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HÜSNİYYE Skip to content Şîa’ya ait çeşitli inançları Hüsniyye adlı bir câriyenin dilinden hasımlarına karşı savunan bir eser.
Ḥüsniyye , her ne kadar Şiî-İmâmî âlimlerden Ravżü’l-cinân adlı tefsirin müellifi Ebü’l-Fütûh er-Râzî’ye (ö. 552/1157) nisbet ediliyorsa da muhtevanın incelenmesi ve içinde geçen kişilerin yaşadıkları dönemlere ait tarihlerin karşılaştırılması sonunda adı bilinmeyen bir müellif tarafından Safevîler devrinde hayalî bir roman biçiminde kaleme alındığı anlaşılmıştır (M. Takī Dânişpejûh, s. 210; Abdullah Efendi el-İsfahânî, II, 159).
Eserde işlenen senaryoya göre Abbâsî halifelerinden Hârûnürreşîd zamanında (786-809) Bağdat’ta zengin bir tâcir haksızlığa uğrayarak bütün servetini kaybetmiş, elinde sadece müslüman olunca güzelliğinden dolayı Hüsniyye adı verilen câriyesi kalmıştı. Yirmi yaşına kadar Ca‘fer es-Sâdık’ın hizmetinde bulunarak ondan ders alan ve bu sayede geniş bir ilmî birikime sahip olan Hüsniyye, derin bir saygı duyduğu efendisini içinde bulunduğu malî sıkıntıdan kurtarmak için bir plan tasarlar. Buna göre efendisi, Hârûnürreşîd’e Hüsniyye’nin ilmî seviyesi hakkında bilgi verip uygun gördüğü takdirde sarayda gerçekleştirilecek ilmî bir tartışmada onun önde gelen âlimleri bile yenebileceğini söyleyecek, halife isterse bu güzel ve bilgili câriyeyi 3000 altın karşılığında kendisine satmayı teklif edecektir. Bu fikri kabul eden efendisi, önce Hârûnürreşîd’in veziri Yahyâ b. Hâlid el-Bermekî ile görüşüp konuyu ona anlatır; vezir, Hüsniyye ile tanışmasından sonra onun güzelliğine ve ilmine hayran kalarak durumu halifeye arzeder. Halife teklifi kabul ederek yapılacak münazarada âlimleri mağlûp etmesi halinde câriyeyi sahibine iade edeceğini ve istediği 3000 altını da vereceğini, mağlûp olması durumunda ise câriyeyi alıp sahibini de öldüreceğini söyler. Bunun üzerine etrafa haber gönderilerek dönemin ileri gelen âlimleri halifenin sarayına çağrılır. Eserde Hârûnürreşîd devrinin en seçkin âlimleri olarak tanıtılan Basralı İbrâhim b. Hâlid el-Avnî, İmam Ebû Yûsuf ve İmam Şâfiî’nin katıldığı münazarada iman-küfür, dalâlet-hidâyet, peygamberlerin mâsumiyeti, imâmet meselesi, yetmiş üç fırka içinde kurtuluşa erecek fırkanın hangisi olduğu gibi konular tartışılmış; daha sonra Ehl-i beyt’e revâ görülen zulümler, Hz. Fâtıma’nın babasının mirasından mahrum bırakılması, Hz. Ali’nin diğer halifelere göre her bakımdan üstünlüğü, Gadîr-i Hum hadisesi, Resûl-i Ekrem’in ölüm hastalığı sırasında hilâfet hakkının Ehl-i beyt’e ait olduğunu yazmak üzere kalem kâğıt istemesi, mübâhele olayı, Hz. Ebû Bekir’in halife seçilmesi gibi konular Şiî telakkilerin doğruluğunu kanıtlayacak tarzda ele alınmıştır. Ardından rü’yetullah meselesi Şîa ve Mu‘tezile düşüncesine uygun olarak anlatıldıktan sonra müt‘a nikâhının meşrû olduğu belirtilmiş, Sünnîler’in, hunharca şehid edilen Hz. Hüseyin için âşûrâ gününde üzüntülerini dile getirmedikleri gibi matem tutan Şiîler’i yakışıksız isimlerle anmaları tenkit edilmiştir. Eserde, münazara esnasında öteki âlimlerin ileri sürdüğü düşünce ve itirazlar oldukça kısa tutulurken Hüsniyye’nin onları mağlûp etmesine uygun bir tablo çizilir. Nihayet bütün âlimler halifenin huzurunda mahçup olarak susmak zorunda kalır. Başta Hârûnürreşîd olmak üzere vezirinin ve diğer gözlemcilerin takdirini kazanan Hüsniyye değerli hediyelerle birlikte 3000 altın verilerek ödüllendirilir; ayrıca mağlûp ettiği âlimlerin kendisine zarar vermemesi için Medine’ye gönderilerek oraya yerleşmesi sağlanır.
