Risâletü’l-Bahâʾiyye (Risâle-i Bahâʾiyye) adıyla bilinmekte ve bu sebeple zaman zaman yine aynı adla tanınan İbnü’l-Havvâm’ın (ö. 724/1324) el-Fevâʾidü’l-Bahâʾiyye fi’l-ḳavâʿidi’l-ḥisâbiyye ’si ile karıştırılmaktadır. Ḫulâṣatü’l-ḥisâb , yazıldığı asırdaki İslâm matematiğinin hisâbü’l-Hindî, misâha ve cebir alanında ulaştığı seviyenin orta düzeyde bir dökümüdür. Âmilî Arapça kaleme aldığı eserinde geometrik ispat (el-burhân bi’l-hutût) kullanmamış, bunun yerine zikrettiği kurallar için sayısal (analitik) örneklerle çözümlerini vermiştir; ayrıca hesâb-ı hevâîden (hesâb-ı zihnî) bahsetmeyerek sadece hesâb-ı Hindî üzerinde durduğu görülür. Âmilî, Ḫulâṣatü’l-ḥisâb ’da bazı konulara yer ayrılmadığını ve bunların “büyük kitabımız” şeklinde atıf yaptığı diğer bir eserinde ele alındığını söylemektedir. Kitabın önemli bir özelliği, pedagojik amaçla yazıldığından özlü bir biçimde ve düzgün bir dille kaleme alınmış olmasıdır. Bu özelliği onun anlaşılmasını zorlaştırmışsa da ezberlenmesini kolaylaştırmıştır. İfadesindeki vecizlik dolayısıyla üzerine birçok şerh yazılan eser Osmanlı topraklarında özellikle Anadolu, Balkanlar, Suriye ve Irak bölgelerinde, o güne kadar orta seviyeli temel matematik ders kitabı olarak okutulan Ali Kuşçu’nun (ö. 879/1474) er-Risâletü’l-Muḥammediyye fi’l-ḥisâb adlı eserinin yerini almıştır; ayrıca İran, Türkistan, Hindistan ve Mısır bölgelerinde yakın zamanlara kadar okutulduğu bilinmektedir.
Eser bir dîbâce, bir mukaddime, on bab ve bir hâtime şeklinde tertip edilmiştir. Müellif dîbâcede, çalışmasının kendi zamanına kadar yazılan eserlerin bir özeti mahiyetinde olduğunu ve bunun için adını Ḫulâṣatü’l-ḥisâb koyduğunu belirtmektedir. Ona göre hesap ilminin insanlar arasında önemli bir yeri vardır; çünkü ispatları sağlamdır, birçok ilim ona muhtaçtır ve muâmelât da onun üzerine kurulmuştur. Mukaddimede hesap ilminin tarifini ve sayının tanımını verir, ayrıca “1”in tanımını da ele alır. Müellife göre sayı “1”e ve “1”den oluşan niceliklere denir; bu durumda 1 de sayıdır. Fakat eğer sayının tanımı “her iki tarafında bulunan niceliklerin toplamının yarısı” şeklinde ele alınırsa 1 sayı kabul edilmez; ancak kesir işin içine katıldığında 1 de iki tarafındaki sayıların yarısı olarak değerlendirilebilir. Fakat Âmilî tercihini “1”in sayı olmadığı yönünde kullanmıştır; gerçekte sayılar “1”den teşekkül etse de 1 sayı değildir; tıpkı cisimlerin cevherden teşekkül etmesine karşılık cevherin cisim olmaması gibi. Âmilî’nin bu fikirleri işleyen cümleleri eserin şârihleri tarafından çeşitli matematik anlayışları açısından değerlendirilmiş ve İslâm matematik tarihi içindeki konuya ilişkin görüşler delilleriyle birlikte verilmeye çalışılmıştır. Daha sonra sayının mutlak ve tam veya mahreci bir olan rasyonel çeşidinin tanımı yapılmıştır; ona göre mutlak sayı dokuz kesir cinsinden ifade edilebilirse veya tam sayı kökü varsa “muntak” (rasyonel), değilse “esam”dır (irrasyonel). Muntak sayı eğer parçaları kendisine eşitse mükemmel, fazla ise artık, eksik ise eksik sayıdır. Klasik geleneği takip ederek sayıların asıllarını da birler, onlar ve yüzler olarak ele alır; fürûları ise sonsuzdur. Bu arada Hint filozoflarının rakamları dokuz harfle gösterdiklerini (rakam) söyler ve bunların şekillerini verir.
