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İBN AKĪL, Ebü’l-Vefâ Skip to content Ebü’l-Vefâ Alî b. Akīl b. Muhammed b. Akīl el-Bağdâdî (ö. 513/1119)
Usul ilimlerine dair çalışmalarıyla tanınan ve Selefiyye içinde akılcılığın kapısını aralayan Hanbelî âlimi.
431 (1040) yılında Bağdat’ta doğdu. Ailesinin hem baba hem de anne tarafından Hanefî mezhebine mensup olduğu tahmin edilmektedir. On yaşında iken Kur’an’ı ezberledi. Kendisinin anlattığına göre pek azı Hanbelî olan yirmi üç hocadan başta Arap dili ve edebiyatı, tefsir, hadis, fıkıh, kelâm ve tasavvuf olmak üzere hemen hemen bütün İslâmî ilimlere dair dersler aldı. Arap dili ve edebiyatını Ebü’l-Kāsım İbn Berhân’dan, kıraat ilmini İbn Şeytâ, fıkhı Kādî Ebû Ya‘lâ el-Ferrâ, kelâm ilmini İbnü’l-Velîd ve İbnü’t-Tebbân, tasavvufu Ebû Mansûr el-Attâr’dan tahsil etti. Kelâm ilmini Mu‘tezile mezhebine bağlı âlimlerden öğrendiği için Hanbelîler’in şiddetli hücumlarına mâruz kalan İbn Akīl bu hocalarının derslerine gizlice devam etti. İslâmî konulara derin vukufu, kuvvetli hâfızası, üstün zekâsı, güçlü muhakeme ve istidlâl kabiliyeti sayesinde çağdaşları arasında temayüz edip devrinde Hanbelî mezhebinin önde gelen bir şahsiyeti oldu. Hanbelî mezhebine bağlanmasında hocası Ebû Ya‘lâ el-Ferrâ’nın yanı sıra zengin bir tüccar olan ve Hanbelîliğe destek veren Ebû Mansûr b. Yûsuf’un büyük etkisinin bulunduğu nakledilir. İlme olan aşırı sevgisi sebebiyle mezhep farkı gözetmeden imkân nisbetinde her âlimden istifade etti. Buna bağlı olarak Hanbeliyye’nin geleneksel çizgisini aşıp aklî istidlâllere önem verdi. Hocası Ebû Ya‘lâ’nın vefatından sonra Ebû Mansûr’un aracılığıyla Mansûr Camii’nde görevlendirildi. Hayatı boyunca kitap okumak, eser telif etmek ve öğrenci yetiştirmekle meşgul oldu. Ebü’l-Muammer el-Ensârî, Ebû Bekir Muhammed b. Mansûr es-Sem‘ânî, Ebû Tâhir es-Silefî, İbn Nâsır es-Selâmî ve Ebû Bekir es-Sincî onun yetiştirdiği öğrencilerden bazılarıdır. Devrinde Hanbeliyye’nin en büyük müctehidi olmasına rağmen Şerîf Ebû Ca‘fer’in öncülüğünü yaptığı bir grup Hanbelî’nin muhalefetine mâruz kalmaktan kurtulamadı. Kendisini himaye eden Ebû Mansûr’un 460 (1068) yılında vefat edip desteğinden yoksun kalması üzerine Hallâc-ı Mansûr hakkında müsbet kanaat beyan ettiği gerekçesiyle bu muhalif grup tarafından öldürülmek istenmiş, ancak sultanın evine sığınmak suretiyle canını kurtarmıştır. Beş yıl süreyle devletin koruması altında yaşadıktan sonra 8 Muharrem 465 (24 Eylül 1072) tarihinde Bağdat’ın doğu yakasında bulunan Nehrülmuallâ bölgesindeki Ebû Ca‘fer Camii’nde kalabalık cemaatin huzurunda Hallâc-ı Mansûr hakkındaki fikirlerinin yanı sıra i‘tizâlî görüşlerinden de tövbe ettiğini ifade eden bir metni okudu ve şahitlere de imza ettirdi. 