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İBDÂL Skip to content Arap dilinde ve kıraatlerde bazı kelimelerdeki harf değişimlerini belirten terim.
Sözlükte “karşılık” anlamındaki bedel (bidl ) kökünden türeyen ibdâl “dönüştürmek, bir şeyin yerine başkasını getirmek, özüne dokunmaksızın bir şeyi diğer bir şeye çevirmek” demektir (Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “bdl” md.). Terim olarak ise kelimede telaffuz kolaylığı ve akıcılık sağlamak amacıyla bir harfin yerine mahreç veya sıfatça ona yakın başka bir harfi getirmeyi ifade eder. Atılan harfe mübdel minh , onun yerine getirilene de mübdel veya bedel adı verilir: اصتنع ⟵ اصطنع، مدح ⟵ مده gibi. Dilde yapı ve anlam bakımından birbirine yakın ve eşdeğer olan birçok kelimenin ortaya çıkmasına yol açan bu tür dönüşümler için “bedel-mebdûl, kalb-maklûb, muhavvel, müdâraa, teâkub-muâkabe-i‘tikāb, nezâir” gibi kelimeler de kullanılmış, ancak “iştikāk, iştikāk-ı kebîr” tabirleri yerinde bulunmamıştır (Kitâbü’l-İbdâl , neşredenin girişi, I, 7). Değişen harflerden biri veya her ikisi illet harfi ya da hemze olan ibdâl çeşidine “i‘lâl” denildiği gibi bazı dil âlimleri idgamı ve fiil çekimlerindeki değişimleri de bir tür ibdâl saymışlardır. Dilciler ve kıraat âlimlerinin bir kısmı, bâ harfinden önce gelen sâkin “nûn”un (veya tenvin) “mîm”e dönüştürülmesine de genel bir adlandırmayla ibdâl derken kıraat ve tecvid âlimlerinin çoğu bunun için “iklâb” terimini tercih etmiştir: أنبئهم ⟵ أمبئهم، صمّ بكم ⟵ صمّم بكم gibi. Dili bağımlılıktan kurtaran, ona serbestlik ve akıcılık kazandıran, mâna ve şekil yönünden güzelleştirip zenginleştiren morfolojik ve fonetik bir olgu olan ibdâl, kıyasî değil semâî olmakla birlikte ona götüren sebebin ya zaruret veya söyleyiş kolaylığı sağlamak ya da sanat gereği olduğu belirtilir (İbn Cinnî, Sırru ṣınâʿati’l-iʿrâb , I, 78).
Harflerin dönüşümü için ibdâl terimini ilk defa Asmaî’nin (ö. 216/831) kullandığı kabul edilir. Daha sonra lugavî ibdâlle ilgili birçok eser kaleme alınmıştır. İbnü’s-Sikkît’in el-Ḳalb ve’l-ibdâl , Ebü’l-Kāsım ez-Zeccâcî’nin el-İbdâl ve’l-muʿâḳabe ve’n-neẓâʾir , Ebü’t-Tayyib el-Lugavî’nin Kitâbü’l-İbdâl (Kitâbü’l-Ḥurûfi’l-müteʿâḳıbe ) adlı eserleri bunlardan bazılarıdır. İbdâlin her harfle yapılabildiği görüşü az da olsa taraftar bulmakla beraber genel kabul bunun belli harflere münhasır olduğu şeklindedir. Bu harflerin sayısı İbn Cinnî’ye göre on bir olup Mekkî b. Ebû Tâlib ve onun görüşüne katılanlar bunlara lâm harfini de ekleyerek sayıyı on ikiye çıkarırlar ki bu harfler ”طال يوم أنجدته“ cümlesinde bir araya getirilmiştir. İbn Mâlik et-Tâî Elfiyye ’sinde bu harfleri dokuz olarak tesbit etmiş ve ”هدأت موطيا“ cümlesinde toplamıştır. Ona göre bunların dışındaki harflerle yapılmış olan ibdâl şâzdır (İbn Akīl, II, 508).