Konuların basite indirgenmesi ve tartışma üslûbu içinde verilmesi esere sürükleyici bir nitelik kazandırmıştır. Hüsniyye’nin, tartışma sırasında kendisinden emin olduğunu gösteren bir üslûpla karşısındaki âlimlerin cehaletini ortaya koyarak onları zor durumda bırakması Şiî okuyucu için bir tatmin ortamı meydana getirmeyi amaçlar. Eserin tarih boyunca Şiî gruplar arasında ilgi görmesinin en önemli sebebi bu olmalıdır.
Ḥüsniyye ’de birçok ilmî yanlışlık ve tutarsızlık mevcuttur. Meselâ Hüsniyye’nin kendisiyle tartıştığı belirtilen ve zamanın en büyük âlimi olarak gösterilen Basralı İbrâhim b. Hâlid el-Avnî’nin (Tam Hakiki Hüsniye , s. 8) kimliği meçhuldür. Biyografik kaynaklarda, o devirde Avnî nisbesiyle bilinen İbrâhim b. Hâlid adlı herhangi bir âlime rastlanmamaktadır. İmam Şâfiî’nin mensuplarından olup 240 (854) yılında vefat eden Ebû Sevr İbrâhim b. Hâlid adlı bir âlimin varlığı bilinmekteyse de bunun Avnî şeklinde bir nisbesi yoktur. Ayrıca bu zatın Hârûnürreşîd’in halife oluşundan yaklaşık altmış yıl sonra vefat etmesi de münazarada yer aldığı yolundaki bilgiyi şüpheli kılmaktadır. Şîa’nın seçkin âlimlerinden sayılan Hânsârî ise (Ravżâtü’l-cennât , I, 153) Ḥüsniyye ’deki İbrâhim b. Hâlid’i Mu‘tezile’nin önde gelen âlimlerinden İbrâhim b. Seyyâr en-Nazzâm olarak göstermektedir. Genç yaşta öldüğü bilinen Nazzâm hayatının son devresini (835-846) Bağdat’ta geçirmiştir. Buna göre Nazzâm, 193 (809) yılında vefat eden Hârûnürreşîd döneminde Bağdat’ta bulunmadığı gibi aynı dönemde zamanının en büyük âlimi olması da mümkün değildir. Eserin Allah’ın sıfatlarıyla ilgili bahsinde Hüsniyye muhataplarını Allah’a sekiz dokuz kadîm sıfat isnat eden Eş‘arîler olarak itham etmektedir (Tam Hakiki Hüsniye , s. 82, 86). Halbuki Ebü’l-Hasan el-Eş‘arî, bu tartışmaya iştirak ettiği ileri sürülen Ebû Yûsuf’tan yetmiş sekiz, İmam Şâfiî’den ise elli altı yıl sonra doğmuştur. Eş‘arî’nin Mu‘tezile’den ayrılarak kendi mezhebini kurması ise 300 (913) yılından sonra vuku bulmuştur. Ḥüsniyye ’de Şiîler’in öldürülmesi ve mallarının alınması için Ebû Hanîfe’nin fetva verdiği (a.g.e. , s. 193) iddiası da asılsızdır. Aksine Ebû Hanîfe’nin Emevîler ve Abbâsîler devrinde mâruz kaldığı baskıların en önemli sebebi Ehl-i beyt’e duyduğu muhabbetti. Eserde Sünnîler’in Hz. Hüseyin için yas tutmadıklarından şikâyet edilirken onların matem tutanları Râfizî, Alevî, kızılbaş, Tahtacı, Arap uşağı gibi ifadelerle aşağıladıkları belirtilmektedir (a.g.e. , s. 187). Tahtacı ve Arap uşağı tabirleri asırlar sonra Anadolu’daki Alevîler için kullanılan Türkçe mahallî lakaplar olup bunları ne Hârûnürreşîd döneminde Hüsniyye’nin ne de eserin müellifi olduğu iddia edilen Ebü’l-Fütûh er-Râzî’nin bilmesi mümkündür. Diğer taraftan münazara esnasında Hüsniyye’nin, karşısındaki kişileri küçük düşürmek üzere kullandığı ileri sürülen sözlerin de mezhep taassubunun ve geleneksel Sünnî düşmanlığının ürünü olduğu açıktır.
