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HUMBARACI AHMED PAŞA Skip to content (ö. 1160/1747)
Humbaracı Ocağı’nı ıslah etmekle görevlendirilen Fransız asıllı Osmanlı zâbiti.
Fransa’nın Limousin eyaleti soylularından olup 14 Temmuz 1675’te Coussae şehrinde doğdu. Asıl adı Claude-Aleksandre Comte de Bonneval’dir. Küçük yaşta askerlik mesleğine girdi ve önce bahriyede çalıştı, 1698’de kara kuvvetlerine geçerek kısa sürede yükseldi. İtalya ile yapılan muharebelere ve İspanya veraset savaşlarına katıldı ve önemli başarılar kazandı. Ancak 1704 yılında XIV. Louis ile arası açılınca ordudan atıldı; Paris’ten kaçarak Fransa’nın düşmanı Avusturya’ya sığındı. Burada Prens Eugen’in maiyetine girdi; Avusturya ordusunda çeşitli görevlerde bulundu; Fransız kuvvetlerine karşı gösterdiği başarılar dolayısıyla rütbesi yükseltildi ve imparatorun müsteşarlığına getirildi. 1716’da Osmanlı Devleti ile Avusturya arasında cereyan eden Varadin Savaşı’nda önemli rol oynadı. Bu arada yeni Fransa Kralı XV. Louis tarafından affedildi. Avusturya İmparatoru VI. Charles da onu müşirliğe getirdi. Ancak Başvekil Prens Eugen’le anlaşmazlığa düşünce görevden alındı; bir süre hapiste yattıktan sonra yirmi iki yıl hizmet ettiği bu ülkeden de kaçtı. İspanya ve Lehistan’dan sığınma talebinde bulunduysa da kabul görmedi. İki yıl kadar Venedik’te kaldı. 1729’da Osmanlı Devleti’ne sığındı. Bir süre Saraybosna’da oturdu. İstanbul’a yaptığı müracaat, III. Ahmed ve barış taraftarı Sadrazam Nevşehirli Damad İbrâhim Paşa tarafından komşu devletlerle iyi geçinme siyaseti sebebiyle dikkate alınmadı. Onun asıl niyeti Osmanlı himayesindeki Macaristan’da prensliği ele geçirmekti. Saraybosna’da geleceğe yönelik tasavvurlarını gerçekleştirmek için İslâmiyet’i kabul edip Ahmed adını aldı. Ardından sarayın daveti üzerine İstanbul’a hareket ettiyse de bu esnada III. Ahmed’in tahttan indirilmesi ve Damad İbrâhim Paşa’nın ölümüyle sonuçlanan Patrona İsyanı yüzünden bir süre Gümülcine’de bekledi. Bu sırada kendisine bir miktar maaş bağlandı.
I. Mahmud’un tahta çıkması ile (1730) dışarıya karşı barış devri sona erdi, içeride de askerî ıslahat dönemi başladı. Sadrazam Topal Osman Paşa, Avusturyalılar’dan intikam almak için Osmanlı ordusunda mutlaka ıslahat yapmanın gereğine inanıyordu. O sırada Ahmed Bey sunduğu bir raporda artık bu çağda cesaret ve kahramanlığın yetmediğini, askerlikte eğitim, disiplin ve maaşların düzenli ödenmesinin daha önemli olduğunu belirtti. Yapılması gereken yenilikler için Fransız ve Avusturya ordu kuruluşları, bunların asker toplama yöntemleri ve eğitimleri hakkında bilgiler verdi, sıhhiye bölükleri kurulmasını önerdi. Osman Paşa askerî bilgisini takdir ettiği Ahmed Bey’i İstanbul’a çağırdı (1731). Beylerbeyi pâyesiyle Humbaracı Ocağı’nın başına getirilen ve bundan böyle Serhumbaracıyan (humbaracıbaşı) ve daha yaygın olarak Humbaracı Ahmed Paşa diye şöhret bulan