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HÜSEYİN HİLMİ PAŞA Skip to content (1855-1923)
Osmanlı sadrazamı.
Midilli adasının Sarlıca köyünde doğdu. Babası tüccardan Kütahyalızâde Mustafa Efendi’dir. Midilli’nin Ulucami Medresesi’nde okudu. Bu arada rüşdiyeden de mezun oldu. Özel hocalardan Fransızca ve fıkıh dersleri aldı. Cezâyir-i Bahr-i Sefîd vilâyeti Adliye Encümeni’nde imtihana girerek birinci sınıf dava vekilliği diplomasını kazandı.
Hüseyin Hilmi ilk memuriyete Midilli Tahrirat Kalemi’nde başladı. Sırasıyla Midilli Tahrîr-i Emlâk Dairesi seyyar fırkası mukayyitliğine, Tahrîr-i Emlâk Kalemi vukuat kitâbetine ve aynı kalemin başkitâbetine yükseltildi. Bu sırada Midilli’de göz hapsinde tutulan Nâmık Kemal ile tanıştı. Nâmık Kemal’in hürriyetçi düşüncelerinden etkilendi. Kemal Bey’in bütün eserlerini okuyan ve yeni fikirlerine hayran olan Hüseyin Hilmi Efendi Nâmık Kemal’in çömezi olarak anıldı (Abdurrahman Şeref, VIII-XI/49-62 [1335-1337], s. 64). Nâmık Kemal Midilli mutasarrıflığına tayin edilince Hüseyin Hilmi’yi Midilli tahrirat müdürlüğüne getirdi (1881). Çalışkanlığı ile âmirlerinin dikkatini çeken Hüseyin Hilmi, memuriyet hayatının dokuz yılını doğduğu adada geçirdikten sonra 1883’te terfi ederek Aydın vilâyeti mektupçuluğuna ve 1885’te Suriye vilâyeti mektupçuluğuna tayin edildi. Aynı zamanda padişahın Suriye’deki arazilerini yöneten komisyona fahrî üye oldu ve altı yıl bu görevde kaldı. Mektupçuluktan istifa ettikten (1891) sonra geçici olarak padişahın Burdur sancağındaki çiftliklerinin idareciliğine getirildi. Ertesi yıl padişahın Bağdat’taki arazisinin idare müdürlüğüne gönderildiyse de (1892) hastalığını ileri sürerek istifa etti. 1893’te Mersin mutasarrıfı oldu, iki ay sonra Maan (Kerek) mutasarrıflığına nakledildi. Nablus ve Süleymaniye mutasarrıflıklarında da bulunduktan sonra Adana valiliğine tayin edildi (1897). Bu görevi ancak dokuz ay sürdü. Zararlı faaliyetleri tesbit edilen Avusturya’nın Mersin konsolosunun yurt dışına çıkarılması sırasında meydana gelen olaylar yüzünden Avusturya’dan özür dilemediği için azledildi (17 Kasım 1897). II. Abdülhamid, Yemen’de İmam Yahyâ’nın sebep olduğu olayları bastırmak üzere Hüseyin Hilmi’yi Yemen valiliğine gönderdi (21 Nisan 1898). Yemen halkını kazanmak ve bu yolla burada iyi bir yönetim kurmak isteyen padişah, vali başta olmak üzere bütün vilâyet memurlarının sarık sarmasını, cübbe ve şalvar giymesini emretti. Vali Hüseyin Hilmi’yi vezirlik pâyesiyle ödüllendirdi (31 Mayıs 1899).