Şîa’yı desteklemek ve Ehl-i sünnet’in görüşlerini çürütmek amacıyla kaleme alınan Ḥüsniyye ’nin (Abdullah Efendi el-İsfahânî, II, 159) meçhul bir müellifin hayal mahsulü eseri olduğu araştırmacı Şiî müellifler tarafından da kabul edilmektedir (Aʿyânü’ş-Şîʿa , V, 409).
Aslı Arapça olan bu küçük hacimli eser, 958 (1551) yılında İbrâhim b. Veliyyullah Esterâbâdî tarafından hac yolculuğu esnasında Şam’da bulunmuş, İran’a getirilerek Farsça’ya çevrilmiştir. Bu tercümenin muhtelif baskıları yapılmıştır (Terceme-i Risâletü’l-Ḥüsniyye , Tahran 1242, 1248, 1259; İsfahan 1246; Şîraz 1328; Muhammed Bâkır el-Meclisî’nin Ḥilyetü’l-müttaḳīn ’i ile birlikte, Tahran 1287, 1371, 1334 hş., 1337 hş.; adı geçen eser ve Molla Muhammed Şefî‘in Mecmaʿu’l-maʿârif ’i ile birlikte, Tahran 1325, 1371). Eserin bir başka neşrini, yine Ebü’l-Fütûh er-Râzî’ye nisbet edilen Yûḥannâ-yi Ẕimmî der Cüstücû-yi Ḥaḳīḳat adlı eserle birlikte Difâʿ ez Ḥarîm-i Teşeyyuʿ adıyla Muhammed Muhammedî İştihârdî gerçekleştirmiştir (bk. bibl.). Muhammed Ra‘nâ Bağdâdî tarafından yapılan Türkçe tercümesinde (1270/1853) müellifi sanılan Ebü’l-Fütûh er-Râzî’nin ismi yanlış olarak Ebü’l-Feth Mekkî şeklinde kaydedilmiş (M. Takī Dânişpejûh – İsmâil Hâkimî, XI-XII, 416), daha sonraki baskılarda da aynı hata tekrarlanmıştır. Türkçe’de muhtelif baskıları yapılan Ḥüsniyye ’nin Tam Hakiki Hüsniye adıyla oldukça hatalı bir neşri Hasan Ayyıldız tarafından gerçekleştirilmiştir (İstanbul 1970). Ahmed Feyzi (ö. 1909), Ḥüsniyye ’ye Feyz-i Rabbânî fî Redd-i Bâtıl-ı Îrânî adıyla bir reddiye yazmıştır (Çorum İl Halk Ktp., nr. 936, 937).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Ebü’l-Fütûh er-Râzî, Ḥüsniyye (Difâʿ ez Ḥarîm-i Teşeyyuʿ içinde, nşr. Muhammed Muhammedî İştihârdî), Kum 1354 hş., s. 26-165, ayrıca bk. neşredenin mukaddimesi, s. 10-23.
Tam Hakiki Hüsniye (haz. Hasan Ayyıldız), İstanbul 1970.
Hânsârî, Ravżâtü’l-cennât , I, 153.
M. Takī Dânişpejûh, Fihrist-i Nüsḫahâ-yi Ḫaṭṭî-yi Kitâbḫâne-i Dânişkede-i Edebiyyât , Tahran 1339 hş., s. 210.
a.mlf. – İsmâil Hâkimî, Nüsḫahâ-yi Ḫaṭṭî , Tahran 1362 hş., XI-XII, 416.
Tebrîzî, Reyḥânetü’l-edeb , VII, 277.
Ahmed-i Münzevî, Fihrist-i Kitâbḫâne-i Nüsḫahâ-yi Ḫaṭṭî-yi Genc-i Baḥş , İslâmâbâd 1979, II, 500.
Abdullah Efendi el-İsfahânî, Riyâżü’l-ʿulemâʾ ve ḥiyâżü’l-fużalâʾ (nşr. Ahmed el-Hüseynî), Kum 1401, II, 159.
Âgā Büzürg-i Tahrânî, eẕ-Ẕerîʿa ilâ teṣânîfi’ş-Şîʿa , Beyrut 1403/1983, VII, 20.
Aʿyânü’ş-Şîʿa , V, 409.
Hânbâbâ, Fihrist , I, 1290-1291; II, 1815-1816.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1999 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 19. cildinde, 34-35 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.