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Funda Demirtaş. I. Süleyman’ın sekizinci seferi: Karaboğdan (2023) Skip to content Yıl 2023, Cilt: 37 Sayı: 4, 1610 – 1624, 31.12.2023
Funda Demirtaş
https://doi.org/10.48070/erciyesakademi.1353353
Öz Osmanlı müverrihlerinin “Kanûnî” unvanıyla Batılı yazarların ise “Muhteşem” lakabıyla andıkları I. Süleyman’ın 1538 tarihli Karaboğdan Seferi bu çalışmanın temasını teşkil etmiştir. 1456 yılında Osmanlının vasal zincirine eklenen Boğdan’ın stratejik konumu itibariyle Osmanlı, Habsburg, Leh ve Kırım toprakları arasında bulunması, Karadeniz hâkimiyeti ve ticaretinin kilit noktası olması ve kuzey Karadeniz sahili üzerinden doğuya giden en kestirme yol güzergâhı üzerinde bulunması sebebiyle Osmanlı bölgede etkin bir hâkimiyet tesis etmiştir. Ancak 1527’de voyvoda seçilen Petru Rareş, Osmanlının farklı cephelerde uğraşmak zorunda kaldığı problemler yüzünden vasallığa aykırı bir politika takip ederek bu hâkimiyete sekte vurma gayreti içinde olmuştur. Buna bir süre göz yuman padişah mütemadiyen devam eden Petru Rareş’in serkeşliklerine bir son vermek için çıktığı seferde Osmanlı ordusunun azametini sergileyen bir yürüyüşle Boğdan’ın merkezine girerek bölgedeki Osmanlı hâkimiyetini sağlamlaştıran kararlar almıştır. Özellikle Boğdan’ın güneyinde Prut ve Turla nehirleri arasında kalan mıntıkayı sancak şeklinde teşkilatlandırarak bölgede idari, siyasi, içtimai ve ticari anlamda Osmanlı lehine bir düzenleme yapmıştır. Bu çalışma da sancak yapılan Bucak özelinde üç buçuk asrı, Boğdan genelinde ise dört asrı aşan Osmanlı varlığının ve hâkimiyetinin kırılma noktalarından biri olan seferin kronolojik ve tematik uyum içerisinde detaylı bir tetkikini amaçlamıştır. Osmanlı açısından olumlu Boğdan açısından ise olumsuz anlamda bir değer taşıyan seferin monografik bir tarzda irdelendiği çalışmada başta ana kaynak niteliğinde olan dönem ve yakın dönem Osmanlı kronikleri ile Osmanlı ve Romen ana kaynaklarını esas alan ikinci elden kaynaklar kullanılmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler I. Süleyman, Petru Rareş, Boğdan, Voyvoda, Suceava
Kaynakça Aydın, D. (1998). Erzurum beylerbeyliği ve teşkilatı. TTK. BOA, B. O. A. (t.y.). Topkapı sarayı müzesi arşivi (TSMA) (755-75). Celâl oğlu Mustafa. (1937). Osmanlı imparatorluğunun yükselme devrinde Türk ordusunun savaşları ve devletin kurumu, iç ve dış siyasası. Celâlzâde Mustafa Çelebi. (2011). Muhteşem çağ (1. bsk). Kariyer Yayıncılık. Çopur, İ. (Ed.). (2006). Tarihte Türk-Rumen ilişkileri. Genelkurmay ATASE Başkanlığı. Danişmend, İ. H. (1971). İzahlı Osmanlı tarihi kronolojisi (C. 2). Türkiye Yayınevi. Decei, A. (1979). Boğdan. İçinde İslâm ansiklopedisi (Beşinci Baskı, C. 2, ss. 697-705). M.E.B. Decei, A. (2010). Un “fetih-nâme-i Karaboğdan” (1538) de Nasuh Matrakçı. Içinde O. Turan (Ed.), 60. doğum yılı münasebetiyle Fuad Köprülü armağanı. Türk Tarih Kurumu. Demirtaş, F. (2009). Celâl-zâde Mustafa Çelebi, tabakâtü’l-memâlik ve derecâtü’l-mesâlik [Doktora Tezi]. Erciyes Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. Ekrem, M. A. (Ed.). (1993). Romen kaynak ve eserlerinde Türk tarihi, I. Atatürk Kültür Dil ve Tarih Yüksek Kurumu TTK. Feridun Ahmed Paşa. (1274). Mecmua-i münşeât-ı Feridun Bey (C. 1). Finkel, C. (2007). Rüyadan imparatorluğa Osmanlı (Z. Kılıç, Çev.). Timaş Yayınları. Gelibolulu Mustafa Âlî Efendi. (1997a). Kitâbü’t-târîh-i künhü’l-ahbâr: C. I. Cilt I. Kısım. Erciyes Üniversitesi. Gelibolulu Mustafa Âlî Efendi. (1997b). Kitâbü’t-târîh-i künhü’l-ahbâr: C. I. Cilt II. Kısım. Erciyes Üniversitesi. Gelibolulu Mustafa Âlî, M. b. A. b. A. (t.y.). Künhü’l-ahbâr (Halet Efendi). Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi. Gökbilgin, M. T. (1992). Kanunî Sultan Süleyman. MEB. Gökbilgin, T. (1976). Kanunî Sultan Süleyman devri müesseseler ve teşkilâtına ışık tutan Bursa şer’iyye sicillerinden örnekler. İçinde İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı’ya armağan (ss. 91-112). Türk Tarih Kurumu. Guboğlu, M. (1969). Fatih Sultan Mehmed ve Yavuz Sultan Selim’in Boğdan voyvodalarına yazdıkları Slavca mektuplar. Belgelerle Türk tarihi dergisi, 19, 31-36. Guboğlu, M. (1983). Fâtih’in Ştefan Çel Mare üzerine iki Boğdan seferi (1474-1476). Belleten, 47(185), 139-194. Guboğlu, M. (1986). Kanuni Sultan Süleyman’ın Boğdan seferi ve zaferi. Belleten, 50(198), 727-806. Hammer-Purgstall, J. F. von. (1330). Devlet-i Osmâniyye târîhi (Mehmed Atâ, Çev.; C. 5). Selanik Matbaası. Heper, Y. (2020). Osmanlı devleti ve Eflak-Boğdan ilişkileri (1574-1634) [Doktora Tezi]. Uşak Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. Hoca Sa’deddîn Mehmed b. Hasancan. (1279a). Tâcü’t-tevârîh (C. 1). Tabhane-i Âmire. Hoca Sa’deddîn Mehmed b. Hasancan. (1279b). Tâcü’t-tevârîh (C. 2). Tabhane-i Amire. İnalcık, H. (1986). Boghdân. İçinde The encyclopaedia of Islam: C. I (ss. 1252-1253). Brill. İnalcık, H. (2016). Devlet-i ’aliyye: Osmanlı imparatorluğu üzerine araştırmalar-I (56. Basım). Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları. Jorga, N. (2005). Osmanlı imparatorluğu tarihi (N. Epçeli, Çev.; C. 2). Yeditepe Yayınevi. Karaçelebizade Abdülaziz Efendi. (1248). Süleymanname (Selimiye Basmalar). Edirne Selimiye Kütüphanesi. Karpat, K. (1992). Bucak. İçinde TDV İslâm ansiklopedisi (C. 6, ss. 341-343). TDV Yayınları. Kemalpaşazâde, Ş. A. b S. (1957). Tevârih-i âl-i Osman VII. defter. Türk Tarih Kurumu. Kemalpaşa-zade, Ş. A. b. S. (1997). Tevârîh-i âl-i Osmân VIII. defter. Türk Tarih Kurumu. Kumrular, Ö. (2011). Osmanlı-Habsburg düellosu. Kitap Yayınevi. Lamartine, A. de. (2005). Cihan hâkimiyeti (R. Uzmen, Çev.). Bilge Kültür Sanat. Lutfi Paşa. (1341). Tevârîh-i âl-i Osmân. Mantran, R. (1995). Osmanlı imparatorluğu tarihi I (S. Tanilli, Çev.; İkinci Bası). Cem Yayınevi. Matrakçı Nasuh. (2019). Rüstem Paşa tarihi olarak bilinen târîh-i âl-i Osmân (E. Afyoncu, Ed.; 1. bsk). Türkiye Yazma Eserler Kurumu Başkanlığı. Matrakçı Nasuh. (t.y.). Fetihnâme-i Karaboğdan (Revan). Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Kütüphanesi. Mevlânâ Mehmed Neşrî. (2013). Cihânnümâ. Bilge Kültür Sanat. Miroğlu, İ. (1989). Fetret devrinden II. Bayezid’e kadar Osmanlı siyasî tarihi. İçinde K. Seyithanoğlu (Ed.), Doğuştan günümüze büyük İslâm tarihi (C. 10). Çağ Yayınları. Müneccimbaşı Ahmed Dede. (t.y.). Sahaif-ül-ahbar fî vekayi-ül-a’sâr (İ. Erünsal, Çev.; C. 2). Tercüman. Oruç b. Âdil. (2014). Oruç Beğ tarihi. Bilge Kültür Sanat. Panaite, V. (2002). Osmanlı hâkimiyetinin Tuna nehrinin kuzeyinde yayılışı: XIV. ve XVI. yüzyıllarda Eflak ve Boğdan. Içinde H. C. Güzel, K. Çiçek, & S. Koca (Ed.), & N. Elibol (Çev.), Türkler (C. 9, ss. 206-218). Yeni Türkiye Yayınları. Peçevî, İ. (1283). Târîh-i Peçevî (C. 1). Matbaa-i Âmire. Solakzâde Mehmed Hemdemî. (1297). Târîh-i Solakzâde. Mahmud Bey Matbaası. Tansel, S. (1953). Osmanlı kaynaklarına göre Fatih Sultan Mehmet’in siyasî ve askerî faaliyeti. Türk Tarih Kurumu. Tansel, S. (Ed.). (1966). Sultan II. Bâyezit’in siyasî hayatı. MEB. Turan, Ş. (1992). Bayezid II. İçinde TDV İslâm ansiklopedisi (C. 5, ss. 234-238). TDV Yayınları. Tursun Bey. (1977). Târîh-i ebü’l-feth. İstanbul Fetih Cemiyeti. Uzunçarşılı, İ. H. (1998). Osmanlı tarihi: C. II (8. Baskı). TTK. Zinkeisen, J. W. (2011). Osmanlı imparatorluğu tarihi (1453-1574) (E. Afyoncu, Ed.; N. Epçeli, Çev.; 1.bsk, C. 2). Yeditepe Yayınları.
