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İBN ÂMİR Skip to content Ebû İmrân Abdullah b. Âmir b. Yezîd el-Yahsubî (ö. 118/736)
Yedi kıraat imamından biri, tâbiî.
Bugünkü Ürdün toprakları içinde yer alan Belkā’da Ruhâb köyünde dünyaya geldi. Doğum tarihiyle ilgili olarak kaynaklarda değişik bilgilere yer verilmiştir. Talebelerinden Bikā‘ Kadısı Hâlid b. Yezîd’in bizzat kendisinden naklettiğine göre İbn Âmir 8 (630) yılında doğduğunu söylemiş, Mizzî de aynı tarihi zikrederek 110 yıl yaşadığını ileri sürmüştür. Diğer bir talebesi olan Yahyâ ez-Zimârî’den Ebü’l-Alâ el-Hemedânî’nin rivayet ettiğine göre bu tarih 21 (641) yılının başları olup Zehebî de bunu doğru kabul eder ve Mekke’nin fethedildiği yıl (8/630) doğmuş olmasını uzak bir ihtimal sayar (Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , V, 292). İbnü’l-Cezerî ise her iki görüşe yer verdikten sonra kendisinden nakledilen 8 (630) yılını tercih eder. İbn Âmir’in soyu, Yemen’de Himyer’in kolu olan Yahsub (Yahsıb) kabilesine dayandığı için Yahsubî nisbesiyle de anılmış, künyesi hakkında dokuz farklı görüş kaydedilmekle birlikte doğrusunun Ebû İmrân olduğu belirtilmiştir.
İbn Âmir dokuz yaşında iken Dımaşk’a gitti ve muhtemelen hayatının sonuna kadar burada yaşadı. Soyunun belli olmadığı ileri sürülerek aşağılayıcı bazı söz ve davranışlara mâruz kalmış ve mevâlîden olduğu iddia edilmişse de kurrâ-i seb‘a içinde Ebû Amr b. Alâ gibi onun da Arap soyundan geldiği ve nesebinin bilindiği kaydedilmiştir (Dânî, et-Teysîr , s. 6; Zehebî, Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , V, 293).
Kur’an ve kıraat ilminde İbn Âmir’in asıl hocası, Kur’an’ı Hz. Osman’dan öğrenen ve Zehebî’nin tahminine göre (Maʿrifetü’l-ḳurrâʾ , I, 136) Muâviye’nin hilâfeti yıllarında Dımaşk’ta Kur’an dersleri veren Mugīre b. Ebû Şihâb el-Mahzûmî’dir. Talebesi Hâlid b. Yezîd’in belirttiğine göre Muâz b. Cebel ve Ebü’d-Derdâ’dan da Kur’an dersleri aldığı, ayrıca Fedâle b. Ubeyd’den okuduğu rivayet edilmiştir. Zehebî, Hâlid’den gelen bir rivayeti değerlendirirken bir yerde bu sahâbîlerden Kur’an’ın tamamını değil muhtemelen bazı sûrelerini okumuş olabileceğini söylemiş bir başka yerde (a.g.e. , I, 124, 187) meselâ Ebü’d-Derdâ için bunun da uzak bir ihtimal olduğunu belirtmiştir. İbnü’l-Cezerî ise Ebü’d-Derdâ’dan okumuş olabileceğini söylerken Muâz b. Cebel’den okumasıyla ilgili rivayeti zayıf bulmakta, Muâviye’den okuduğuna dair rivayeti de asılsız saymaktadır. İbn Âmir’in bizzat Hz. Osman’ı Kur’an okurken dinlediği de rivayet edilmiş, İbnü’l-Cezerî bunu mümkün görürken Zehebî de babasının onu hacca götürerek kendisine bu fırsatı sağlamış olabileceğine dikkat çekmiştir (Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , V, 292).
İbn Âmir Kur’an kıraati konusundaki uzmanlığı yanında hadisle de meşgul olmuş; Hz. Osman, Muâviye b. Ebû Süfyân, Ebü’d-Derdâ, Zeyd b. Sâbit, Vâsile b. Eska‘, Fedâle b. Ubeyd, Ebû Ümâme el-Bâhilî, Ebû İdrîs el-Havlânî, Nu‘mân b. Beşîr gibi şahsiyetlerden rivayette bulunmuştur. Kendisinden de Yahyâ b. Hâris ez-Zimârî (Zemârî), kardeşi Abdurrahman b. Âmir el-Yahsubî, Rebîa b. Yezîd el-Kasîr, Ca‘fer b. Rebîa, İsmâil b. Ubeydullah b. Ebü’l-Muhâcir ve Saîd b. Abdülazîz gibi kişiler kıraat öğrenirken bu ilimde en önde talebesi Yahyâ b. Hâris ez-Zimârî, Rebîa b. Yezîd el-Kasîr, Ca‘fer b. Yezîd, Abdurrahman b. Âmir el-Yahsubî ve diğerleri hadis rivayet etmişlerdir.