Birinci babda tam sayıların hesabı konusunu işleyen Âmilî, bu bab içinde birinci fasılda toplama ile (cem‘) bir toplama türü olan iki kat almayı (taz‘îf) ve “altın kaide” denilen mîzânü’l-aded (mod ≡ 9) kuralını, ikinci fasılda ikiye bölme (tasnîf), üçüncü fasılda çıkarma (tefrîk), dördüncü fasılda çarpma (darb) ve hesâb-ı hevâîden alınma çeşitli pratik çarpma kuralları ile şebeke yoluyla çarpmayı, beşinci fasılda bölmeyi ve altıncı fasılda da karekökün tesbitini açıklar. Altıncı fasılda tam karekök bulma formülü yanında yaklaşık karekök bulma formülünü de m$sqrt{N}=a+frac{b}{2a+1}N=a^{2}+b$ şeklinde vermiştir.
İkinci babda rasyonel sayıların hesabını ele alan Âmilî konuyu üç mukaddime ve altı fasılda inceler. Birinci mukaddimede kesirlerde temâsül (teşâbüh), tedâhül (tehâlüf), tevâfuk ve tebâyün, ikinci mukaddimede ½, ⅓, …, ⅑, ⅒ şeklinde dokuz temel kesir sıralanır ve diğer kesirlerin bu dokuz kesir cinsinden ifade edilmesine çalışılır; eğer bu mümkün olmuyorsa yaklaşık değerleri tesbit edilerek bunlara esam (irrasyonel) kesir adı verilir. Dolayısıyla Âmilî’de Kâşî’den sonra yaşamasına rağmen ondalık kesirler yoktur. Üçüncü mukaddimede tecnîs (tam sayıyı kesir yapma) ve ref‘ (kesri tam sayı yapma) konuları ele alınarak birinci fasılda kesirlerin toplanması ve iki katının hesaplanması, ikinci fasılda ikiye bölünmesi ve çıkarılması, üçüncü fasılda çarpımı, dördüncü fasılda bölünmesi, beşinci fasılda karekökünün alınması, altıncı fasılda bir paydadan diğer bir paydaya dönüştürülmesi incelenir.
Üçüncü bab bilinmeyenin dört orantılı sayı (el-a‘dâdü’l-erbaatü’l-mütenâsibe), dördüncü bab çift yanlış hesabı, beşinci bab da tahlil ve teâküs yöntemiyle tesbiti konularını açıklamaktadır.
Bir mukaddime ve üç fasıldan oluşan altıncı bab yer ölçümüyle (misâha) ilgilidir. Mukaddimede misâhanın, arkasından da çizgi, yüzey ve cismin tanımları verilip temel geometrik şekiller ve cisimler tanıtılır. Birinci fasılda kenarları doğru olan yüzeylerin alanlarının, ikinci fasılda daire ve daireyle ilgili diğer şekillerin alanlarının, üçüncü fasılda da cisimlerin hacimlerinin hesaplanması ele alınır.
Üç fasıldan meydana gelen yedinci babın birinci faslında kanal yapımında gerekli olan ölçümler, ikinci faslında yüksekliklerin, üçüncü faslında ise nehirlerin genişliğinin ve kuyuların derinliğinin ölçülmesi ile bu işlerde kullanılan aletler ve teknikleri incelenir.
Sekizinci babda iki fasıl halinde cebir yoluyla bilinmeyenin tesbiti konusu ele alınır. Birinci fasılda cebrin dayandığı temel öncüller anlatılır ve cebirsel niceliklerle bu nicelikler arasında dört temel işlem gösterilir. İkinci fasılda Muhammed b. Mûsâ el-Hârizmî’nin belirlediği üçü müfredat (yalın, basit) ve üçü mukterenat (katışık) olmak üzere altı cebir denklemi izah edilir. Ancak o dönemin matematiğinde yaygın olan cebir sembolleri ve notasyon sistemi kullanılmamıştır.