Bonneval işe ulûfeli bir humbaracı sınıfı kurmakla başladı ve bunun için bir nizamnâme hazırladı. Bosna’dan getirtilen 300 kadar nefere her gün Üsküdar’da Ayazma’da yaptırılan Humbaracılar Kışlası’nda tâlim yaptırdı. Kısa sürede sayıları 600’ü aşan bu neferlere aynı zamanda matematik dersi de veriyordu. Buradan yetişen humbaracılar Vidin, Niş, Hotin, Azak ve Bosna sınırlarındaki kalelere gönderiliyordu. Kışlanın yanındaki imalâthanede Ahmed Paşa ilk merhalede 100 havan, 50.000 humbara döktürmüştü. Osman Paşa’nın 1732 Martında azlinden sonra Humbaracı Ahmed Paşa bir süre unutulduysa da Hekimoğlu Ali Paşa zamanında kendisine tekrar beylerbeyilik pâyesi verildi; aynı zamanda Yirmisekizçelebizâde Mehmed Said Paşa’nın tavsiyesiyle sadrazam müşaviri oldu. Hekimoğlu Ali Paşa humbaracıbaşıdan siyasî yönden de faydalanmak istiyordu. Ahmed Paşa ise özellikle dış politikaya dair verdiği raporlarla Devlet-i Aliyye’nin Fransa ile ittifakını sağlamaya çalışıyordu. Nitekim bir raporunda Rusya’ya karşı Osmanlı-Fransız ittifakı üzerinde durmuştu. Ona göre Osmanlı Devleti için en büyük tehlike Rusya’nın hızla büyümesiydi. Osmanlı-Fransız ittifakına daha sonra İsveç girecek, İspanya Fransa’ya tâbi olacak, Hollanda ve İngiltere gibi denizci devletler de Ortadoğu ve Uzakdoğu ticaretinde Rusya’yı kendilerine rakip göreceklerdi. Bu fikirler sadrazamın hoşuna gitmiş, ancak Fransa Osmanlı Devleti ile ittifaka yanaşmamıştı.
Humbaracı Ahmed Paşa’nın fikirleri I. Mahmud tarafından da takdir ediliyordu. Böylece Ahmed Paşa’nın İstanbul’da nüfuzu iyice arttı. Üsküdar’da ikametine büyük bir konak tahsis edildi. Artık hükümetin işlerini yönlendirmeye, özellikle dış politikada etkili olmaya başladı. Debdebeli bir hayat sürüyor, paşa ve vezirlerden saygı görüyordu. Hırslı bir devlet adamı olan Ahmed Paşa I. Mahmud’un verdiği rütbelerle tatmin olmuyor, Avrupa hükümetlerini de kendi istek ve fikirlerine râmetmek istiyordu. Avrupa devletlerinden İstanbul’a gelen delegeler önceleri Ahmed Paşa’ya önem vermemişler, fakat yardımından mahrum kalanlar işlerinin yürümediğini görünce kendisiyle bağlantı kurma ihtiyacı duymuşlardı. Fransız elçisi Marquis de Wilneuve ise Ahmed Paşa’nın sır tutmaması yüzünden iyi bir devlet adamı olmadığını ileri sürüyordu. Gerçekten o sırada mâzileri karışık, ülkelerinde rahat durmamış, menfaatleri uğruna İslâmiyet’i kabul etmiş birçok insan Ahmed Paşa’nın etrafında toplanmış, paşa da bazı mevkilere getirttiği bu insanlara evini açmış, devlet sırlarını ve ileriye dönük planlarını anlatmıştı. Rusya ve Avusturya bunlar arasından edindiği casuslar vasıtasıyla Osmanlı Devleti ile Fransa arasındaki görüşmelerden haberdar olmuş, böylece iki ülkenin ittifak yapmasını engellemişlerdi. Ahmed Paşa bu defa Osmanlı Devleti’nin İsveç’le ittifak kurmasını sağlamaya çalıştı. Daha sonra Fransa İsveç’in yanında yer alacak ve dolayısıyla Osmanlı Devleti ile birleşmiş olacaktı.