Velîd b. Abdülmelik tarafından Dımaşk kadılığına tayin edilen İbn Âmir’in bu göreve Bilâl b. Ebü’d-Derdâ veya Ebû İdrîs el-Havlânî’den sonra getirildiğine dair kaynaklarda farklı rivayetler bulunmaktaysa da kendisinden kıraat ve Kur’an âyetlerinin sayısı gibi konularda istifade ettiğini söyleyen Saîd b. Abdülazîz’e göre hocası bu göreve Zür‘a b. Eyyûb’dan (Süveb) sonra getirilmiş olup Dımaşk kadılarıyla ilgili olarak yapılan kronolojik sıralama da (Vekî‘, III, 199-203; ayrıca bk. İbn Nâsırüddin, VIII, 247) bu tesbitin doğru olduğunu göstermektedir. Onun ayrıca bütün Dımaşk bölgesini ve sahillerini içine alacak şekilde ordu kadılığı yaptığı da kaydedilmiş (Zehebî, Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , V, 293), kadılık görevinin mânevî sorumluluğunu dikkate alarak günahlarına kefâret olsun diye otuz köle âzat ettiği belirtilmiştir (İbn Ebû Meryem, I, 113). Velîd kendisini, inşasına 87 (706) yılında başlanan (Süyûtî, s. 244) Dımaşk Emeviyye Camii’nin yapım çalışmalarına nezaret etmekle de görevlendirmiş, bu görevi işin bitimine kadar sürdüğü gibi caminin yönetiminin birinci derecede sorumluluğu da onun uhdesine verilmiş, bu yöneticiliği sırasında kurallara ve cami âdâbına uymayanları cezalandırdığı görülmüştür (Fesevî, II, 402). İbn Âmir’in, Süleyman b. Abdülmelik döneminde (715-717) Emeviyye Camii reisliği dışında hangi görevleri yürüttüğü bilinmemekte, Ömer b. Abdülazîz’in hilâfeti yıllarında ise etkili konumunu koruyamadığı tahmin edilmektedir. Zira namazda ellerini kaldırdığı için Atıyye b. Kays’ı cezalandırmasını Ömer b. Abdülazîz tepkiyle karşılamış, İbn Âmir’in kendisiyle görüşmek üzere yaptığı başvuruyu da kabul etmemiştir.
İclî ve Nesâî’nin hadis rivayeti konusunda sika olarak nitelendirdiği, Zehebî’nin kendisi için “sadûk” terimini kullandığı İbn Âmir 10 Muharrem 118’de (29 Ocak 736) Dımaşk’ta vefat etti.
İbn Âmir’in kıraatinin her bir vechinin isnad açısından bir sahâbîye ulaşıp ulaşmadığı, dil açısından içinde şâz unsurların bulunup bulunmadığı hususu tartışılmıştır. Hz. Osman’ın kıraatine dayandığı kabul edilerek bunun için “Osmânî kıraat” ifadesi kullanıldığı gibi (İbn Asâkir, XXIX, 278) herhangi bir sahâbîye dayanmadığı, Şamlılar’a ait bir kıraat olduğu da ileri sürülmüştür. İbn Âmir’in bizzat Hz. Osman’a talebe olduğuna veya onu Kur’an okurken dinlediğine ya da kıraati Hz. Osman’dan alan Mugīre b. Ebû Şihâb’dan bu ilmi öğrendiğine dair rivayetler Emevî hâkimiyetindeki Şam’da bir övünç vesilesi olarak değerlendirilmiş, kıraat imamları içinde bu ilmi doğrudan bir sahâbîden veya talebesinden alan başka bir kimse bulunmadığı belirtilmiştir (Makdisî, s. 142-143). Bu kıraatin bir beğeni konusu olarak ileri sürülen önemli bir yanı da diğer imamların üç ile otuz arasında değişen sayıda râvileri ve bu râviler arasında pek çok ihtilâf bulunduğu halde onun kıraatinin sadece Yahyâ b. Hâris ez-Zimârî tarafından rivayet edilmiş olmasıdır. Kaynaklarda yer alan ihtilâflar da bu kıraati Yahyâ’nın talebeleri Irâk b. Hâlid ve Eyyûb b. Temîm’den alan ve İbn Âmir’in okuyuşu için kıraat kitaplarında ortaklaşa tercih edilen iki râvi Hişâm b. Ammâr ile İbn Zekvân arasındadır.
