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HÜVİYYET Skip to content Bir nesnenin varlık alanında bir birim ve şahsiyet olarak görünmesini ve durumuyla başka şeylerden ayrılmasını ifade eden felsefe terimi.
İslâm felsefesinde varlık meselesi ele alınırken kullanılan hüviyyet kelimesi, Aristo’nun Metafizika ’sının Arapça’ya tercümesi esnasında “to on” (mevcut) karşılığı olarak türetilmiş, “to on” kavramına Aristo tarafından birçok anlam yüklendiğinden İslâm filozofları bu kavrama “mevcûd”, “hakîkat”, “inniyyet” ve “mâhiyyet”in yanında var olanın özünü ve kimliğini ifade etmek üzere yer vermişlerdir. V. (XI.) yüzyıldan itibaren nesnelerin zihindeki tümel kavramlarına mâhiyyet, bu kavramların dış dünyada varlık kazanmalarına hakikat ve inniyyet, varlık alanına çıkarak gerçeklik kazanan nesnelerin sahip oldukları özellikler sonucu tek tek varlıkları göstermelerine de hüviyyet denilmiştir (Kaya, s. 453). Varlıkların başka özellikleri yanında hüviyyetleri bakımından birbirinden farklı oluşu ise gayriyyet terimiyle ifade edilmekte, bazı kaynaklarda hüviyyetin ayniyyet le eş anlamlı olduğu belirtilmektedir (bk. AYNİYYET ). Böylece hüviyyet, bir nesnenin zihin dışındaki varlığını ifade etmesi açısından o nesnenin tamamen ma‘kūlât alanına dahil olduğunu belirten mâhiyyet kavramından, nesnenin başkalarından ayırt edilmesini sağlayan özelliklerini gösterdiği için de onun kesinlikle sabit olduğunu bildiren hakikat kavramından ayrılır (Cürcânî, et-Taʿrîfât , “el-Mâhiyye”, “el-Hüviyye” md.leri; a.mlf., Şerḥu’l-Mevâḳıf , III, 17-18; Ebü’l-Bekā, s. 961).
Bir şeyi gösteren, dolayısıyla onun mevcut olduğuna delâlet eden üçüncü şahıs zamiri “hüve”den türetilen hüviyyet Yunanca’daki “to on” kavramını karşılamak için kullanılmışsa da “to on”un asıl karşılığı olan “mevcûd” kelimesi Arapça’da bulunduğu için tercüme döneminden beri hüviyyetin Yunan felsefesinde tam karşılığının yer almadığı düşünülmüştür. “To on” kavramının Arapça’ya bazan mevcûd ve genellikle de hüviyyet kelimesiyle aktarılmasının getirdiği en önemli sonuçlardan biri, bir kavramın diğerine göre daha farklı bir hususu vurgulayarak tek bir kavram tarafından yeterince ifade edilemeyen bir inceliği belirtmiş olmasıdır. Buna göre mevcûd kavramı mutlaklık veya gayri muayyenlik ifade ederken hüviyyet daha çok zaman ve mekân içinde belli özelliklere sahip bir varlığı gösterir. Bir şeyin hüviyyetinden, ancak o şey varlık alanına çıktıktan sonra başka şeylere nisbetle ve onlardan ayrıldığı özelliklere işaretle söz edilebilir. Bu durumda hüviyyetin incelenmesi hem varlığı hem de onun en temel özelliklerini konu alan ontoloji alanına girer (İbn Rüşd, Tefsîru Mâ Baʿde’ṭ-ṭabîʿa , I, 298).
