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HÜSEYİN CÂVİD Skip to content (1882-1941)
Azerbaycanlı Türk şairi ve tiyatro yazarı.
Nahcıvan’da doğdu. Rasizâde Molla Abdullah’ın oğludur. Klasik Doğu şiiri ve mûsikisine âşina bir aile muhitinde yetişti. İlk tahsiline aile içinde başladı. Devrin tanınmış aydınlarından biri olan büyük kardeşi Şeyh Mehemmed eğitimiyle bizzat ilgilendi. Daha sonra medresede ve Mehemmedtağı Sıdkı’nın yeni usulle ders verilen Mekteb-i Terbiye adlı okulunda okudu (1893-1897). Tebriz’deki büyük kardeşinin yanına giderek tahsiline bir müddet orada devam etti (1898-1904). 1904’te kısa süreli bir İstanbul seyahati olduysa da daha sonra Nahcıvan’a dönerek ticaretle uğraştı. Bir ara Gürcistan’ın Kahetya bölgesinde karayolu şantiyesinde kâtiplik yaptı. Bu şirketin yardımı ile gözlerini tedavi ettirmek üzere tekrar İstanbul’a gitti (1905). Dârülfünun’un Edebiyat Şubesi’nde dinleyici olarak bazı derslere devam etti (1905-1909), bir yandan da Fransızca öğrenmeye çalıştı. İstanbul’daki edebiyat çevreleri, aydınlar ve özellikle Rıza Tevfik’le yakın ilişki kurdu, ondan özel dersler aldı, giderek yeni edebiyat anlayışını benimsemeye başladı. Sırât-ı Müstakîm ’de ve Azerbaycan’da çıkan Şark-ı Rus , Hayat , Füyûzât gibi gazete ve dergilerde şiirlerini yayımladı.
Ülkesine döndükten sonra Nahcıvan (1909-1910), Gence (1911-1913) ve Tiflis’te (1914) edebî faaliyetlerini yoğun bir şekilde devam ettirdi. Bakü’ye yerleşince burada Sefa Mektebi’nde Türk dili ve edebiyatı derslerini okuttu (1915-1918). O yıllarda Ruslar’ın himayesinde Ermeniler’in Kafkasya’da yaptıkları Türk katliamından tesadüf eseri kurtularak İran’ın Enzelî şehrine, oradan Tebriz’e ve nihayet Nahcıvan’a geçen Hüseyin Câvid burada öğretmenlik yaparak geçimini sağlamaya çalıştı (1918-1919). Bu arada Müşkinaz Hanım’la evlendi, Turan adlı bir kızı ile Ertuğrul adlı bir oğlu oldu. Daha sonra Bakü’ye dönerek önce bir ortaokulda, ardından Tiyatro Meslek Okulu’nda ve Bakü Öğretmen Okulu’nda edebiyat öğretmenliği yaptı (1920-1925). 1926’da emekliye ayrıldı. Aynı yıl Bakü’de düzenlenen Türkoloji kongresine katıldı. Gözlerini tedavi ettirmek için Berlin’e gitti.
Hüseyin Câvid, 1920’den sonra giderek artan baskı ortamında Sovyet rejiminin istediği tarzda eserler vermeye yanaşmadığı için 1930’dan sonra Âzerî matbuatında ağır hücumlara hedef oldu. 1932’de Yazarlar Birliği’ne kabul edildi, fakat yönetimin baskı ve takibinden kurtulamadı. 1937’de rejim düşmanlığıyla itham edilerek tutuklandı, Sibirya’ya sürgün edildi ve eserleri yasaklandı. Sürgünden bir daha geri dönemeyen Câvid’in âkıbeti uzun süre kesinlik kazanmadı. Kaynaklarda ölümü için 1941, 1943 ve 1944 olmak üzere üç değişik tarih yer almaktadır. Kendisiyle beraber Sibirya’da sürgünde bulunan ve ölümüne şahit olan Gulav Bağırov’un ifadesine göre Hüseyin Câvid 1944 yılı Ocak ayında ölmüştür (Abbasov, sy. 2 [1996], s. 8). Ancak Azerbaycan Komünist Partisi’nin 1983’te Hüseyin Câvid’in 100. doğum yıldönümünü kutlama kararından ve gizli servisteki dosyasının açıklanmasından sonra 1941’de Sibirya’da İrkutsk’ta öldüğü anlaşıldı. İtibarı iade edilerek devlet töreniyle Nahcıvan’da yeniden toprağa verildi. Kendisinin, karısının, kızının ve oğlunun trajik hayatları son yıllarda biyografik bir roman haline getirilmiştir (bk. Hüseynof, bibl.).