Ebû Ali el-Ahvâzî, İbn Âmir’in kıraatinin herhangi bir unsurunda rivayet ve habere aykırı bir şey bulunmadığını, diğer bir ifadeyle onun kıraatinin her bir vechinin sahih bir isnadı olduğunu söylemiş (İbnü’l-Cezerî, I, 425), Enderâbî de İbn Âmir’in Selef yolundan ayrılmadığını, kıraatinde nakle ve rivayete aykırı hiçbir unsur yer almadığını ileri sürmüştür. İbn Cerîr et-Taberî ise İbn Âmir’in kıraatini eleştirmiş, gerekçe olarak da Hz. Osman’dan okuyan veya okuduğunu ileri süren hiç kimse bulunmadığını, ayrıca İbn Âmir’in Mugīre b. Ebû Şihâb’dan okuduğuna dair iddianın da tanınmayan bir kimse olan Irâk b. Hâlid’e ait olduğunu söylemiştir. Ali b. Muhammed es-Sehâvî Taberî’nin bu değerlendirmesine itiraz etmiş, Ebû Abdurrahman es-Sülemî, Ebü’l-Esved ed-Düelî ve Zir b. Hubeyş gibi şahsiyetlerin Hz. Osman’dan okuduğunu hatırlatmış, hocası Şâtıbî’nin de Taberî’nin bu yanlış değerlendirmesi konusunda kendisini uyardığını söylemiştir (Cemâlü’l-ḳurrâʾ , II, 432-434; Zehebî, Maʿrifetü’l-ḳurrâʾ , I, 192-193). Sehâvî ayrıca Taberî’nin Irâk b. Hâlid için kullandığı “tanınmayan bir kimse” sözü üzerinde durmuş, sika bir râvi olan Hişâm b. Ammâr’ın ondan faydalanması karşısında Taberî’nin tanımamasının ona zarar vermeyeceğini belirtmiştir (Cemâlü’l-ḳurrâʾ , II, 435). Zehebî de Irâk’ın meşhur bir kişi olduğunu, Hişâm b. Ammâr, Rebî‘ b. Sa‘leb’in ondan kıraat okuduğunu, bazı hadis râvilerinin de hadis dinlediğini, Dârekutnî’nin kendisini “lâ be’se bih” (zararı yok) diye nitelendirdiğini zikretmiştir (Maʿrifetü’l-ḳurrâʾ , I, 194). Taberî’nin görüşüne uyarak İbn Âmir’i değerlendiren bir âlim de Ebû Tâhir Abdülvâhid b. Ebû Hâşim’dir. Ebû Tâhir, Taberî’nin ve İbn Mücâhid’in İbn Âmir’in kıraatini isnad açısından zayıf gördüklerini ileri sürmüş, bu kıraat İbn Mücâhid tarafından yedili sistem içine alınmasaydı onun yerine A‘meş’in kıraatinin daha uygun olacağını söylemiştir (Ali b. Muhammed es-Sehâvî, II, 435).
İbn Âmir’in kıraati üzerinde isnad açısından yapılan bu tartışmalar yanında onun okuyuşundaki bazı vecihler dil açısından da tenkit edilmiştir. İbn Hâleveyh, Muḫtaṣar fî şevâẕẕi’l-Ḳurʾân adlı eserinde onun bazı okuyuşlarına da yer vermiş; meselâ Âl-i İmrân sûresinin 168. âyetindeki مَا قُتِلُوا sözünü مَا قُتِّلُوا , A‘râf sûresinin 3. âyetindeki تَذَكَّرُونَ kelimesini يَتَذَكَّرُونَ , yine A‘râf sûresinin 111. âyetindeki أَرْجِهْ kelimesini أَرْجِئْهِ , Müzzemmil sûresinin 20. âyetindeki ثُلُثَيْ kelimesini ثُلْثَيْ şeklinde okumasını şâz olarak nitelendirmiştir (İbn Hâleveyh, s. 29-30, 47, 50, 164). İbn Âmir’in وَكَذَلِكَ زَيَّنَ لِكَثِيرٍ مِنَ الْمُشْرِكِينَ قَتْلَ أَوْلَادِهِمْ شُرَكَاؤُهُمْ (el-En‘âm 6/137) âyetini muzâf ile muzâfun ileyhin arasını ayırarak وَكَذَلِكَ زُيِّنَ لِكَثِيرٍ مِنَ الْمُشْرِكِينَ قَتْلُ أَوْلَادَهَمْ شُرَكَائِهِمْ şeklinde okuması örneğinde görüldüğü gibi bazı okuyuşları nahivcilerin şiddetli itirazlarına sebep olmuştur. Ferrâ, zikredilen âyetteki okuyuşun benzerinin Arap dilinde yer almadığını söylemiş, Zemahşerî de muzâf ile muzâfun ileyhin arasının fasledilmesinin zaruret halinde şiirde bile kabul edilemez bir çirkinlik sayıldığını belirterek Kur’an’da böyle bir okuyuşun olamayacağına işaret etmiştir.