Dokuzuncu babda bir muhasibin bilmesi gereken on iki matematik kuralı verilir. Bunlardan 1-5 ve 8. dizilerin çeşitli türleriyle, 6-7, 9. kareköklerle, 10-12. ise çarpma ve bölmeyle ilgilidir.
Onuncu babda Âmilî, verdiği bilinmeyenin tesbitinde kullanılan kaidelerin kolay öğrenilmesi için dokuz adet örnek problem çözmektedir. Bunların ilk üçü cebir ve çift yanlış hesabı, dördüncüsü dört orantılı sayı, beşincisi dört orantılı sayı, cebir ve çift yanlış hesabı, altıncısı cebir (ancak problemin belirsiz olduğuna dikkat çekilir), yedincisi dört orantılı sayı, sekizincisi cebir ve dört orantılı sayı, dokuzuncusu cebirle çözülmüştür.
Kitabın en ilginç bölümü hâtimesidir. Burada Âmilî, kendi dönemine kadar yaşayan âlimlerin birçok çözümsüz problemle karşılaştıklarını ve çok çeşitli yollar denemelerine rağmen çözemediklerini, ancak bunları muhasipleri uyarmak ve yeteneği olanları çözmeye teşvik için eserlerinde kaydettiklerini, kendisinin de yedi tanesini örnek olarak verdiğini belirtmektedir. Eser Almanca ve Fransızca’ya çevrildikten sonra (aş.bk.) matematikçiler bu problemleri yeniden ele almışlardır. Son dönemlerde yapılan çalışmalar, problemlerin kaynağının İbnü’l-Havvâm’ın el-Fevâʾidü’l-Bahâʾiyye fi’l-ḳavâʿidi’l-ḥisâbiyye ’si olduğunu göstermektedir. Bu esere ait nüshaların çokluğu yanında Kemâleddin el-Fârisî’nin Esâsü’l-ḳavâʿid fi’l-uṣûli’l-fevâʾid ve Yahyâ b. Ahmed el-Kâşî’nin Îżâḥu’l-maḳāṣıd fi’l-ferâʾidi’l-Fevâʾid adlı şerhlerine ait nüshaların yaygınlığı da bu çözümsüz problemleri Âmilî’nin nerelerden aktardığı konusunda bir ipucu sayılabilir. Onun verdiği yedi problem belirsiz denklem sınıfına girmekte ve bu tür problemlerde bir denklem veya denklem sistemi için rasyonel bir çözüm bulunması istenmektedir. Âmilî tarafından verilen ve sırasıyla İbnü’l-Havvâm’ın 4, 18, 17, 24, 32, 8 ve 19. problemlerine muadil olan yedi çözümsüz problem şunlardır:
1) m$x + y = 10$ [ m$x+sqrt{x}$ ].[ m$y+sqrt{y} ] =$ a; a var sayılan bir sayı.
İmâdüddin el-Kâşî, İbnü’l-Havvâm’ın eserinin şerhinde bu problemi kıyas yöntemiyle çözmeyi denemiştir; ancak problem sekizinci dereceden bir denklem çözümünü gerektirmektedir.
2) m$x^{2}+10 = y^{2}$ m$x^{2}-10 = z^{2}$
Bu tür denklemler “uyumlu sayılar” teorisi altında incelenebilir. Denklemin tam sayı bir çözümü olmadığını ilk defa Hâzin göstermiş, daha sonra A. Gennochi adlı matematikçi de rasyonel bir çözümü olmadığını ispatlamıştır.
3) m$x^{2}=10-y$ m$y^{2}=5-x$
Dördüncü dereceden bir denklem haline getirilebilen bu denklemin de rasyonel bir çözümü yoktur.
Bu problem Pierre de Fermat’nın (ö. 1665) xn + yn = zn şeklindeki meşhur denkleminin n = 3 özel halidir. İslâm matematiğinde başta Ebû Ca‘fer el-Hâzin ve Hamîd b. Hıdır el-Hucendî olmak üzere birçok âlim tarafından çözülmeye çalışılmıştır.
5) m$x+y=10$ m$frac{x}{y}+frac{y}{x}=x$
Denklem üçüncü dereceden bir denklem haline getirilerek çözülebilir; ancak diskriminantı negatif olacağından rasyonel bir çözümü yine yoktur.