Edebî çalışmalarına henüz on beş yaşlarında iken Gülçin, Ârif ve Sâlik mahlaslarıyla Farsça ve Türkçe aşk şiirleri yazarak başlayan Hüseyin Câvid Türkiye’de bulunduğu sırada Batı edebiyatını da tanımaya başlamış ve büyük ölçüde romantizmin etkisi altında kalmıştır. Çağdaşı olan Osmanlı edebiyatçılarından daha çok Nâmık Kemal, Abdülhak Hâmid, Tevfik Fikret ve Rıza Tevfik’i örnek almıştır. Türkiye’de bulunduğu yıllarda yazdığı şiirlerde yer yer Türkçülük ve İslâmcılık akımlarının izleri görülür. Bunlarda ve daha sonra memleketine dönünce yazdığı eserlerde uzun süre Türkiye Türkçesi’ne yakın bir dil kullandı. Son eserlerinde ise Âzerî Türkçesi’ne ait özellikler yeniden yoğunlaştı.
Hüseyin Câvid’in 1910 yılına kadar yazdığı şiirler Servet-i Fünûn döneminin özelliklerini taşıyan hissî ve lirik manzumelerdir. Bu tarihten sonra gerek şiirlerinde gerekse tiyatrolarında sosyal ve felsefî temalar ağırlık kazanmaya başlar. Toplumdaki haksızlık, zulüm ve sefalet gibi konular yanında hakikat, hurafe, inanç, hayat ve kâinatın sırları gibi metafizik meselelerle çok defa karamsarlığa götüren temalar üzerinde durur. Bu hususiyetleri göz önüne alınınca tiyatrolarında Abdülhak Hâmid’in tesirleri dikkati çekerken şiirlerinde özellikle Tevfik Fikret’i takip ettiği ve onun karşı karşıya kaldığı bunalımları bir ölçüde yaşayarak eserlerine yansıttığı anlaşılır. Bununla beraber Azerbaycan’da yetişen bir aydının mâruz kaldığı Rus tesiri Câvid’de hemen hiç görülmez. 1920’den sonra rejimin empoze ettiği sosyal realizme ve güdümlü edebiyata da rağbet etmemiş, bu davranışı onun feci âkıbetini hazırlamıştır.
Eserleri. Şiirler. 1. Geçmiş Günler (Tiflis 1913). 1905-1913 yılları arasında yazdığı şiirlerden oluşmaktadır.
2. Bahar Şebnemleri (Tiflis 1917). 1905-1916 yılları arasındaki şiirlerini ihtiva etmektedir. Şiirlerinden yapılan seçmeler Çağdaş Azerbaycan Şiirleri Antolojisi ’ne alınmıştır (haz. Zeynelabidin Makas, Ankara 1992, s. 26-35).
Manzum Dramları. 1. Ana (Tiflis 1913). Âzerî edebiyatının ilk manzum dramıdır.
2. Şeyh San‘an (Bakü 1917, 1926). Tasavvufun çağdaş bir yorumunun yapıldığı eserde yazar tarihî bir konuya aktüel insan problemlerini sokmuştur. Bir aşk darbesiyle sarsılan Mekke’nin tanınmış bir şeyhi kuru bilgiden ibaret olan dünyası yıkılınca, “Ben kimim, iyi ve doğru nedir ?” gibi sorularla kendini sorgulamaya başlar. Şeyhin kendine sorduğu sorular XX. yüzyılın başlarında Batı kültürünün etkisiyle sarsılmış müslüman Türk aydınlarının kafasındaki sorulardır. Azerbaycan’da romantik eğilimin ilk ürünlerinden olan bu manzum dram hâlâ değerini korumaktadır. Eser, Türkiye’de yayımlanan Azerbaycan dergisinde 1956-1957 yıllarında tefrika edilmek suretiyle yayımlanmıştır (sy. 56-66).
3. Peygamber (Bakü 1923). Rusya’da Sosyalist-Bolşevik ihtilâlci kahramanların idealize edildiği bir dönemde yazılan bu eserle Hz. Muhammed, devrine ışık getiren ve insanlığı kurtaran sıfatlarıyla yüceltilmiştir.