Zehebî, bu tartışmaların özellikle isnadla ilgili yanlarını zikrettikten sonra İbn Âmir’in kıraatinin kabulü hususunda kesin bir icmâ bulunduğunu (Maʿrifetü’l-ḳurrâʾ , I, 195), bilgisiz bazı kimselerin sözlerine rağmen bunun makbul bir kıraat olduğunu (Mîzânü’l-iʿtidâl , II, 449) söylemiştir. İbnü’l-Cezerî ise İbn Mücâhid’in, Şam ve Yukarı Mezopotamya bölgeleri halkının onun kıraatinde birleştiğini söylemesinin bu kıraatin gücünün en büyük delili olduğunu, I. (VII.) yüzyıldan itibaren gerek halkın gerekse ilim adamlarının bir esasa dayanmayan bir kıraat üzerinde birleşmelerinin düşünülemeyeceğini ifade etmiştir.
Gerçekten de İbn Âmir’in kıraati ilk asırlarda Şam ve Yukarı Mezopotamya bölgelerinde yayılmış (İbn Mücâhid, s. 87; Dânî, Câmiʿu’l-beyân , vr. 12b ), İbnü’l-Cezerî’ye göre Şam bölgesinde V. (XI.) yüzyılın sonuna kadar namazda ve tilâvette hep bu kıraat tercih edilmiştir. Ancak bu tarihlerde Irak’tan gelen bir âlimin Emeviyye Camii’nde Ebû Amr b. Alâ’nın kıraatini okutması üzerine halk buna yönelmiş ve bu kıraat bölgede yayılmıştır (Ġāyetü’n-Nihâye , I, 292, 424). Makdisî, Şam bölgesinde Ebû Amr b. Alâ’nın kıraatinin daha çok okunduğunu, ancak Dımaşk’ta İbn Âmir’in kıraatinin tercih edildiğini, Emeviyye Camii’nde imamın mutlaka onun kıraatiyle namaz kıldırdığını söylemiş (Aḥsenü’t-teḳāsîm , s. 180), Mısır’da ise yedi kıraatin hepsinin kullanıldığını, en az okunanın da İbn Âmir’in kıraati olduğunu belirtmiştir (a.g.e. , s. 202).
İbn Âmir’in kıraatinin bazı özellikleri şunlardır: 1. İstisnaları olmakla birlikte İbn Zekvân’ın rivayetine göre aşağıdaki on fiilde imâle yapar: خاب، طاب، ضاق، زاغ، ران، زاد، شاء، جاء، حاق، خاف 2. حيل سيق، سيئت، سىء، قيل، غيض، جىء kelimelerini işmâm ile okur. 3. هزوا kelimesini geçtiği her yerde هزءا diye hemze ile okur. 4. Bazı istisnalar dışında إبراهيم kelimesini إبراهام şeklinde kıraat eder. 5. لبثت ve لبثتم kelimelerinde “sâ”yı (ث ) “tâ”ya (ت ) idgam yaparak okur. 6. أخذتم، أخذت، اتخذتم، اتخذت kelimelerinde “zâl”i (ذ ) “tâ”ya (ت ) idgam yapar.
İbnü’n-Nedîm, İbn Âmir’in İḫtilâfü meṣâḥifi’ş-Şâm ve’l-Ḥicâz ve’l-ʿIrâḳ ve Kitâb fî maḳṭûʿi’l-Ḳurʾâni ve mevṣûlih adlı iki eserinden söz etmektedir. İbn Âmir’in kıraati yedi, sekiz, on … kıraate dair hemen bütün eserlerde yer aldığı gibi müstakil çalışmalara da konu olmuştur (bu çalışmalardan bazılarının yazma nüshaları için bk. el-Fihrisü’ş-şâmil , s. 21, 149, 160, 188).
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1999 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 19. cildinde, 308-310 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.