6) m$frac{x^{2}}{y^{2}}+frac{y^{2}}{x^{2}}=x$ m$x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}=u^{2}$
Daha önce Diophantus ve Ebû Kâmil’in uğraştığı, İbnü’l-Havvâm’ın dokuz örnek verdiği bu türde denklemin eşit olduğu kare bir sayıyı bulmak esastır. Bu denklemin de rasyonel bir çözümü yoktur.
7) m$x^{2}+(x+2)=y^{2}$ m$x^{2}-(x+2)=z^{2}$
Problem, Âmilî’nin ikinci denklemindeki gibi uyumlu sayılar teorisi içinde ele alınabilir. Ebû Kâmil daha önce bunun bir benzerini çözmüştür. Eğer onun yöntemi bu probleme uygulanırsa denklemin x=-2, -17/16 ve 34/15 şeklinde üç çözümü olduğu görülür. A. Marre ve A. Gennochi’nin bulduğu bu çözümler arasında parametrik bir uyumun varlığı dikkat çekmektedir.
Ḫulâṣatü’l-ḥisâb ’ın Türkiye kütüphanelerinde 100’e yakın nüshası vardır (bunların otuz yedisi Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’ndedir). Ayrıca esere yazılan şerh, hâşiye ve ta‘lik türünden çalışmaların ana metni de ihtiva ettiği düşünülürse eserin ne kadar yaygın olduğu daha iyi anlaşılır. Osmanlı ülkesinde görüldüğü gibi İran ve diğer bölgelerde bulunan matematikçiler de bu esere birçok şerh ve hâşiye yazmışlardır. Osmanlı matematiğinde kaleme alınan şerhlerin en önemlileri şöyle sıralanabilir: Ömer b. Ahmed el-Mâî el-Çullî (ö. 1022/1613) daha çok eserin zor ve karmaşık olan kısımlarını şerh etmiştir. el-Bahâʾiyye ’den sonra okutulan ve Taʿlîḳāt ʿale’l-mevâżıʿi’l-müşkile ve tenbîhât ʿalâ rumûzi’l-mebâḥis̱i’l-muʿḍıle mine’r-Risâleti’l-Bahâʾiyye adını taşıyan bu şerh Sâlih Zeki’nin incelemesine göre fazla önemli değildir. Ramazan b. Ebû Hüreyre el-Cezerî’nin Ḥallü’l-ḫulâṣa li-ehli’r-riyâse adlı şerhi 1076 (1665) yılında tamamlanmış ve ellinin üzerinde nüshası zamanımıza gelmiştir (Süleymaniye Ktp., Lâleli, nr. 2135/3, vr. 6b -133a , müellif hattı). Sâlih Zeki’ye göre bu eser el-Bahâʾiyye şerhleri içinde önemli bir yere sahiptir ve Osmanlı medreselerinde rağbet gören eserlerdendir. Abdürrahîm b. Ebû Bekir b. Süleyman el-Mar‘aşî’nin (ö. 1149/1736) bir buçuk yılda hazırlayarak Sultan IV. Mehmed’e sunduğu Şerḥu Ḫulâṣati’l-ḥisâb , Sâlih Zeki’ye göre Osmanlı matematiği çerçevesinde el-Bahâʾiyye şerhleri içinde problemleri en iyi tahlil eden çalışmadır. Bu şerhlerin yanında Cevâd b. Saîd b. Cevâd el-Bağdâdî el-Kāsımî, Hasan b. Muhammed el-Kürdî, Kasîrîzâde Muhammed Emîn b. Muhammed b. Abdülhay b. İbrâhim el-Üsküdârî, Mevczâde Hoca Abdürrahim Efendi el-Bursevî, Seyyid Hüseyin b. Ali, Abdüllatif b. Ca‘fer b. Zekra, Mahmûd Hamdî b. Ahmed eş-Şehrezûrî el-Osmânî, Fahrîzâde Ebû Muhammed Abdullah b. Fahreddîn b. Yahyâ el-Hüseynî el-Mevsılî ve Mûsâ b. Receb el-Basrî gibi âlimlerin şerhleri zikredilebilir. Nûreddin b. Abdullah el-Vâiz, Ḫulâṣatü’l-ḥisâb ’ın üçüncü babı olan dört orantılı sayı konusu üzerine bir şerh kaleme almıştır. Ayrıca Muhammed b. Muhammed el-Bursevî el-Mevlevî Meʿâlimü’s-simâḥa fî sâḥati’l-misâḥa , Muhammed Selim Hoca da 1133 (1720-21) yılında Risâletü’l-hendese (TSMK, Revan Köşkü, nr. 1721/2, vr. 30b -40a , müellif hattı) adıyla Ḫulâṣatü’l-ḥisâb ’ın altıncı babındaki geometri kaidelerinin ispatlarını vermek üzere birer şerh kaleme almışlardır. Göğsügür Lutfullah b. Muhammed el-Erzurûmî el-Hanefî eseri İḫtiṣâru ḳısm min Ḫulâṣati’l-ḥisâb adıyla 1171 (1757-58) tarihinde ihtisar etmiştir (Süleymaniye Ktp., Şehid Ali Paşa, nr. 2812/18, vr. 130b -133b ). Âgā Büzürg-i Tahrânî, Ḫulâṣatü’l-ḥisâb ’a İran ve Irak bölgelerinde kırka yakın şerh yazıldığını belirtmektedir.