İbdâl lugavî ve sarfî olmak üzere ikiye ayrılır. Lugavî ibdâl, yapı ve anlam bakımından birbirine yakın ve eşdeğer olan, sadece mahreç veya sıfat yakınlığı sebebiyle birbirine dönüşebilen ve birer harfi farklı olan kelimelerden meydana gelmekte olup bunlar genellikle lugat râvilerinin dilleri bozulmamış bedevîlerin ağızlarından topladıkları nâdir kelimelerdir: نعق ⟵ نهق، طن ⟵ دن، قضب ⟵ قضم gibi. Bu örneklerde değişen harflerden ayın ve hâ boğaz, tâ ve dâl diş ve damak, bâ ve mîm dudak harfleri olarak aynı ya da yakın mahreçlidir. Bu tür kelimelerde dönüşen harfler arasında mahreç veya sıfat yakınlığının bulunması şartına İbnü’s-Sikkît, Ebü’t-Tayyib el-Lugavî ve Zeccâcî katılmamıştır. Onlara göre iki kelime arasında lafız, mâna ve yazılış bakımından yakınlık varsa ibdâl yapılabilir. ”قطع ⟵ قطم“ örneğinde değişen harflerden ayın boğaz, mîm ise dudak harfi olmakla birlikte iki kelime arasında lafız, mâna ve yazılış yakınlığı vardır. İbdâlde dönüşen harfler kelimelerin başında, ortasında ve sonunda bulunabilir: غبن ⟵ خبن، رسم ⟵ رشم، قضب ⟵ قضم gibi. Ayrıca dörtlü, beşli ve altılı kelimelerde de ibdâl olabilir: تولج ⟵ دولج، جلسام ⟵ جرسام، اعلنكس ⟵ اعرنكس gibi. Sarfî ibdâlden daha kapsamlı ve yaygın olan lugavî ibdâlde, aralarında harf değişimi olan eşdeğer kelimelerden hangisinin asıl, hangisinin harf dönüşümü sonucu meydana gelmiş fer‘î bir şekil olduğunu belirleyen kesin ve genel kurallar olmadığı gibi Ebü’t-Tayyib el-Lugavî, bu tür harf ve ses değişikliklerini farklı lehçelere göre oluşmuş bir keyfiyet olarak görmektedir. Bu tür ses dönüşümlerinin bir kısmını tashîfe (harf, nokta ve hareke hatası) hamledenler de vardır.
Sarfî ibdâl, genellikle telaffuzda kolaylık ve akıcılık gözetilerek veya kullanım yaygınlığına uyularak yapılan dönüşüm olup daha çok “iftiâl” kalıbındaki harf dönüşümlerini kapsar ve üç grupta toplanır: 1. İlk harfi ”ص، ض، ط، ظ“ harflerinden olan bir fiil iftiâl kalıbına sokulduğunda kalıbın ”ت“ harfi ”ط“ ya dönüşür: صبر⟵ اصتبر ⟵ اصطبر، ضرب ⟵ اضترب ⟵ اضطرب gibi. 2. İlk harfi ”د، ذ، ز“ harflerinden olan bir fiil iftiâl kalıbına döküldüğünde kalıbın ”ت“ harfi ”د“ olur: زلف ⟵ ازتلف ⟵ ازدلف، ذكر ⟵ اذتكر ⟵ اذدكر (وادكر) gibi. 3. İlk harf ”أ، و، ي“ harflerinden olan bir fiil iftiâl kalıbına sokulduğunda bu harfler ”ت“ ye dönüşür: وصل ⟵ اوتصل ⟵ اتصل، أخذ ⟵ ائتخذ ⟵ اتخذ gibi.
Sarfî ibdâlde de dönüşen harfler arasında mahreç ve sıfat aynılığının ya da yakınlığının bulunması esastır. Nitekim sîn ile başlayan bir kelimede boğaz harfleri ve kalın harfler olan ”ح، خ، ط، ع، ق“ dan biri bulunursa ses uyumuna uygun olarak sîn “sâd”a dönüşür. Bu iki harf safîr (ıslık sesi) sıfatında birleştiği gibi mahreçleri arasında da yakınlık vardır. Aynı şekilde ”صراط“ kelimesinin lehçelere göre ”صراط، سراط، زراط“ şeklinde üç farklı telaffuzunda da dönüşüme uğrayan ”ز، س، ص“ harfleri arasında mahreç ve sıfat ilgisi görülür. Bu farklı telaffuzların sebebi, mahreçleri aynı veya birbirine yakın olan sesler arasında zamanla ve dilin tabiatı gereği sıfat değişme ve kaymaların meydana gelmesidir. Bu değişim ve dönüşümler kıraatlere de yansımıştır. Nitekim Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in nâzil olduğu Kureyş lehçesinde kelime ”صراط“ iken İbn Kesîr’in Kunbül rivayetiyle Ya‘kūb el-Hadramî’nin Rüveys rivayetinde ”سراط“ şeklinde, Hamza’nın Halef b. Hişâm rivayetinde ise “ze”yi andıran bir sesle ”زراط“ tarzında okunmuştur. Aynı şekilde Hamza b. Habîb, Ali b. Hamza el-Kisâî ve Halef b. Hişâm Kur’an’da on iki yerde geçen, “dâl”den önce sâkin “sâd”ın bulunduğu ”تصدية، يصدفون، أصدق“ kelimelerindeki “sâd”ı “ze”yi andıran bir sesle (işmâm) okumuşlardır (Bennâ, s. 228).