11 Muharrem’de (27 Eylül) halifenin huzuruna çıkarılarak orada da sorgulandı ve aynı taahhüdü tekrarladı. İbn Akīl bu dönüşünden sonra halk arasında rahatça dolaşabildi, sayısız başvuru münasebetiyle pek çok fetva verdi. Hayatı ve ilmî şahsiyeti üzerinde araştırma yapanlar onun Hallâc hakkındaki olumlu düşüncesini değiştirmediği kanaatindedir. 475 (1082) yılında minberde yaptığı bir konuşma sırasında Hanbelîler’le Eş‘arîler arasında çıkan olaylar sebebiyle bir süre vaaz etmeyi terketti ve sadece ders okutup eser telifiyle uğraştı. Ebü’l-Hasan Akīl ve Ebû Mansûr Hibetullah adlı iki çocuğu olan İbn Akīl, 12 Cemâziyelevvel 513’te (21 Ağustos 1119) Bağdat’ta vefat etti ve Ahmed b. Hanbel’in kabri yanına defnedildi. Cenazesinde olayların çıktığı ve bazı Hanbelîler’in tabutuna saldırıp kefenini yırttıkları, bazı kimseleri de yaraladıkları nakledilir.
İbn Akīl ilmî şahsiyetinde usulcülük, kelâmcılık ve tefsirciliği öne çıkan bir âlimdir. Usûl-i fıkha dair el-Vâżıḥ fî uṣûli’l-fıḳh ve el-Cedel adlı eserleri onun bu ilme ilişkin görüşlerinin öğrenilebileceği iki önemli kaynaktır. Ona göre Kur’an’dan ve Sünnet’ten hüküm çıkarırken sırasıyla “nas”, “zâhir” ve “umum” kaideleri uygulanır. Teâruz eden başka bir nas bulunmadıkça nas terkedilmez. Zâhirin ise en muhtemel mânası tercih edilir. Kitaptan farklı olarak sünnette Hz. Peygamber’in fiilleri ve takrirleri de hükme kaynak teşkil eder (el-Cedel , s. 3-5). Şer‘î delillerin üçüncüsü olan icmâın geçerli olabilmesi için vuku bulan hadiseyle ilgili olarak aynı hükmü veren bütün müctehidlerin bu kanaat üzere ölmeleri gerekir. Eğer âlimlerden biri ölmeden önce ictihadından dönerse icmâ teşekkül etmez. Müctehid olmayan kimselerin bir konuda icmâ etmeleri hukukî bakımdan bir anlam taşımaz. Kıyas, asla verilen hükmün illetini taşıyan fer‘e de verilmesinden ibarettir. Tek bir sahâbîye ait olsa bile hiçbir ictihad sahâbe sözünün önüne geçirilemez. Bu deliller bulunmadığı takdirde fakih istishâba başvurur (a.g.e. , s. 6-12).
Deliller arasında tercihe gitmenin keyfiyeti, Kitap ve Sünnet’le istidlâlin nasıl gerçekleştirileceği, sahâbe sözüne ve kıyasa yapılan itirazlarla bunların cevapları gibi usûl-i fıkhın temel konuları üzerinde duran İbn Akîl Hanbelî mezhebi çerçevesinde bunları çözümlemeye çalışmıştır. İbn Akīl, muhalif mezhep mensuplarıyla yürütülecek tartışmalara ilişkin kurallara da açıklık getirmiş, ayrıca Hanbelî mezhebine aykırı düşen fetvalar da vermiştir. Bunlardan bazılarını şöylece zikretmek mümkündür: Elbise dışında ipeği ev eşyasıyla ilgili bir malzeme olarak kullanmak kadınlara da haramdır. Faiz sadece hadiste zikredilen altı kalem için söz konusudur. Vakıf malı telef olmaya mâruz kalsa bile satılamaz. İhtiyacı bulunmadığı takdirde baba çocuğunun malından dilediğini alamaz (İbn Receb, I, 158-159).