Kuyucaklızâde Mehmed Âtıf Efendi tarafından 1242 (1826) yılında Sultan II. Mahmud’un isteği üzerine Nihâyetü’l-elbâb fî Tercemeti Hulâsati’l-hisâb adıyla Türkçe’ye çevrilen Ḫulâṣatü’l-ḥisâb ’ın (Kandilli Rasathânesi Ktp., nr. 127/2, mütercim hattı), daha önce de cebir bölümü el-Verdiyye fi’l-cebr ve’l-mukābele adıyla Muhammed (XII./XVIII. yüzyıl sonları) adlı bir kişi tarafından nazım halinde ve Sâlih b. el-Hâc Muhammed (1200/1786’dan sonra) tarafından da Tercemetü kısmin min Hulâsati’l-hisâb (Millî Ktp., nr. A 2295/1) adıyla bazı yerleri Türkçe’ye tercüme edilmiştir.
Ḫulâṣatü’l-ḥisâb , İstanbul’da (1268, 1295) Matbaa-i Âmire’de kırk yedi sayfa, bir de tarihsiz elli iki sayfa halinde (taş basması) basılmıştır. Ayrıca Kalküta (1227, 1245), Keşmir (1285), Kahire (1299, 1311), Tahran (1275, 1276) baskıları bulunan eseri son olarak Celâl Şevkī neşretmiştir (bk. bibl.). Batı’da ise önce G. H. F. Nesselmann tarafından Almanca tercümesiyle beraber Essenz der Rechenkunst von Mohammed Behā-eddīn Alhossain başlığıyla Berlin’de (1843), daha sonra A. Marre tarafından Fransızca tercümesi Kholâçat al Hissâb, ou Quintessence du calcul adıyla Paris’te (1846) ve Roma’da (1864) yayımlanmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Brockelmann, GAL , II, 546-547; Suppl. , II, 595-596.
Kadrî Hâfız Tûkān, Türâs̱ü’l-ʿArabi’l-ʿilmî fi’r-riyâżiyyât ve’l-felek , Beyrut 1963, s. 474-482.
Uzunçarşılı, İlmiye Teşkilâtı , s. 20.
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İhsan Fazlıoğlu, İbn el-Havvâm ve Eseri: el-Fevâid el-Bahâiyye fî el-Kavâid el-Hisâbiyye-Tenkitli Metin ve Tarihi Değerlendirme (yüksek lisans tezi, 1993), İÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, s. 53-62, 68-70, 152-155, 202-207.
a.mlf., “İbn el-Havvâm, Eserleri ve el-Fevâid el-Bahâiyye fî el-Kavâid el-Hisâbiyye’deki Çözümsüz Problemler Bahsi”, Osmanlı Bilimi Araştırmaları (haz. Feza Günergun), İstanbul 1995, s. 69-128.
Cevad İzgi, “Osmanlı Medreselerinde Aritmetik ve Cebir Eğitimi ve Okutulan Kitaplar”, a.e. , s. 129-158.
a.mlf., Osmanlı Medreselerinde İlim , İstanbul 1997, I, 209-226.
Ömer Okumuş, “Âmilî, Bahâeddin”, DİA , III, 60-61.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1998 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 18. cildinde, 322-324 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.