EIGHTH CAMPAİGN OF SULEYMAN I: KARABOGHDAN Yıl 2023, Cilt: 37 Sayı: 4, 1610 – 1624, 31.12.2023
Funda Demirtaş
https://doi.org/10.48070/erciyesakademi.1353353
Öz The central focus of this scholarly exploration centers on the 1538 Karaboghdan Campaign, meticulously organized under the leadership of Suleiman I, a prominent figure known as “Kanûnî” in Ottoman historiography and referred to as the “Magnificent” within the sphere of Western academic discourse. This military campaign holds considerable historical significance, marking a pivotal juncture in the overarching historical narrative. Following its integration into the Ottoman vassal structure in 1456, the Boghdan region assumed a strategic and pivotal role due to its strategic positioning amidst the larger landscape encompassing the Ottoman, Habsburg, Polish, and Crimean domains. It emerges as a vital crossroads, wielding authority over the Black Sea region, acting as a hub for trade activities, and facilitating the most direct passage eastwards along the northern periphery of the Black Sea. These strategic attributes facilitated the Ottoman Empire’s careful consolidation of control within the region. However, the ascendancy of Petru Raresh to the position of voivode in 1527 introduced a significant challenge, as he pursued policies incongruent with the established vassal relationship. This stance was rooted in the intricate challenges encountered by the Ottoman Empire on multiple fronts. Temporarily accommodating this deviation, the Ottoman Sultan initiated a military campaign aimed at suppressing Petru Rareş’s persistent acts of defiance. This campaign unfolded through a meticulously orchestrated military progression, effectively showcasing the splendor of the Ottoman armed forces as they advanced into the heart of Boghdan. A series of resolute measures were undertaken, culminating in the reaffirmation and consolidation of Ottoman authority within the region. A salient aspect of this campaign pertains to the meticulous administrative structuring of the territory situated between the Prut and Turla rivers to the south of Boghdan. This strategic area was thoughtfully organized as an administrative subdivision designated as a “sanjak,” thereby facilitating Ottoman interests across spheres of administration, politics, society, and commerce. At its essence, this scholarly endeavor strives to furnish a comprehensive analysis, employing both chronological and thematic lenses, of this campaign—a campaign that signifies a transformative juncture in Ottoman dominion. This narrative spans more than three and a half centuries within the microcosm of the established “sanjak” of Bucak, and extends beyond four centuries across the broader expanse of Boghdan. The study adopts a monographic framework to scrutinize this campaign, shedding light on its dichotomous nature—viewed favorably from the Ottoman standpoint and unfavorably from Boghdan’s perspective. The bedrock of this study relies on primary sources, predominantly encompassing contemporary and near-contemporary Ottoman chronicles, fortified by Ottoman and Romanian primary sources, while secondary sources supplement the investigative framework.
