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HÜSÂMEDDİN UŞŞÂKĪ TEKKESİ Skip to content İstanbul Kasımpaşa’da Halvetiyye-Uşşâkıyye tarikatının âsitânesiyle pîr evi olan tekke.
Uşşâkī Âsitânesi, Pîşvâ-yı Tarîkat-ı Aliyye-i Uşşâkıyye, Perşembe Tekkesi, Şimşirli Tekke olarak da anılmakta olup Uşşâkıyye’nin pîri Hüsâmeddin Uşşâkī tarafından XVI. yüzyılın son çeyreğinde kurulmuştur. Tekkenin Hüsâmeddin Uşşâkī’ye teveccühü olan III. Murad tarafından tesis edildiği belirtilmektedir.
Tekkeye Hüsâmeddin Uşşâkī’nin vefatını müteakip oğlu Şeyh Mustafa Efendi (ö. 1037/1628) postnişin olmuş, onu Bosnalı Şeyh Mustafa Efendi ile (ö. 1092/1681) oğlu Abalı Şeyh Hüsâmeddîn-i Sânî (ö. 1150/1737-38) takip etmiş, Hüsâmeddin Efendi-i Sânî’den sonra damadı Ahmed Hüsâmî Efendi (ö. 1161/1748) meşihatı devralmıştır. Zâkir Şükrü Efendi bu zâtın yerine geçen oğlunun adını ve vefat tarihini vermemekte, yalnızca Şeyh Ahmed Hüsâmîzâde olarak zikredilen bu postnişinin “gaib” olduğunu belirtmektedir. Daha sonra tekkenin postuna, Uşşâkıyye’nin Cemâliyye kolunun kurucusu Edirneli Şeyh Cemâleddin Uşşâkī’nin hemşerisi ve halifesi Edirneli Yazıcı Şeyh Mehmed Safvetî Efendi (ö. 1192/1778) geçmiş, böylece tekkenin meşihatı Cemâliyye-i Sâniyye olarak da anılan bu kola intikal etmiştir. Safvetî Efendi’nin halefi Şeyh Cemâleddin Uşşâkī’nin oğlu Şeyh Mehmed Nizâmeddin Efendi’dir (ö. 1199/1785). Nizâmeddin Efendi aynı zamanda Eğrikapı dışında Cemâliyye kolunun âsitânesi ve pîr evi olan Cemâlîzâde Tekkesi’nin meşihatını da üstlenmiş, kendisinden sonra gelen oğlu Şeyh Mehmed Cemâlî Efendi ile (ö. 1246/1830-31) torunu Şeyh Alâeddin Efendi (ö. 1251/1835) bu çifte meşihat uygulamasını sürdürmüş, Alâeddin Efendi’nin yerine de kız kardeşinin oğlu Şeyh Mehmed Kerâmeddin Efendi (ö. 1257/1841) geçmiştir. Kerâmeddin Efendi’nin halefi olan ve “bânî-i sânî” diye anılan Edirneli Şeyh Mehmed Sıdkı Efendi ile (ö. 1273/1856) oğlu Şeyh Mehmed Said Efendi’nin de (ö. 1274/1857) Hüsâmeddin Uşşâkī Tekkesi ile Fatih-Yenibahçe’de bulunan yine Cemâliyye koluna bağlı Mahmud Bedreddin Efendi Tekkesi’nin meşihatını birlikte yürüttükleri, ayrıca Mehmed Kerâmeddin Efendi’nin küçük yaştaki oğlu Mehmed Cemâleddin Efendi’ye sırayla vekâlet ettikleri tesbit edilmektedir. Mehmed Said Efendi’nin vefatını müteakip Mehmed Cemâleddin Efendi (ö. 1331/1913) asaleten şeyh olmuş, kendisini son postnişin olan Şeyh Mustafa Sâfî Efendi takip etmiştir.
Hüsâmeddin Uşşâkī Tekkesi’nde 1885 yılında üç erkekle bir kadının devamlı ikamet ettiği, XX. yüzyılın başlarında Maliye Nezâreti’nden yılda 168 kuruş tahsisatı, kurban bayramlarında da beş adet koyun istihkakı olduğu tesbit edilmektedir. Âyinlerin perşembe günleri icra edildiği tekke tasavvuf mûsikisi açısından önemli bir merkezdi. Tekkenin son zâkirbaşısı ve döneminin ileri gelen mûsikişinaslarından olan Kasımpaşalı Cemâleddin Efendi’nin (ö. 1937) öğrencileri arasında Hâfız Kemal, Sadettin Kaynak, Sadi Hoşses ve Kemal Batanay gibi ünlü mevlidhanlar ve bestekârlar bulunmaktadır.
Tekke binalarının zaman içinde geçirmiş olduğu değişiklikler şöyle özetlenebilir: Hüsâmeddin Uşşâkī’nin Kasımpaşa’daki evini tekke olarak kullandığı, tesis etmiş olduğu vakfın oğlu Şeyh Mustafa Efendi tarafından genişletildiği anlaşılmaktadır. XVIII. yüzyılın ortalarına doğru Ahmed Hüsâmî Efendi’nin meşihatı sırasında Tersane Emîni Yûsuf Efendi harap durumdaki bu ev-tekkeyi yıktırarak yeniden inşa ettirmiş, vakfiyeye imam ve müezzin ödenekleri ekletmiştir. Bu tarihten sonra ahşap minareli bir mescid-tevhidhâne ile harem dairesinden oluşan tekke, Edirneli Şeyh Mehmed Sıdkı Efendi’nin meşihatı sırasında, muhtemelen hâcet penceresinin üzerindeki kitâbenin işaret ettiği 1266 (1850) yılında yeni baştan ihya edilmiştir. Aynı yüzyılın ikinci yarısında tekrar harap düşen ve yıkılmaya yüz tutan binaların 1310’da (1892-93) Evkaf Nezâreti tarafından son olarak yenilendiği ve tekkelerin kapatıldığı 1925 yılına bu şekilleriyle intikal ettiği bilinmektedir. Hüsâmeddin Uşşâkī Tekkesi’nin bu son aşamadaki mimari programı tevhidhâne, iki adet türbe, hazîre, selâmlık ve harem bölümleri, mutfak ve bir şadırvandan oluşmaktaydı.