Beş yıl kadar Yemen’de kalan Hüseyin Hilmi Paşa, azlettiği bir kaza kaymakamının tahrik ettiği bir kişi tarafından girişilen suikastta ağır yaralandı, uzun süre görevini yapamadı. Aynı zamanda ordu müşiri Abdullah Paşa ile arasının açık olması yüzünden azledildi (Kasım 1902). On gün sonra yeni kurulan Rumeli genel müfettişliğine tayin edildi (2 Aralık 1902). Altı yıl bu görevde kalan Hüseyin Hilmi memuriyet hayatının en parlak ve en faydalı hizmetlerini yaptı. Manastır, Kosova ve Selânik vilâyetlerini içine alan Rumeli müfettişliği, Bulgar çetelerinin faaliyetlerini önlemek ve Makedonya’da iyi bir idare oluşturmak amacıyla kurulmuştu. Bir nevi idarî muhtariyet demek olan genel müfettişlik teşkilâtının başında Hüseyin Hilmi Paşa’nın bulunması bölgede yabancı güçlerin faaliyetlerini önledi. Paşa şahsî gayretiyle Fransızca öğrenmişse de yabancılarla sıkı ilişkiler kurmuyor, millî hisleri daima ön planda geliyordu. Müfettişlik bölgesinde karışıklıkları tam olarak önleyememekle birlikte iyi çalışan bir idare kurmayı başardı. Yabancıların gözüne girdiği gibi padişahın da büyük itimadını kazandı. Hiçbir yazısı Bâbıâli’den reddedilmeyecek derecede nüfuzu arttı. Aylık tahsisatı 30.000 kuruştan 50.000 kuruşa çıkarıldı. II. Abdülhamid’e çok bağlı olmakla birlikte İttihatçılar’la da iyi ilişkiler kurmayı başardı. II. Meşrutiyet’in ilânından sonra Rumeli genel müfettişliği kaldırıldığı için Hüseyin Hilmi Paşa’nın da görevi sona erdi. Fakat paşa üç ay kadar daha Rumeli’de kaldı. Yeni kurulan Kâmil Paşa kabinesine Dahiliye nâzırı olması üzerine İstanbul’a döndü (27 Kasım 1908). Paşanın nâzırlığa tayininde İttihatçılar’la olan yakınlığının rolü büyüktü. Hüseyin Hilmi Paşa kısa zamanda Kâmil Paşa’ya rakip olduğunu ortaya koydu. Harbiye ve Bahriye nâzırlarının değiştirilmesi usulünü meşrutiyet sistemine aykırı bularak istifa edince diğerleri de onu takip etti ve Kâmil Paşa kabinesi düşürüldü. Ardından Dahiliye nâzırlığı da kendisinde kalmak üzere Kâmil Paşa’nın yerine sadârete getirildi (13-14 Şubat 1909).
Hüseyin Hilmi Paşa, Rumeli genel müfettişliğinde gösterdiği başarıyı sadârette gösteremedi. Hoş geçindiği İttihat ve Terakkî Cemiyeti ekseriyetine nüfuzunu geçiremedi. İttihatçılar’a karşı oluşan muhaliflerin şiddetli saldırısına uğradı. Bulgaristan’ın bağımsızlığı meselesini ve Bosna-Hersek’i ilhak eden Avusturya ile çıkan anlaşmazlıkları kısmen halletmeyi başardıysa da iç durumu düzeltemedi. Muhalif basının devamlı saldırıları ve şahsına karşı asılsız dedikodular huzurunu kaçırdı. Meşrutiyet kurallarına bağlı olan hükümetin iftiracılara karşı tedbir alamaması yüzünden Otuzbir Mart Vak‘ası patlak verdi (13 Nisan 1909). Hüseyin Hilmi Paşa, isyanın ilk günü öğleden sonra Yıldız Sarayı’na giderek hükümetin istifasını sundu. Böylece bir ay yirmi yedi gün devam eden bu ilk sadâreti son bulmuş oldu. Sadârete Ahmed Tevfik Paşa getirildi. Hüseyin Hilmi Paşa da isyancıların tehlikesinden uzak kalmak için bir süre Yûsuf Râzî Bey’in evinde gizlendi. Hareket Ordusu’nun İstanbul’a girmesinden ve II. Abdülhamid’in yerine Sultan Reşad’ın tahta çıkarılmasından (27 Nisan 1909) sonra ortaya çıktı. Dahiliye nâzırlığına getirilmek istendiyse de kabul etmedi. İttihatçılar’ın devlet işlerini doğrudan doğruya ellerine almak istemeleri karşısında istifa eden Tevfik Paşa’nın yerine ikinci defa sadârete getirildi (5 Mayıs 1909).
Hüseyin Hilmi Paşa’nın bu sadrazamlığı da pek başarılı olmadı. İkinci sadâreti Bosna-Hersek ve Bulgaristan meselelerinin halli, Adana’da çıkmış olan olayları yatıştırmak, asayişi sağlamak, Dîvân-ı Harb-i Örfî’nin kararlarını uygulamakla geçti. Fakat İttihat ve Terakkî Cemiyeti’nden birkaç kişiyi kabineye almasına rağmen bu partinin müdahalelerini önleyemedi. Otuzbir Mart Vak‘ası’nı bastırmakla gururlanan küçük subayların taşkınlıkları had safhaya ulaştı. Bütçeyi ve diğer kanunları meclisten geçiremeyen Hüseyin Hilmi Paşa yedi ay yirmi dört gün sonra istifa etmek zorunda kaldı (28 Aralık 1909). Yerine getirilen Roma Sefiri İbrâhim Hakkı Bey (Paşa) görevine başlayıncaya kadar (12 Ocak 1910) vekâleten vazifesine devam etti.