İbn Akīl’in dinî hükümlere bakışı da kendisinden önceki Selefî-Hanbelî âlimlerin birçoğundan oldukça farklıdır. Ona göre insanlar tarafından bilinmeleri itibariyle dinî hükümler üç kısma ayrılır: 1. Sadece akıl yürütmekle bilinenler. Allah’ın varlığına, birliğine ve sıfatlarının ispat edilmesine, kâinatın yaratılmışlığını ve nübüvvetin doğruluğunu kanıtlamaya ilişkin hükümler bu kısma dahildir. 2. Sadece nakille bilinenler. Yapılması emredilen fiillerin iyi, yasaklanan fiillerin ise kötü olduğuna ilişkin hükümlerle helâl, haram, itaat, isyan, farz, vâcip, mendup gibi hususlara dair hükümler bu kısmın örneklerini teşkil eder. 3. Bir yönü akıl yürütmekle, bir yönü de nakille bilinenler. Allah’ın gözle görüleceğine, kâfirlerin dışındaki günahkârların bağışlanabileceğine ve haber-i vâhide dayanarak ibadet etmenin doğruluğunu bilmeye dair hükümler bu türdendir (el-Vâżıḥ fi uṣûli’l-fıḳh , I, 32-33).
Yapılan yeni araştırmalarda İbn Akīl, âyetleri aklın ışığı altında te’vil eden ve Mu‘tezile’nin tefsir yönteminden etkilenen müfessirler arasında gösterilir. Tefsire dair görüşlerini de ihtiva eden el-Fünûn adlı hacimli eserinin bir cildi dışındaki bölümleri günümüze ulaşmadığından bu konuda fazla bir şey bilinmemektedir. Ancak onun, âyetleri aklın ışığı altında te’vil etme anlayışının müteahhir dönem Selefiyye âlimleri üzerinde etkili olduğu kabul edilir (Bilgin, s. 248-250).
İbn Akīl’in kelâmcılığına gelince, o Selefiyye içinde te’vile başvurmakla meşhur olan önemli âlimlerden biridir. Nefyü’t-teşbîh , el-İntiṣâr li’s-sünne (el-İntiṣâr li-ehli’l-ḥadîs̱ ), Risâle fi’l-ḥarf ve’ṣ-ṣavt , Ẕemmü’t-teşbîh ve is̱bâtü’t-tenzîh adıyla eserler yazarak itikadî konularda yer yer Selefî, yer yer kelâmî yöntemi benimsemiştir. Gençlik yıllarında Ebü’l-Hüseyin el-Basrî’nin görüşlerine uyan Mu‘tezilî âlimlerden İbnü’l-Velîd ve İbnü’t-Tebbân’dan kelâm ilmini öğrenmesi, Cüveynî ve Gazzâlî gibi kelâm âlimleriyle görüşmesi, ayrıca eserlerinde kelâmî konulara da yer veren âlimlerden Ebû Ya‘lâ el-Ferrâ’ya öğrencilik yapması, onun Selefiyye içinde kelâmî yöntemi benimsemesinde etkili olmuştur. İbn Akīl, dünya işlerinden başka dinî konularda da tefekkür ve istidlâlde bulunmanın farz olduğunu savunup geçmiş âlimlerin görüşlerini taklit etmeyi eleştirmiş, teşbih ve tecsîm ifade eden âhâd haberleri aklî delillerin ışığında te’vil etmeyi gerekli görmüş, âlemin yaratılmış olduğunu hudûs ve imkân