Arap dilinde uygulama alanı oldukça geniş olan ibdâl için zorunlu olmayan bazı kurallar belirlenmiştir. 1. “Dâl”den önce sâkin şîn “zây”e dönüşebilir: أشدق ⟵ أزدق gibi. 2. “Tâ”dan önce gelen sâkin cîm “dâl”e dönüşebilir: اجتمعوا ⟵ اجدمعوا gibi. 3. Muzaaf fiillerin tef‘îl ve tefe‘‘ul kalıplarında aynı harfin tekrarından doğan söyleyiş ağırlığını gidermek için son harf “yâ”ya dönüşebilir: ظننت ⟵ ظنيت، تصدد ⟵ تصدى gibi. 4. ”ح، خ، ط، ع، غ، ق“ harflerinden önce gelen “sîn”in “sâd”a dönüşmesinde görüldüğü üzere sıfatça zayıf harfler kuvvetliye dönüşür: سقر⟵ صقر، يساقون ⟵ يصاقون، سخر⟵ صخر gibi. 5. Bazan her ikisi de eşit şekilde kullanılmakla birlikte aralarında ses dönüşümü bulunan eşdeğer kelimelerden kullanımı yaygın olan tercih edilir: هتل ⟵ هتن، طبرزن ⟵ طبرزل gibi (İbn Cinnî, el-Ḫaṣâʾiṣ , II, 82).
Mahreç ve sıfat yakınlığı bulunmayan harfler arasındaki dönüşümü ibdâl olarak kabul etmeyen İbn Sîde makbul ibdâli ”أ ⇆ ع، ث ⇆ ف، ك ⇆ ق“ ve ”م ⇆ ب“ harfleri arasındaki dönüşümlere hasreder (el-Muḫaṣṣaṣ , XIII, 274).
İbdâl harflerinden dönüşüme en çok uğrayanlar başta hemze olmak üzere vâv ile “yâ”dır. Bunlarda görülen temel dönüşümler şöylece özetlenebilir: Hemze, mahrecinin ağıza uzaklığı ve sahip olduğu cehir ve şiddet sıfatları sebebiyle telaffuzu zor bir harftir. Bundan dolayı gerek sâkin olduğunda gerekse iki hemze yan yana geldiğinde ve diğer bazı durumlarda ibdâl, nakil, teshîl ve hazif uygulamasına gidilir (Süyûtî, I, 98). 1. Sâkin hemze, önündeki hareke cinsinden illet harfine dönüştürülebilir: يؤمن ⟵ يومن، جئت ⟵ جيت، وأمر ⟵ وامر gibi. Ebû Ca‘fer el-Kārî, Hamza b. Habîb, Sûsî’nin rivayetinde Ebû Amr b. Alâ ve Verş’in rivayetinde Nâfi‘ bu tür örnekleri ibdâl ile okumuştur. 2. Hemze, hafifçe önündeki hareke cinsinden illet harfine dönüştürülerek (hemze ile bu illet harfi arasında) telaffuz edilebilir. Buna “teshîl, telyîn” ve “beyne beyne” adı verilir: سال ⟵ سأل، ذيب ⟵ ذئب، بوس ⟵ بؤس gibi. 3. Kelimenin ortasında ve sonunda elifin ardından gelen illet harflerinin hemzeye dönüştürülmesi zorunludur: قاول ⟵ قائل، عجوز ⟵ عجاوز ⟵ عجائز، صحيفة ⟵ صحايف ⟵ صحائف، رسالة ⟵ رسايل ⟵ رسائل، دعاو ⟵ دعاء، بناي ⟵ بناء gibi. 4. Bir araya gelen iki hemze, gerçek ses değeriyle (tahkīk) telaffuz edilebileceği gibi telaffuzundaki güçlüğü gidermek üzere ikincisi ibdâl edilerek, birincisi veya ikincisi uzatılarak ya da teshîl ile okunabilir: أأعجمي، آعجمي، آأعجمي، أآعجميّ gibi.