Mevcûd kavramı varken Metafizika tercümesinde neden yeni bir kavrama ihtiyaç duyulduğu ve hüviyyet teriminin niçin türetildiği meselesi başından itibaren filozofları düşündürmüş, Fârâbî ve İbn Rüşd bu soruya doğrudan açıklamalar getirirken Abdülkerîm el-Cîlî konuyu kavramın etimolojisini dikkate alarak açıklamaya çalışmıştır. Fârâbî Farsça, Soğdca ve Grekçe’yi örnek göstererek bütün eşyaya delâlet etmek, yani varlık kavramını ifade etmek üzere her dilde “mevcûd” ve anlamdaşı kelimeler bulunduğunu, bunların bir önermede konu ile yüklem arasındaki irtibatı gösterdiğini söyler. Nitekim Farsça’da “est”, Grekçe’de “estin”, Soğdca’da “esti” bu işlevi gören lafızlardır. Ancak bunlar ne masdarı bulunan ne de çekimi yapılan, dilde ilk defa öylece vazedilmiş olan kelimelerdir. Ayrıca çekimi olmayan bu tür kelimelerden masdar yapılması ihtiyacı da duyulmuştur. Fârâbî’nin tesbitine göre başka dillerdeki felsefî metinlerin Arapça’ya çevrildiği ve filozofların Arapça yazmaya başladığı sıralarda bu dilde, Farsça’daki “hest” ve Yunanca’daki “estin”in yerine geçecek kelimeler mevcut değildi. Halbuki mantıkta ve bilhassa felsefenin nazarî alanlarında bu nevi kavramlara şiddetle ihtiyaç duyulmaktaydı. İşte söz konusu dönemlerde filozoflar, Arapça’da yukarıda anılan yabancı kelimelerin yerini tutacak kelimeler bulamadılar. Bu durum karşısında bazı filozoflar Farsça’daki “hest” ve Yunanca’daki “estin” yerine Arapça’da “hüve”yi önerdiler (Kitâbü’l-Ḥurûf , s. 111-112). Çünkü Fârâbî’ye göre hüve birlik ve varlığı ifade eder. Meselâ, ‘Zeyd kâtiptir’ (Zeydün [hüve] kâtibün) dendiğinde bundan, “Zeyd kâtip olarak vardır” anlamı çıkar (et-Taʿlîḳāt , s. 21). Bundan dolayı filozoflar varlık kavramını karşılamak için hüve kelimesinden hüviyyet masdarını yaptılar. Ayrıca bu şekildeki bir masdar yapma usulünü çekimi yapılamayan diğer isimlere de uygulayarak meselâ “insan”dan “insâniyyet”, “recül”den “recüliyyet” gibi masdarlar türettiler. Farâbî hüviyyet kavramının etimolojisini bu şekilde açıklarken “şey” ve “mevcûd” kavramlarını ona tercih etmenin daha doğru olduğunu da söyler (Kitâbü’l-Ḥurûf , s. 112-115).
İbn Rüşd hüviyyet kavramının, mevcûdun eş anlamlısı olmakla birlikte bazı mütercimler tarafından çağrıştırdığı ârızîlikten dolayı mevcûda tercih edildiğini ileri sürer. Ona göre mevcûd, türemiş bir kelime olduğu için Arapça’daki her türev gibi bir ârızîlik ifade eder. Halbuki Yunanca aslında bu kavram sadece arazlar için değil cevherler için de kullanılmaktadır. Bunu dikkate alan bazı mütercimler, “bir şeyin cevheri ve zatı” anlamına gelen hüveden hüviyyet kavramını türetmişlerdir (Tefsîru Mâ Baʿde’ṭ-ṭabîʿa , II, 557-558).
Müslüman filozoflar vücûd ile mevcûd arasında bir fark gözetmişler ve bu farkı yaratma ile ilişkilendirerek bir taraftan Tanrı’nın birliğini, diğer taraftan öteki varlıkların varlığını inkâr etmeksizin açıklamaya uygun hale getirmişler, bunun sonucunda özellikle Aristo’nun Metafizika ’da yer verdiği delilleri daha farklı bir bağlamda kullanma imkânını sağlamışlardır. Aslında Aristo ile onların varlık anlayışının esasındaki fark yaratma kavramından kaynaklanmaktadır. Yaratma düşüncesinden hareket eden İslâm filozofları, Yunan felsefesinin aynı zamanda maddî olan ilkelerini sadece Tanrı dışındaki varlıklar için geçerli, maddî olmaktan çok aklî ilkeler şeklinde görmüşler, kategoriler ve diğer varlık ilkelerinin ise sadece soyutlama neticesinde elde edildiğini savunmuşlardır. Fârâbî ilk defa mâhiyyeti hüviyyetten ayırarak mâhiyyeti bir şeyin kavramsal düzeyde varlığı, hüviyyeti ise dış dünyadaki varlığı için kullanmıştır. Ona göre bir şeyin mâhiyyetine yani ne olduğuna tanımı ile ulaşmak mümkün iken aynı şeyin hüviyyetini ancak his ve delil vasıtasıyla tanımak mümkündür. Meselâ insanın mâhiyyeti “düşünen canlı” olmaktan ibaretse bunların bilinmesi, mâhiyyeti bu olan insanın hüviyyetinin (dış dünyadaki varlığı) ne olduğunu bilmeyi gerektirmez. Fârâbî genel anlamda var olan hakkında konuşurken mevcûd kavramını (Kitâbü’l-Ḥurûf , s. 113 vd.), daha özel bir anlamı kastettiği zaman ise hüviyyeti kullanmaktadır (et-Taʿlîḳāt , s. 61-62). Buna göre bir şeyin hüviyyeti onun ayniyyeti, tekliği, şahsiyeti, özelliği ve sadece ona ait münferit varlığı demektir. “O” ile hüviyyete, özelliğe ve ortaklık kabul etmeyen münferit varlığa işaret edilir (a.g.e. , s. 61-62; Atay, Fârâbî ve İbn Sina’ya Göre Yaratma , s. 15).