delillerine dayanarak kanıtlamaya çalışmış, aklî bir engel bulunmadıkça nasların zâhirine bağlı kalınması, ancak dinî bir delil bulunmadan ortaya konan bâtınî mânaların da reddedilmesi gerektiğini söylemiştir (İbn Kudâme, s. 18, 25, 38; İbn Teymiyye, VII, 73; VIII, 36, 81-82, 118, 275, 296, 348; Sübkî, s. 130). Her ne kadar onun bu görüşlerinden tövbe edip bütünüyle Selef mezhebine döndüğü nakledilirse de böyle bir yola girmesinde Şerîf Ebû Ca‘fer tarafından hakkında çıkarılan ölüm fetvasının (İbn Kudâme, s. 4) etkili olması kuvvetle muhtemeldir. Bu sebeple İbn Akīl’in kelâmî yöntemi esas alan görüşlerinden tamamen uzaklaştığını söylemek oldukça zordur. Daha sonra gelen Selefiyye âlimlerinden Muvaffakuddin İbn Kudâme’nin ona reddiye yazması da bunu teyit etmektedir. Bununla birlikte İbn Akīl’in, ashabın tutumunu dikkate alarak kelâm kültürünün herkes için gerekli bir alan olmadığını söylediği de nakledilir (İbn Receb, I, 151-152). Ancak İbn Akīl’in kelâmcılara ve kelâm yöntemine yönelttiği eleştiriler bid‘atçı sûfîlere yönelttiği eleştirilerden daha azdır. Ona göre kelâmcılar bid‘atçı sûfîlerden daha hayırlıdır. Zira kelâmcılar insanları içine düştükleri şüphelerden kurtarmaya çalışırlar, bid‘atçı sûfîler ise “kalbim rabbimden haber verdi ki …” diyerek pek çok hurafeye dalar ve çoğunlukla şatahâta dayanırlar; dinde olmayan ilkeler icat ederek hakikati şeriatın ötesinde ararlar; ölülerin kabirlerini kutsallaştırarak onlardan medet umarlar; ayrıca keşif ve ilhamı bilgi kaynağı kabul etmek suretiyle kâhinler zümresine benzerlik arzederler (İbnü’l-Cevzî, Telbîsü İblîs , s. 325, 370, 375; İbn Teymiyye, VIII, 61-70; İbn Receb, I, 145; Mahmûd Şükrî el-Âlûsî, II, 31). İbn Akīl, Şiîler’i de eleştirerek onları dinin esasını yıkmayı ve nübüvveti yaralamayı hedef alan bir grup olarak değerlendirir. Çünkü Şîa dini nakleden ashaba güvenilemeyeceğini iddia etmiştir. Halbuki ashaba güvenilmezse dine de güvenilemez (İbnü’l-Cevzî, Telbîsü İblîs , s. 98-99). İbn Akīl’in itikadî konulara dair görüşlerini şöylece özetlemek mümkündür:
Akıl insanlar için sınırlı bir bilgi kaynağı olup ilâhî hikmetleri kuşatmaktan âcizdir. Bundan dolayı insanın vahyin getirdiği bilgilere teslim olması gerekir. Halbuki Mu‘tezile kelâmcıları genel bir ilke olarak ilâhî hikmeti ispat etmekle birlikte cüz’î konularda bunu göz ardı ederek hataya düşmüşlerdir (a.g.e. , s. 85; İbn Teymiyye, VIII, 49-56).