Bunlardan başka eskiden Temîm başta olmak üzere Kays, Esed ve bunlara komşu kabilelerde yaygınlığı sebebiyle “Temîm’in an‘anesi” adı verilen hemzenin ayına dönüşmesi bugün de Mısır’ın Saîd bölgesinde görülür: أن ⟵ عن، أذن ⟵ عذن gibi. Hemze Zemahşerî’ye göre beş (ح، خ، ع، غ، هـ ) Ebü’t-Tayyib el-Lugavî’ye göre on iki (ج، ح، خ، ع، غ، ف، ق، ك، ل، م، ن، هـ ) harfin yerine zarureten veya daha kolay telaffuz edildiği için ya da sanat gereği olarak kullanılmıştır (hemzenin ibdâliyle ilgili geniş bilgi için bk. Ebü’t-Tayyib el-Lugavî, II, 453; İbn Cinnî, el-Ḫaṣâʾiṣ , III, 149; İbn Sîde, XIV, 2-12; Zemahşerî, s. 428-430; İbn Usfûr, I, 320-352).
İllet ve lîn harflerinden olduğu için dönüşüm alanı geniş olan yâ ”أ، ب، ت، ث، ر، س، ص، ض، ع، ك، ل، م، ن، و، هـ“ harflerinden her birinin yerine geçebilir. Söz gelimi önü kesreli sâkin hemze “yâ”ya dönüşebilir: شئت ⟵ شيت، بئر ⟵ بير gibi. Aynı şekilde önü kesreli meftuh hemzenin de “yâ”ya dönüşmesi mümkündür: قرئ ⟵ قري، فئة ⟵ فية gibi. Nitekim Ebû Ca‘fer bunun gibi kelimeleri “yâ”ya ibdâl ederek okumuştur. Yine bazı idgamlı kelimelerde idgamın meydana getirdiği telaffuz ağırlığını gidermek için idgam harflerinden ilki çoğunlukla “yâ”ya dönüştürülmüştür: دباج ⟵ ديباج، قراط ⟵ قيراط، شراز ⟵ شيراز، تسررت ⟵ تسريت، فلا وربك ⟵ فلا وريبك gibi (Ebü’t-Tayyib el-Lugavî, I, 89, 152; II, 103, 215 ve tür.yer.; Zemahşerî, s. 432; Emîl Bedî‘ Ya‘kūb, s. 532-538).
İllet ve lîn harfi olarak vâv da çoğunlukla illet harfleri (vâv, yâ, elif) ve hemze ile dönüşüme uğrar. Yanyana gelen iki hemzeden ikincisinin harekesi ötreyse “vâv”a dönüştürülerek telaffuz edilebilir: أأكرم ⟵ أوكرم gibi. Kıraat imamlarından Nâfi‘, İbn Kesîr, Ebû Ca‘fer el-Kārî ve Rüveys’in rivayetinde Ya‘kūb el-Hadramî, Kur’an’da geçen bu tür örnekleri “vâv”a yakın bir sesle (teshîl, beyne beyne) okumuşlardır: أأنبئكم ⟵ أونبئكم (Âl-i İmrân 3/15), أأنزل عليه الذكر ⟵ أونزل عليه الذكر (Sâd 38/8), أألقي الذكر ⟵ أولقي الذكر (el-Kamer 54/25) gibi (İbnü’l-Cezerî, II, 374; Bennâ, s. 61-62).
İsim ve sıfatların sonunda zâit olarak bulunan ya da vâv ve “yâ”dan dönüşme hemzelerin tesniye, cemi ve nisbetlerde “vâv”a dönüşmesi câizdir: سماء ⟵ سماوان، سماوات، سماوي (“vâv”dan dönme hemze); صحراء ⟵ صحراوان، صحراوات، صحراوي (zâit hemze); حمراء ⟵ حمراوان، حمراوات، حمراوي (zâit hemze) gibi. Aynı şekilde ikinci harfi elif olan isim ve sıfatların ism-i tasgīrleriyle فواعل kalıbındaki mükesser cemilerinde elif “vâv”a dönüşür: ضارب ⟵ ضويرب، عامل ⟵ عوامل gibi. Önü ötreli olan sâkin yâ da “vâv”a dönüşür: ييقظ ⟵ يوقظ gibi (Ebü’t-Tayyib el-Lugavî, II, 494 vd.; Zemahşerî, s. 434; İbn Usfûr, I, 362).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “bdl” md.
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Emîl Bedî‘ Ya‘kūb, Mevsûʿatü’l-ḥurûf , Beyrut 1408/1988, s. 69, 532-538.
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İsmail Durmuş, “Hemze”, DİA , XVII, 190-193.
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