İbn Sînâ’nın eserlerinde hüviyyet kavramı önemli bir yer tutmaz. İbn Sînâ da Fârâbî gibi hüviyyet yerine mevcûd kavramını tercih eder; hatta el-İlâhiyyât ’ta çok açık bir şekilde bu kavramı “vahdet” ve “hüve hüve” anlamında kullanır. Ancak bazı risâlelerinde hüviyyet kavramını “el-hüviyyât el-müdebbere” şeklinde vücûd ve mevcûd karşılığı olarak da kullanmaktadır (Hasan Âsî, s. 106-113, 244-247). Meselâ İhlâs sûresi tefsirinde hüviyyet kavramı, Tanrı dışındaki diğer varlıklar hakkında “başkalarından tefrik edilebilir birimler olarak cüz’î varlıklar”ı ifade eder. Buradan hareketle hüviyyet, ontolojik bağlamda vâcib-mümkin tefrikine paralel olarak mutlak ve müstefâd şeklinde iki kısma ayrılır. Vâcibü’l-vücûd olan Allah’ın hüviyyeti zâtı ve mâhiyyetinin aynı, mümkinü’l-vücûd olan âlemin varlığı ve hüviyyeti ise mâhiyyetinden farklıdır. Bu noktada hüviyyet Tanrı-âlem ilişkisini açıklarken kullanılan bir kavram olmakta ve “başkalarından tefrik edilebilir bir birim olarak var olma” anlamına gelmektedir.
Goichon’un, İbn Sînâ’nın el-İlâhiyyât ’ta hüviyyet kavramını “hüve hüve” (identité) anlamında değil mevcûd ve vahdetin aynı şey olmasından dolayı Metafizika tercümesindeki şekliyle mevcûd anlamında kullandığı iddiasının (EI2 [İng.] , III, 645) söz konusu pasaj (eş-Şifâʾ el-İlâhiyyât [1] , s. 303-304) ve İhlâs sûresi tefsiri (Hasan Âsî, s. 106-113) yakından incelendiğinde doğru olmadığı görülür. İbn Sînâ bu kavramı, bazı istisnalar dışında asıl olarak “hüve hüve” anlamında ve Latince mütercimlerinin de doğru tercüme ettikleri gibi “identité” karşılığında kullanmıştır.
Hüviyyet, felsefede kazandığı anlamın bir sonucu olarak vahdet-i vücûdcularda Tanrı-âlem ilişkisini açıklayan bir kavram olarak da kullanılmaktadır. Muhyiddin İbnü’l-Arabî, Tanrı’nın “bâtın” olmakla birlikte ehl-i hak için en zâhir varlık olduğu düşüncesinden hareketle âlemin O’nun sûreti ve hüviyyeti, Tanrı’nın ise varlığın ruhu olduğu görüşünü savunmuştur. İbnü’l-Arabî’ye göre, “Her şey varlığını O’na borçludur” demek yetmez, çünkü her şey O’nun kendi kendisini izhar ettiği bir görünüşüdür. Dolayısıyla Tanrı’nın hüviyyeti “halk-ı cedîd” içinde Hakk’ın kendi kendini izhar etmesinden ibaret olan âlemden başka bir şey değildir (Konuk, I, 38-39, 261 vd.). Burada da hüviyyet kavramı, özellikle İbn Sînâ’daki anlamlarından birini hatırlatacak şekilde zâhirde ve bâtında bir olan varlığın bu birliğini açıklamak üzere kullanılmıştır.
Abdülkerîm el-Cîlî’ye göre ise hüviyyet yüce Allah hakkında isimleri ve sıfatları açısından zâta işaret etmektedir (el-İnsânü’l-kâmil , s. 97). Diğer bir ifadeyle gayb ile yokluğun (adem) birbirinden farklı olması yönünden konuya bakıldığında hüvenin, mutlak anlamda mevcûd olduğu bilinen ve varlığı hakkında önceden zihinde bilgi bulunana işaret ettiği anlaşılmaktadır. Eğer hüvenin gösterdiği şey (medlûl) bir şekilde zihinde mevcut olmasaydı hüvenin kullanılmasının bir anlamı kalmazdı. Buradan hareketle Cîlî hüviyyeti, “mevcûd ve meşhûd olan her türlü kemalin, varlığını kendisinden aldığı saf varlık” olarak tanımlamaktadır ki kastedilen Allah’tır (a.g.e. , s. 98).