Faaliyetlerini daha çok Fransa’nın menfaatleri doğrultusunda yoğunlaştıran Ahmed Paşa’nın bu niyeti Osmanlı hükümet ricâlince pek anlaşılamamıştı. 1736’da başlayan Osmanlı-Rus-Avusturya savaşlarında bulundu. Fakat serdârıekrem müşaviri olarak kendisinden istifade edilemediği gibi humbaracıların maaşlarının ödenmesi için sadrazama karşı sert tavır almasından dolayı gözden düştü. Diplomasideki başarısızlığına rağmen askerî ıslahat girişimlerinde oldukça başarılı oldu. Gerçekten Osmanlı ordusunun ıslahı için projeler, muhtıralar ve haritalar düzenleyen Ahmed Paşa’nın gerek ordunun silâhlanmasında gerekse sevkinde önemli hizmetler yaptığı bilinmektedir. Onun tavsiyesi üzerine uygulanan bazı savaş yöntemleri sebebiyle Ruslar ve Avusturyalılar Osmanlı ordusu karşısında pek başarı kazanamamışlardı. Osmanlılar Orsova’yı almışlar, Belgrad’ı tehdide başlamışlardı. Osmanlı Devleti’nin bu başarısı Fransa’nın işine geliyordu. Ahmed Paşa ile aralarında rekabet kalmayan Wilneuve el ele vererek aynı amaç için çalışmaya başlamışlardı. Ancak Wilneuve, Osmanlı Devleti’nin bu başarılarının uzun sürmeyeceğini düşünerek barış yapılmasını gerekli görürken Avusturyalılar’dan intikam alma emelinde olan Ahmed Paşa savaşın devamını istiyordu. Nitekim Macaristan halkını ayaklandırmak için bazı girişimlerde bile bulunmuştu. Hatta o sırada Tekirdağ’da yaşayan Macar millî kahramanlarından Rakoçi Ferenç ile bağlantı kurmuş, fakat onun ölümü üzerine kendisinden faydalanamamıştı. Ahmed Paşa daha sonra Rakoçi’nin oğluna yanaşarak ondan istifadeye çalışmış ve onu ikna etmişti.
Rakoçi’yi Tekirdağ’dan İstanbul’a çağırtarak Erdel Beyliği’ne getirten Ahmed Paşa onu Tuna sahillerine sevkettirmiş, kendisi de oralara gitmişti. Böylece Macaristan halkının prense tâbi olacağını umuyordu. Fakat Avusturya’nın baskısı altında yaşayan Macarlar millî şuurdan yoksun oldukları için genç prense tâbi olmadılar. Humbaracı Ahmed Paşa İstanbul’a dönünce bütün nüfuzunun kırıldığını gördü. Devlet ricâli artık kendisini iyice tanımıştı. Maiyetindeki humbaracıların maaş alamadıkları bahanesiyle ayaklanmaları Ahmed Paşa’nın durumunu daha da kötüleştirdi. Bâbıâli’ye geldiği bir gün şiddetle azarlandı ve Kastamonu’ya sürüldü (1738). Onun bu gözden düşüşü Fransa’da büyük tesir yapmış, hatta XV. Louis ailesine teessürlerini bildirmişti. Ancak bazı devlet ricâlinin aracılığı ile birkaç ay sonra İstanbul’a dönüp mevkiini tekrar elde ettiyse de eski itibarına kavuşamadı.
Yıllardır Türkiye’de bulunmasına rağmen Osmanlı sosyal hayatıyla hiçbir ilgisi bulunmayan Humbaracı Ahmed Paşa’nın Beyoğlu’ndaki evi iki daireden oluşuyordu. Bunlardan biri şark usulünde tefriş edilmişti. Paşa bu dairesine her hafta Osmanlılar arasında hürriyetçi fikre sahip kimseleri kabul eder ve onlarla felsefe ve siyaset üzerinde konuşurdu. Evin diğer bölümü Avrupaî tarzda döşenmişti.
Ahmed Paşa’nın sunduğu plan ve projelerden amacı Avrupa’daki gelişmelerden Osmanlı hükümetini haberdar etmekti. Osmanlı Devleti’nin gerileme sebebini büyük ölçüde bu irtibatsızlığa ve devlet ricâlinin Avrupa’ya kayıtsız kalmasına bağlıyordu. Nitekim bu lâyihalardan birinde (Süleymaniye Ktp., Esad Efendi, nr. 3889), Avrupa siyasî olaylarının 1701 yılından Avusturya İmparatoru VI. Karlos’un ölümüne kadar (1740) olan kısmından kısaca ve ondan sonra ortaya çıkan Avusturya savaşlarından genişçe bahseder. Osmanlı Devleti’nin o sırada Sicilyateyn Devleti ile imzaladığı antlaşma ve İspanya hükümetiyle kurduğu iyi münasebetlerde bu lâyihanın büyük tesiri olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Aynı kütüphanede bulunan (nr. 2062) İcmâlü’s-sefâin fî bihâri’l-âlem adlı başka bir risâlede Avrupa devletlerinin deniz kuvvetlerinden genişçe bahsedilmektedir. Burada Avusturya ve Prens Eugen’den düşmanca söz edilmesinden hareketle bu risâlenin de Humbaracı’ya ait olduğu kabul edilmektedir. Aynı dönemde yazdığı başka raporlarında Ahmed Paşa yine Avrupa devletleri hakkında bilgi vermektedir (Mehmed Ârif, IV/20 [1329], s. 1283-1286).