Allah’ın varlığını inkâr edenler bu kanaatlerini genellikle O’nu duyularla algılayamamış olmalarına dayandırırlar. Ne var ki bu akılcı bir tavır değildir, zira bir varlığın duyularla algılanamamış olması yokluğunu gerektirmez (İbn Receb, I, 148-149). Allah’a nisbet edilen ilim, sem‘, basar, irade gibi sıfatlar kendi başlarına varlık ve yoklukla nitelenemeyen hallerdir. Fiilî sıfatlar ezelîdir, fakat bu sıfatların neticesi olan yaratıklar hâdistir (İbn Akīl, Resâʾil fi’l-Ḳurʾân , s. 26-27; İbn Teymiyye, IX, 394-395). Allah Teâlâ’nın kelâm sıfatını zatında mevcut bir mâna olarak te’vil etmek yanlıştır, aksine O harf ve sesle konuşur. Zira Kur’an’da kelâm bu anlamda kullanılmıştır (Âl-i İmrân 3/41; Meryem 19/26). Eğer kelâm zatta mevcut bir mâna olsaydı Hz. Meryem’in “Bugün insanlarla konuşmayacağım” demesi anlamsız olurdu. Ayrıca Hz. Mûsâ’nın “kelîmullah” diye adlandırılması da mantıklı olmazdı. Her peygambere Allah’ın kelâmı bir mâna olarak vahyedilmiştir (İbn Akīl, a.g.e. , s. 4, 9, 18, 24). İbn Teymiyye İbn Akīl’in kelâm sıfatı konusunda Eş‘ariyye’nin görüşünü benimsediğini naklederse de (Derʾü teʿâruż , II, 244-245) bu onun bazı kelâmî görüşlerini terketmesinden önceki döneme ait düşüncesi olmalıdır. İbn Akīl haberî sıfatları bazan te’vil etmiş, bazan da te’vile gitmeden “bilâkeyf” kabul etmiştir. O, avamın nasların zâhirî mânalarına sarılmasının gerektiği kanaatindedir, çünkü onların zihnî yapısı tenzihe değil teşbihe elverişlidir. Nitekim Hz. Peygamber Allah hakkında avama bilgi verirken bu yolu takip etmiştir. Âlimler ise tenzihe yatkın olduklarından haberî sıfatlara ilişkin nasları te’vil etmelidir (Zehebî, XIX, 448). Buna göre İbn Akīl “yed”i zat, “ayn”ı üstünlük, “dıhk”ı da rızâ diye te’vil etmiştir (İbnü’l-Cevzî, Defʿu şübheti’t-teşbîh , s. 199, 206, 263-264). Ona göre haberî sıfatları Selef de te’vil etmiştir (İbn Kudâme, s. 9-10). Kulların fiilleri ise Allah’ın kalplerinde yarattığı düşüncelere bağlı olarak gerçekleşir (İbn Teymiyye, IV, 283).
Resûl-i Ekrem’in gayba dair verdiği haberlerin aynen gerçekleşmesi onun hak peygamber olduğunu gösterir, çünkü vahiy almayan bir kişinin gaybı bilmesi imkânsızdır. Bunun yanında Hz. Peygamber’in geçmiş iki dini neshedip yerine İslâmiyet’i ikame etmeye muvaffak olması da nübüvvetinin delilleri arasında zikredilmelidir; zira Allah’ın kendisi hakkında yalan konuşan bir kişiyi muvaffak kılması ilâhî sünnete aykırıdır. Ayrıca Kur’an’ın taşıdığı ifade ve üslûpla Resûl-i Ekrem’in kendi sözleri arasında görülen açık farklılık da onun Allah’tan vahiy alan bir peygamber olduğunu kanıtlar mahiyettedir (İbnü’l-Cevzî, el-Vefâ , I, 268, 270, 351-352, 743).
Nasların yorumuna ve ilâhî sıfatlara ilişkin görüşleriyle dikkat çeken İbn Akīl, Selefiyye içinde teşbih hareketini temsil eden İbn Hâmid’e karşı kelâm yönteminden faydalanmış bir âlim olarak görünmektedir. Görüşleri Selefiyye içinde yankı uyandırmış, İbnü’l-Cevzî büyük ölçüde onun tesirinde kalmıştır. İbn Kudâme ve İbn Teymiyye gibi âlimler buna işaret etmişlerdir (Taḥrîmü’n-naẓar , s. 8; Derʾü teʿâruż , VIII, 25). İbn Receb’in de dediği gibi (eẕ-Ẕeyl ʿalâ Ṭabaḳāti’l-Ḥanâbile , I, 144) İbn Akīl, muhtemelen öldürülme korkusuyla kelâm yönteminden vazgeçtiğini açıkladıktan sonra ölümüne kadar bazı kelâmî görüşlerini muhafaza etmiş, Selefiyye içinde naklin yanı sıra aklî istidlâllere de başvurulmasını sağlayan bir âlim olmuştur. Onun bu yönü müteahhir dönem Selefiyye âlimlerinden İbn Kudâme tarafından eleştirilmiştir.