Ortaçağ’da Arapça’dan Latince’ye yapılan tercümelerde hüviyyet, kullanıldığı anlam yelpazesindeki çeşitlilikten dolayı muhtelif kelimelerle karşılanmaya çalışılmıştır. Arapça’da -vücûd konusundaki düşünce zenginliğinin de bir ifadesi olarak- varlıkla ilgili ince farkları ifade etmek üzere otuz dört civarında kavram ortaya çıkmıştır. Arapça’dan Latince’ye tercümelerin başladığı XI. yüzyıldan itibaren felsefî terminolojiyi karşılamada güçlükleri olan Avrupalılar bunlara Latince’de uygun karşılık bulmada hayli sıkıntı çekmişlerdir (Pätzold, IV, 222). Hüviyyet kavramı ise Latince’ye daha çok “ipse”, yer yer de “ens, essentia, id quod est” ve “identitas” gibi başka kelimelerle tercüme edilmiştir.
Bugün hüviyyet, felsefî bir kavram olmaktan ziyade sosyokültürel bir kavram olarak genellikle kişilerin ve toplumların kendilerine has özelliklerini ifade etmek için kullanılmaktadır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
et-Taʿrîfât , “el-Mâhiyye”, “el-Hüviyye” md.leri.
Cürcânî, Şerḥu’l-Mevâḳıf , Kahire 1325/1907, III, 17-18.
Kindî, Resâʾil , s. 118-120.
Fârâbî, Risâletü Fuṣûṣi’l-ḥikem (nşr. Dieterici, es̱-S̱emeratü’l-merżıyye içinde), Leiden 1890, s. 66-83.
a.mlf., et-Taʿlîḳāt (nşr. Ca‘fer Âl-i Yâsîn), Beyrut 1408/1988, s. 21, 61-62.
a.mlf., Kitâbü’l-Ḥurûf (nşr. Muhsin Mehdî), Beyrut 1990, s. 110-115.
İbn Sînâ, eş-Şifâʾ el-İlâhiyyât (1) , s. 303-304.
İbn Rüşd, Risâletü Mâ Baʿde’ṭ-ṭabîʿa (nşr. Refîk el-Acem – Ceyrar Cihâmî), Beyrut 1994.
a.mlf., Tefsîru Mâ Baʿde’ṭ-ṭabîʿa , I, 298; II, 553, 557-558.
Adudüddin el-Îcî, el-Mevâḳıf , Kahire, ts. (Mektebetü’l-Mütenebbî), s. 61-63.
Abdülkerîm el-Cîlî, el-İnsânü’l-kâmil , Kahire 1970, s. 97, 98.
Ebü’l-Bekā, el-Külliyyât , s. 961.
Hüseyin Atay, Fârâbî ve İbn Sina’ya Göre Yaratma , Ankara 1974, s. 14 vd.
a.mlf., İbn Sina’da Varlık Nazariyesi , Ankara 1983, s. 27.
Hasan Âsî, et-Tefsîrü’l-Ḳurʾânî ve’l-luġati’ṣ-ṣûfiyye fî felsefeti İbn Sînâ , Beyrut 1403/1983, s. 106-113, 243-249.
Mahmut Kaya, “Mahiyet ve Varlık Konusunda İbn Rüşd’ün İbn Sina’yı Eleştirmesi”, İbn Sînâ: Doğumunun Bininci Yılı Armağanı (der. Aydın Sayılı), Ankara 1984, s. 453-459.
Ahmet Avni Konuk, Fusûsu’l-hikem Tercüme ve Şerhi (haz. Mustafa Tahralı – Selçuk Eraydın), İstanbul 1987, I, 38-39, 261 vd.
Jacques Langhade, Du Coran a la Philosophie , Damas 1994, s. 363-374.
A. M. Goichon, “Huwiyya”, EI2 (İng.) , III, 644-645.
Detlev Pätzold, “Sein/Seiendes”, Europäische Enzyklopädie zu Philosophie und Wissenschaften , Hamburg 1990, IV, 222.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1999 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 19. cildinde, 68-69 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.