Sadâreti sırasında tayin edildiği (14 Kasım 1909) Âyan Meclisi âzalığına devam eden Hüseyin Hilmi Paşa Avrupa seyahatine çıktı. Bu seyahati sırasında Rusya’ya da gitti, 15 Nisan 1910’da Kazan’ı ziyaret etti. Burada N. İvonoviç, Aşmirin, F. Katanov gibi tanınmış Türkologlar’la görüştü, şehrin önemli yerlerini dolaştı. Üç günlük Kazan seyahati Rus ve Tatar basınında geniş şekilde yer aldığı gibi küçük bir risâle olarak da Kazan’da yayımlandı (“Turétskiy sled v arhivah Tatarstana”, Gasırlar Avazı , I/2 [Kazan 1998], s. 165-177). Birkaç yıl Âyan Meclisi Maliye Encümeni başkanlığı yapan Hüseyin Hilmi Paşa, malî işlerin düzeltilmesinde ve israfın önlenmesinde önemli rol oynadı. Gazi Ahmed Muhtar Paşa tarafından kurulan (22 Temmuz 1912) “Büyük Kabine”de Adliye nâzırı olarak görev aldı. Bu kabine görünüşte tarafsız olmakla birlikte hükümet üyelerinin çoğunluğu muhalefete mütemayil kimselerdi. Gazi Ahmed Muhtar Paşa, Hüseyin Hilmi Paşa’nın da yardımıyla ekseriyeti İttihatçılar’dan oluşan Meclis-i Meb‘ûsan’ı dağıttı. Hüseyin Hilmi Paşa hükümet içinde en etkili kişi olarak görülüyordu. Bu sebeple hükümetin hatalarından da o sorumlu tutuluyordu. İttihatçılar meclisin feshinden dolayı kendisini suçluyorlardı. Paşa ise yaptıklarından pişmanlık duymuyor ve şikâyet edenleri ikna etmeye çalışıyordu. Fakat Rumeli’de birbiri arkasına gelişen olayların Balkan Savaşı’na yol açması (8 Ekim 1912) karşısında hükümette kalmanın uygun olmayacağını anladı. Viyana sefirliğine tayin edilerek İstanbul’dan ayrıldı (28 Ekim 1912).
Hüseyin Hilmi Paşa diplomasi konusunda hiçbir bilgi ve tecrübeye sahip değildi. Avrupa konusundaki bilgileri de birkaç yıl önceki beş altı aylık seyahatinden ve günlük gazetelerden topladığı bilgilerden ibaretti. Mülkiyede gösterdiği başarıyı diplomaside gösteremedi. Tekrar İttihatçılar’la arasını düzelten paşa onların savaş taraftarı politikalarına destek verdi. I. Dünya Savaşı’nın sonunda Osmanlı sefâretlerinin ilgasına kadar Viyana sefirliği görevini sürdürdü. Mütareke’den sonra İstanbul’a dönmeyerek Viyana civarında kiraladığı bir köşkte ailesiyle birlikte oturmaya devam etti. 3 Nisan 1923’te burada vefat etti, naaşı İstanbul’a getirilerek Beşiktaş’ta Yahyâ Efendi Dergâhı hazîresine defnedildi.
Hüseyin Hilmi Paşa’nın sadâretine kadar geçen otuz beş yıllık memuriyet hayatı genel olarak başarılı geçmiştir. Kaynaklarda kendisinden dürüst, gayretli ve aydın bir kişi olarak söz edilir. Bulunduğu görevlerde yenilik yapmakla ün kazanmıştır. Fakat aynı başarıyı sadârette gösteremediği ve İstanbul’a gelir gelmez hiçbir görevde bulunmadan sadârete getirilmesinin başarısızlığında büyük rol oynadığı belirtilir. En ayrıntılı işlerle dahi bizzat kendisi uğraştığı için muarızları tarafından hâlâ mektupçuluğu bırakamamakla itham edilmiştir. Ancak II. Abdülhamid’in güvenini kazandığı gibi Sultan Reşad’ın da takdir ettiği bir sadrazam olmuştur.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Hans-Jürgen Kornrumpf, “Hüseyn Hilmi Pascha: Anmerkungen zu seiner Biographie”, WZKM , LXXVI (1986), s. 193-198.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1998 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 18. cildinde, 550-551 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.