Eserleri. Kaynaklarda İbn Akīl’in tefsir, hadis, fıkıh, kelâm, tasavvuf gibi temel İslâmî ilimlere dair çeşitli eserler telif ettiği belirtilirse de zamanımıza ulaşan kitapları pek fazla değildir. Belli başlı eserleri şunlardır:
1. Resâʾil fi’l-Ḳurʾân ve is̱bâtü’l-ḥarf ve’ṣ-ṣavt redden ʿale’l-Eşʿariyye . Eş‘ariyye’ye (ve Mâtürîdiyye’ye) ait kelâm-ı nefsî görüşünü reddedip Allah’ın harf ve sesle konuştuğunu kanıtlamak amacıyla yazılmış bir risâledir. Eser George Makdisi tarafından Bulletin d’études Orientales içinde yayımlanmıştır (bk. bibl.).
2. el-İrşâd fî uṣûli’d-dîn . İtikadî konulara dair olan eserin sadece giriş kısmına ait bazı satırlar zamanımıza intikal etmiştir (İbn Akīl, el-Vażıḥ fî uṣûli’l-fıḳh , neşredenin girişi, I, 1).
3. el-Fünûn . Müellifin en hacimli ve meşhur eseri olup kaynaklarda farklı rakamlar verilmekle birlikte yetmiş cilt veya 200 cüzden oluştuğu nakledilir. Tefsir, hadis, fıkıh, Arap dili ve edebiyatı, tarih, münazara meclisleri, vaaz ve irşad, tasavvuf gibi değişik konuları ihtiva eden bir külliyat niteliğindeki eserin günümüze intikal eden yaklaşık bir cilt hacmindeki cüzlerini George Makdisi tahkik ederek iki cilt halinde yayımlamıştır (Beyrut 1970-1971). Bu eserin İbnü’l-Cevzî tarafından yapılan on ciltlik ihtisarı günümüze ulaşmamıştır.
4. el-Cedel . Usûl-i fıkha dair olan eser şer‘î delillerle mezhepler arası tartışma kurallarını ihtiva eder. George Makdisi tarafından tahkik edilerek neşredilmiştir (Dımaşk 1967).
5. el-Vâżıḥ fî uṣûli’l-fıḳh . Her biri müstakil bir kitap olarak da kabul edilen üç ciltlik eserin I. cildinde usûl-i fıkıhta mezhep, ikincisinde usulcülerin cedeli ile fakihlerin cedeli ve III. cildinde hilâf konusu incelenir. Eserin ilk iki cildinin yazma nüshaları Dımaşk Dârü’l-kütübi’z-Zâhiriyye’de (nr. 77, 79), III. cildin yazma nüshası Amerika Birleşik Devletleri Princeton Üniversitesi Firestone Kütüphanesi’nde (nr. 1842) mevcuttur. İbn Akīl’in eserleri üzerinde çalışmalar yapan George Makdisi el-Vâżıḥ ’ı yayına hazırlarken dört cilde ayırıp I. cildini neşretmiştir (Beyrut 1996). Bu ciltte bilgi ve kısımları, hükümlerin dayandığı deliller ve usul, tarifler, vücûb, hakikat, mecaz, delâlet, işaret, ittifak, ihtilâf, nâsih-mensuh, kıyas, fetva ve müftî gibi usûl-i fıkha dair belli başlı konulara yer verilir. Ayrıca Mûsâ b. Muhammed b. Yahyâ el-Karnî, Câmiatü Ümmi’l-kurâ’da el-Vâżıḥ üzerinde bir doktora tezi hazırlamış (Mekke 1404/1984) ve eserin baş tarafından “Fusûlü’l-lugāt” bahsine kadar olan kısmı tahkik etmiştir.