Anahtar Kelimeler Suleiman I, Petru Raresh, Boghdan, voivode, Suceava
Kaynakça Aydın, D. (1998). Erzurum beylerbeyliği ve teşkilatı. TTK. BOA, B. O. A. (t.y.). Topkapı sarayı müzesi arşivi (TSMA) (755-75). Celâl oğlu Mustafa. (1937). Osmanlı imparatorluğunun yükselme devrinde Türk ordusunun savaşları ve devletin kurumu, iç ve dış siyasası. Celâlzâde Mustafa Çelebi. (2011). Muhteşem çağ (1. bsk). Kariyer Yayıncılık. Çopur, İ. (Ed.). (2006). Tarihte Türk-Rumen ilişkileri. Genelkurmay ATASE Başkanlığı. Danişmend, İ. H. (1971). İzahlı Osmanlı tarihi kronolojisi (C. 2). Türkiye Yayınevi. Decei, A. (1979). Boğdan. İçinde İslâm ansiklopedisi (Beşinci Baskı, C. 2, ss. 697-705). M.E.B. Decei, A. (2010). Un “fetih-nâme-i Karaboğdan” (1538) de Nasuh Matrakçı. Içinde O. Turan (Ed.), 60. doğum yılı münasebetiyle Fuad Köprülü armağanı. Türk Tarih Kurumu. Demirtaş, F. (2009). Celâl-zâde Mustafa Çelebi, tabakâtü’l-memâlik ve derecâtü’l-mesâlik [Doktora Tezi]. Erciyes Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. Ekrem, M. A. (Ed.). (1993). Romen kaynak ve eserlerinde Türk tarihi, I. Atatürk Kültür Dil ve Tarih Yüksek Kurumu TTK. Feridun Ahmed Paşa. (1274). Mecmua-i münşeât-ı Feridun Bey (C. 1). Finkel, C. (2007). Rüyadan imparatorluğa Osmanlı (Z. Kılıç, Çev.). Timaş Yayınları. Gelibolulu Mustafa Âlî Efendi. (1997a). Kitâbü’t-târîh-i künhü’l-ahbâr: C. I. Cilt I. Kısım. Erciyes Üniversitesi. Gelibolulu Mustafa Âlî Efendi. (1997b). Kitâbü’t-târîh-i künhü’l-ahbâr: C. I. Cilt II. Kısım. Erciyes Üniversitesi. Gelibolulu Mustafa Âlî, M. b. A. b. A. (t.y.). Künhü’l-ahbâr (Halet Efendi). Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi. Gökbilgin, M. T. (1992). Kanunî Sultan Süleyman. MEB. Gökbilgin, T. (1976). Kanunî Sultan Süleyman devri müesseseler ve teşkilâtına ışık tutan Bursa şer’iyye sicillerinden örnekler. İçinde İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı’ya armağan (ss. 91-112). Türk Tarih Kurumu. Guboğlu, M. (1969). Fatih Sultan Mehmed ve Yavuz Sultan Selim’in Boğdan voyvodalarına yazdıkları Slavca mektuplar. Belgelerle Türk tarihi dergisi, 19, 31-36. Guboğlu, M. (1983). Fâtih’in Ştefan Çel Mare üzerine iki Boğdan seferi (1474-1476). Belleten, 47(185), 139-194. Guboğlu, M. (1986). Kanuni Sultan Süleyman’ın Boğdan seferi ve zaferi. Belleten, 50(198), 727-806. Hammer-Purgstall, J. F. von. (1330). Devlet-i Osmâniyye târîhi (Mehmed Atâ, Çev.; C. 5). Selanik Matbaası. Heper, Y. (2020). Osmanlı devleti ve Eflak-Boğdan ilişkileri (1574-1634) [Doktora Tezi]. Uşak Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. Hoca Sa’deddîn Mehmed b. Hasancan. (1279a). Tâcü’t-tevârîh (C. 1). Tabhane-i Âmire. Hoca Sa’deddîn Mehmed b. Hasancan. (1279b). Tâcü’t-tevârîh (C. 2). Tabhane-i Amire. İnalcık, H. (1986). Boghdân. İçinde The encyclopaedia of Islam: C. I (ss. 1252-1253). Brill. İnalcık, H. (2016). Devlet-i ’aliyye: Osmanlı imparatorluğu üzerine araştırmalar-I (56. Basım). Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları. Jorga, N. (2005). Osmanlı imparatorluğu tarihi (N. Epçeli, Çev.; C. 2). Yeditepe Yayınevi. Karaçelebizade Abdülaziz Efendi. (1248). Süleymanname (Selimiye Basmalar). Edirne Selimiye Kütüphanesi. Karpat, K. (1992). Bucak. İçinde TDV İslâm ansiklopedisi (C. 6, ss. 341-343). TDV Yayınları. Kemalpaşazâde, Ş. A. b S. (1957). Tevârih-i âl-i Osman VII. defter. Türk Tarih Kurumu. Kemalpaşa-zade, Ş. A. b. S. (1997). Tevârîh-i âl-i Osmân VIII. defter. Türk Tarih Kurumu. Kumrular, Ö. (2011). Osmanlı-Habsburg düellosu. Kitap Yayınevi. Lamartine, A. de. (2005). Cihan hâkimiyeti (R. Uzmen, Çev.). Bilge Kültür Sanat. Lutfi Paşa. (1341). Tevârîh-i âl-i Osmân. Mantran, R. (1995). Osmanlı imparatorluğu tarihi I (S. Tanilli, Çev.; İkinci Bası). Cem Yayınevi. Matrakçı Nasuh. (2019). Rüstem Paşa tarihi olarak bilinen târîh-i âl-i Osmân (E. Afyoncu, Ed.; 1. bsk). Türkiye Yazma Eserler Kurumu Başkanlığı. Matrakçı Nasuh. (t.y.). Fetihnâme-i Karaboğdan (Revan). Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Kütüphanesi. Mevlânâ Mehmed Neşrî. (2013). Cihânnümâ. Bilge Kültür Sanat. Miroğlu, İ. (1989). Fetret devrinden II. Bayezid’e kadar Osmanlı siyasî tarihi. İçinde K. Seyithanoğlu (Ed.), Doğuştan günümüze büyük İslâm tarihi (C. 10). Çağ Yayınları. Müneccimbaşı Ahmed Dede. (t.y.). Sahaif-ül-ahbar fî vekayi-ül-a’sâr (İ. Erünsal, Çev.; C. 2). Tercüman. Oruç b. Âdil. (2014). Oruç Beğ tarihi. Bilge Kültür Sanat. Panaite, V. (2002). Osmanlı hâkimiyetinin Tuna nehrinin kuzeyinde yayılışı: XIV. ve XVI. yüzyıllarda Eflak ve Boğdan. Içinde H. C. Güzel, K. Çiçek, & S. Koca (Ed.), & N. Elibol (Çev.), Türkler (C. 9, ss. 206-218). Yeni Türkiye Yayınları. Peçevî, İ. (1283). Târîh-i Peçevî (C. 1). Matbaa-i Âmire. Solakzâde Mehmed Hemdemî. (1297). Târîh-i Solakzâde. Mahmud Bey Matbaası. Tansel, S. (1953). Osmanlı kaynaklarına göre Fatih Sultan Mehmet’in siyasî ve askerî faaliyeti. Türk Tarih Kurumu. Tansel, S. (Ed.). (1966). Sultan II. Bâyezit’in siyasî hayatı. MEB. Turan, Ş. (1992). Bayezid II. İçinde TDV İslâm ansiklopedisi (C. 5, ss. 234-238). TDV Yayınları. Tursun Bey. (1977). Târîh-i ebü’l-feth. İstanbul Fetih Cemiyeti. Uzunçarşılı, İ. H. (1998). Osmanlı tarihi: C. II (8. Baskı). TTK. Zinkeisen, J. W. (2011). Osmanlı imparatorluğu tarihi (1453-1574) (E. Afyoncu, Ed.; N. Epçeli, Çev.; 1.bsk, C. 2). Yeditepe Yayınları. Toplam 50 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar Birincil Dil Türkçe Konular İslam Tarihi Bölüm Makaleler Yazarlar Funda Demirtaş Erciyes Üniversitesi 0000-0002-5454-6389 Türkiye
Erken Görünüm Tarihi 29 Aralık 2023 Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2023 Gönderilme Tarihi 31 Ağustos 2023 Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 37 Sayı: 4
Kaynak Göster APA Demirtaş, F. (2023). I. SÜLEYMAN’IN SEKİZİNCİ SEFERİ: KARABOĞDAN. Erciyes Akademi, 37(4), 1610-1624. https://doi.org/10.48070/erciyesakademi.1353353
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