4. İblis (Bakü 1924, 1927). Azerbaycan edebiyatında savaş aleyhinde yazılmış felsefî trajedi niteliğindeki eser, Hüseyin Câvid’in Şeyh San‘an ’la beraber Sovyet devriminden önce yazdığı ikinci önemli kitaptır. Konusunu yakın devir Osmanlı tarihinden alan eserin kahramanı, I. Dünya Savaşı sırasında Kanal Seferi’nde bozguna uğrayan Osmanlı ordusu subaylarından biridir. İblîs’in fantastik bir öğe olarak kişileştirildiği eser bir bakıma kötülükle iyilik tezadı üzerine kurulmuştur. Savaş bu zıtlığın dehşetli anlar halinde yaşandığı bir ortamdır. İyilikle kötülüğün savaşı Doğu felsefesinin ana konularından biri olması yanında eserde Faust ’tan ve Batı tiyatrosundan gelen etkiler de vardır. Hüseyin Câvid, insanlığın bu ezelî problemini Osmanlı subaylarının dünyasında ferdîleştirir. Büyük buhranlarla sarsılmalarına, ümitlerini kaybedecek gibi olmalarına rağmen bir ateş ve dehşet dünyasında yaşayan bu insanlar yine de çökmezler; iyiliğe, güzelliğe ve Hakk’a olan inançlarıyla ayakta kalmayı başarırlar. Yazar bu eseriyle âdeta İstiklâl Harbi’ni kazanacak olan askerlerin ruh portrelerini verir. 1953-1954 yıllarında Azerbaycan dergisinin 15-23. sayılarında tefrika edilen İblis , Azerbaycan Dramları adlı antolojiye de alınmıştır (haz. Zeynelabidin Makas, Ankara 1990, s. 225-277).
5. Uçurum (Bakü 1926). Bu eserde bir ressamın trajik hayatı etrafında Türkiye’deki yanlış Batılılaşma meselesi üzerinde durulmakta, bunun yol açtığı ahlâkî bozukluk ve sosyal çöküntü eleştirilmektedir.
Hüseyin Câvid’in bunlardan başka Maral (1913), Şeydâ (1917, 1925), Âfet (1922), Topal Timur (1926), Telli Saz (1930), Siyavuş (1933), Şehlâ (1934), Hayyam (1935), İblisin İntikamı (1936) gibi manzum ve mensur tiyatro eserleri bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca Abdullah Şaik’le beraber Edebiyat Dersleri (1919) adlı bir kitap hazırlamıştır.
Eserlerinden Şeyh San‘an ve İblis ’ten başka Maral ile Siyavuş , Azerbaycan dergisinde tefrika edilmiş (1958, sy. 86-105; 1961, sy. 96-126), Hayyam da 1980 yılında Hazar dergisinde yayımlanmıştır (sy. 16-17). “Âzer” adlı destanının bir bölümüyle Köroğlu , Telli Saz , Şehlâ adlı eserleri kayıptır. Seçilmiş Eserler başlığı altında eserlerinin toplu basımı da yapılmıştır (Bakü 1958; I-III, Bakü 1968-1972).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Memmed Cefer, Hüseyin Câvid , Bakü 1960.
a.mlf., Azerbaycan Edebiyyatında Romantizm , Bakü 1963.
Mustafa Hakkı Türkekul, Azerbaycan Türk Şairi Hüseyin Câvid , İstanbul 1963.
Yaşar Garayev, Facie ve Gehraman , Bakü 1965.
Azerbaycan Edebiyyatı Tarihi , Bakü 1966, II.
Mesut Elioğlu, Hüseyin Câvid’in Romantizmi , Bakü 1975.
Mir Celal – F. Hüseynov, XX. Esir Azerbaycan Edebiyyatı , Bakü 1980.
Rafeel Hüseynof, Vahtdan Uca , Bakü 1987.
Yavuz Akpınar, Azerî Edebiyatı Araştırmaları , İstanbul 1994, s. 63-65, 73, 158, 435-436.
a.mlf., “Hüseyin Câvid”, TDEA , IV, 298-299.
Faruk Kadri Timurtaş, “Kitaplar: Azerbaycan Türk Şairi Hüseyin Câvid”, TK , sy. 19 (1964), s. 95-97.
Haver Aslan, “Hüseyin Cavid’in Şiir Dünyası”, a.e. , sy. 232 (1982), s. 37-46.
İmran Abbasov, “Hüseyin Cavit’in Şiir Dünyası”, Türk Bilimi Araştırmaları , sy. 2, Sivas 1996, s. 1-15.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1998 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 18. cildinde, 534-536 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.