Kaynaklarda İbn Akīl’e nisbet edilen bazı eserler de şunlardır: el-İntiṣâr li-ehli’l-ḥadîs̱ , er-Rivâyeteyn ve’l-vecheyn , Tafżîlü’l-ʿibâdât ʿalâ naʿîmi’l-cennât , Tehẕîbü’n-nefs , el-Fuṣûl fi’l-fıḳh , el-İşâre fi’l-uṣûl , ʿUmdetü’l-edille , el-Müfredât , et-Teẕkire , Nefyü’t-teşbîh , Ẕemmü’t-teşbîh ve is̱bâtü’t-tenzîh .
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Ebü’l-Vefâ İbn Akīl, Resâʾil fi’l-Ḳurʾân ve is̱bâtü’l-ḥarf ve’ṣ-ṣavt redden ʿale’l-Eşʿariyye (BEO , XXIV [1971] içinde, nşr. G. Makdisi), s. 4, 9, 18, 24-27, 38, bk. tür.yer.
a.mlf., el-Cedel , Kahire, ts. (Mektebetü’s-sekāfeti’d-dîniyye), s. 3-12.
a.mlf., el-Vâżıḥ fî uṣûli’l-fıḳh (nşr. G. Makdisi), Beyrut 1996, I, 32-33; ayrıca bk. neşredenin girişi, I, 1-2.
İbn Ebû Ya‘lâ, Ṭabaḳātü’l-Ḥanâbile , II, 259.
İbnü’l-Cevzî, el-Muntaẓam , IX, 212-213.
a.mlf., Ṣaydü’l-ḫâṭır , Beyrut, ts. (Dârü’l-kütübi’l-ilmiyye), s. 185.
a.mlf., Defʿu şübheti’t-teşbîh (nşr. Hasan es-Sekkāf), Amman 1412/1992, s. 115, 155, 160, 199, 206, 263-264.
a.mlf., el-Vefâ , I, 268, 270, 351-352, 743.
a.mlf., Telbîsü İblîs , s. 85, 98-99, 325, 370, 375.
İbn Kudâme, Taḥrîmü’n-naẓar fî kütübi ehli’l-kelâm (nşr. G. Makdisi), Norfolk 1985, s. 1-4, 7-10, 18, 25-38.
İbnü’l-Esîr, el-Kâmil , X, 561.
a.mlf., el-Lübâb , II, 298.
Sıbt İbnü’l-Cevzî, Mirʾâtü’z-zamân , VIII, 64-65.
İbn Teymiyye, Derʾü teʿârużi’l-ʿaḳl ve’n-naḳl (nşr. M. Reşâd Sâlim), Riyad 1981, I, 270, 303, 325; II, 244-245; III, 159, 246; IV, 282, 283; VII, 34-35, 73, 263, 444, 452, 457; VIII, 25, 36, 47-56, 61-70, 81-82, 118, 275, 296, 348; IX, 160, 394-395.
Zehebî, Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , XIX, 443-449.
Takıyyüddin es-Sübkî, es-Seyfü’ṣ-ṣaḳīl (nşr. M. Zâhid el-Kevserî), Kahire 1356/1937, s. 130.
İbn Kesîr, el-Bidâye , XII, 184.
İbn Receb, eẕ-Ẕeyl ʿalâ Ṭabaḳāti’l-Ḥanâbile , Kahire 1372/1952, I, 144-161.
İbn Hacer, Lisânü’l-Mîzân , IV, 243-244.
Dâvûdî, Ṭabaḳātü’l-müfessirîn , I, 417.
Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 71; II, 1995.
İbnü’l-İmâd, Şeẕerât , IV, 35-41.
Mahmûd Şükrî el-Âlûsî, Ġāyetü’l-emânî fi’r-red ʿale’n-Nebhânî , Kahire 1327, II, 31.
Hediyyetü’l-ʿârifîn , I, 695.
Âmine M. Nasîr, Ebü’l-Ferec İbnü’l-Cevzî , Kahire 1407/1987, s. 49-52.
Mustafa Bilgin, Tefsirde Mu‘tezile Ekolü (doktora tezi, 1991), Uludağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, s. 248-250.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1999 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 19. cildinde, 301-304 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.