Bazı lâyihalarında Bern ve Zürih’teki Protestanlar’ın Rumeli ovalarında iskânı için tekliflerde bulunan Ahmed Paşa bazan da İran’ı ele geçirmek için I. Mahmud ile Bâbürlü Hükümdarı Nâsırüddin Muhammed arasında ittifak projeleri hazırlıyordu. Ayrıca Ahmed Paşa’ya göre Anadolu ve Bosna madenleri işletilmeli, Sakarya nehriyle Marmara denizi, Akdeniz ile Kızıldeniz birer kanalla birleştirilmeliydi. Özellikle Mısır’ın coğrafî durumu üzerinde duran Ahmed Paşa, bu ülkenin Osmanlı idaresinde bulunduğu sürece Uzakdoğu ticaretinden elde edilen gelirin Osmanlı hazinesine gireceğini biliyordu. Bununla ilgili olarak hazırladığı bir lâyihada Hintliler, Araplar ve Mısırlılar tarafından yapılan Hint ticaretinden Bâbıâli’nin daha çok faydalanabileceğini, bu ticaretin gümrükler sayesinde devlet gelirlerini arttıracağını ve Osmanlı halkını zenginleştireceğini ifade etmişti.
Ahmed Paşa hayatının son dönemlerini bu tür lâyihalar hazırlamakla geçirdi. Fakat vatanından uzakta yaşaması kendisine gittikçe ağır gelmeye başlamıştı. Nitekim bu husus kardeşine yazdığı mektuplarda görülmektedir. Niyeti Roma’ya gidip orada yaşamaktı. Bir ara Sicilyateyn ile anlaşarak Napoli gemilerinden biriyle kaçmaya yeltenmiş, ancak muvaffak olamamıştı. Bunun üzerine Fransa’ya başvurdu ve Hariciye nâzırına mektup yazdı. O sırada Fransa’nın İstanbul’daki elçisi olan Kastelan nâzırdan Ahmed Paşa’ya bir mektup aldı, durumu kendisine bildirmek için evine gittiğinde onu hasta buldu. Ahmed Paşa ertesi gün (23 Mayıs 1747) ölünce bu teşebbüs de yarım kaldı. Mezarı Galata Mevlevîhânesi hazîresindedir. Hazırladığı nizamnâme gereğince humbaracıbaşılığa evlâtlığı Mühtedi Süleyman Ağa tayin edilmiştir.
Humbaracı Ahmed Paşa, Doğu’da Fransa’nın nüfuzunu arttırmak için çalışan önemli kişilerden biridir. Gerçekten ülkesi lehine sarfettiği gayretlerin tesirleri uzun süre devam etmiştir. Onun Fransız politikasına yaptığı hizmetler, geleneksel Osmanlı-Fransız dostluğunu iki ülke yararına pekiştirmek ve Osmanlı Devleti’nde askerî yenilikler yaparak Rusya ile Avusturya’nın doğuda ilerlemesine engel olmak şeklinde özetlenebilir (Ahmed Refik, s. 134 vd.). Maceracı, gururlu ve geçimsiz bir kimse olduğu anlaşılan Ahmed Paşa, Fransa’ya düşman ülkelerin saflarında iken bile ülkesi aleyhinde bir söze tahammül edemezdi. Avusturya üniforması ile de Osmanlı kavuğu altında da milliyetini ve ırkını asla inkâr etmemiştir. Hükümete sunduğu raporların birer nüshasının Fransa’ya gönderilmesi casus olabileceği ihtimalini de akla getirmektedir. Hâtıraları Prince de Ligne tarafından Mémoire sur le Comte de Bonneval adıyla yayımlanmıştır (Paris 1817).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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S. Gorceix, “Bonneval-Pacha et jeune rákoczi”, Mélanges Iorga , Paris 1933, s. 341-363.
Türkiye Maarif Tarihi , I, 48-49.
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Mehmed Ârif, “Humbaracıbaşı Ahmed Paşa (Bonneval)”, TOEM , III/18 (1328), s. 1153-1157; IV/19 (1329), s. 1220-1224; IV/20 (1329), s. 1282-1286.
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a.mlf., “Ahmed Paşa”, Küçük Türk-İslâm Ansiklopedisi , İstanbul 1974, I, 52-53.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1998 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 18. cildinde, 351-353 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.