Cumhuriyet döneminde türbeler, hazîre ve cümle kapısı dışında kalan bölümler harap olmuş, bir müddet sonra yıktırılarak yerlerine ilkokul inşa edilmiştir. 1982’de bazı şahıslar eliyle yapılan bilinçsiz onarımda türbelerin içleri fayansla, cepheleri seramik karolarla kaplanmış, bu arada cümle kapısını takip eden geçit bir duvarla okulun bahçesinden soyutlanarak iki türbenin arasında mescid ve birtakım başka birimler ihdas edilmiş, sonuçta tekkeden artakalan son parçalar özgün biçimlerini büyük ölçüde kaybetmiştir.
Hüsâmeddin Uşşâkī Tekkesi’nin 1950’lere kadar bostanlar ve çiçek bahçeleriyle kaplı olan çevresi günümüzde imalâthanelerle dolmuş ve geçmişteki özelliği bütünüyle yok olmuştur. 1925 tarihli Pervititch paftasında tekkeyi meydana getiren bölümlerin tek bir kitle içinde toplandığı, güneyde Pîr Hüsâmeddin sokağı üzerindeki cümle kapısının yanlardan türbeler ve harem dairesiyle kuşatıldığı, bunların arkasında tevhidhâne-selâmlık kanadının bulunduğu, batı kesimi hazîreye ayrılan bahçede bir şadırvanın yer aldığı görülmektedir.
Toskan başlıklı pilastırlarla kuşatılmış olan cümle kapısının söveleri ve yuvarlak kemeri küfeki taşından yontulmuştur. Çıkıntı oluşturan kilit taşının üzerinde, metninin Osman Cemî Bey’e ait olduğu bilinen Farsça manzum bir kitâbe, bunun da üzerinde beyzî bir madalyon içinde II. Abdülhamid’in 1310 (1892-93) tarihli tuğrası yer alır. Duvarları tuğla ile, üstleri kırma çatılarla kaplanmış olan türbelerden cümle kapısının sağında bulunan ve Hüsâmeddin Uşşâkī ile haleflerinden beş kişinin sandukalarını barındıran kesim “büyük türbe” olarak anılır. Zamanında büyük türbenin asıl girişi kuzey duvarında yer almakta ve aynı duvarda sıralanan basık kemerli iki pencereyle birlikte tevhidhâneye açılmaktaydı. Tevhidhâne-selâmlık kanadının yıktırılması ve yerlerine ilkokulun inşa edilmesi sırasında bütün bu açıklıklar örülerek nişlere dönüştürülmüş, bu arada sokağa (güneye) açılan üç pencereden doğudaki kapı haline getirilmiştir. Söz konusu açıklığın üzerinde Şeyh Ahmed Hüsâmîzâde’nin “gaib” olmasından sonra hâtırasını yaşatmak için konulduğu anlaşılan 1179 (1765-66) tarihli sülüs hatlı bir beyit yer alır. Hâcet penceresi olduğu anlaşılan ortadaki açıklığın üzerinde Hüsâmeddin Uşşâkī’nin adını içeren, “Mehmed Rifat Mısrî” imzalı ve 1266 (1850) tarihli, ta‘lik hatlı bir kitâbe bulunmaktadır.
Büyük türbenin zemin döşemesinin altında birçok kabri barındıran bir bodrum katının varlığı dikkati çeker. Türk-İslâm mimarisinin erken dönemlerinde görülen, ancak Osmanlı döneminde birkaç istisna dışında terkedilen mumyalıklı kümbet geleneğinin bu yapıda belirli bir ölçüde yaşatılmış olduğu anlaşılmaktadır.
Cümle kapısının solunda yer alan ve “küçük türbe” olarak adlandırılan diğer bölümde ise en eskisi üçüncü postnişin Bosnalı Şeyh Mustafa Efendi’ye ait olan dört kabir mevcuttur. Kuzey duvarında sonradan kapıya dönüştürülmüş bir pencere, bu duvarın arkasında ise hazîreden geriye kalan parça bulunmaktadır. Doğu duvarında niş haline getirilmiş bir pencere, sokak üzerindeki güney duvarında da bir kapıyla ufak bir pencere yer alır.
Bugün yerinde ilkokul binasının bulunduğu tevhidhâne iki katlı ve kâgir bir yapı idi. Kuzeyindeki selâmlıkla, doğusundaki haremle ve güneyindeki büyük türbe ile bağlantılı olan bu bölümün asıl girişi batı yönündeki avluya açılmaktaydı. Selâmlık ve harem bölümlerinin ahşap mesken niteliğinde iki katlı binalar olduğu, şadırvanın sekizgen planlı olarak tasarlandığı da Pervititch paftasında görülebilmektedir.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1998 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 18. cildinde, 515-517 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.