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İBN BÂBEVEYH, Şeyh Sadûk Skip to content Ebû Ca‘fer Muhammed b. Alî b. el-Hüseyn b. Mûsâ b. Bâbeveyh el-Kummî (ö. 381/991)
İmâmiyye Şîası’nca benimsenen dört hadis kitabından ikincisinin yazarı, hadis ve fıkıh âlimi.
Doğum tarihi kesin olarak bilinmemekle birlikte ikinci sefir Muhammed b. Osman’ın ölümünden sonra ve Hüseyin b. Rûh’un sefâretinin ilk devresinde 305 (917-18) yılı civarında Kum’da dünyaya gelmiş olması kuvvetle muhtemeldir (Kemâlü’d-dîn ve temâmü’n-niʿme , II, 502). Daha çok Şeyh Sadûk ve İmâdüddin unvanları ile tanınır. Babası, “es-Sadûku’l-evvel” diye anılan ve devrinin önemli âlimlerinden biri sayılan Ebü’l-Hasan İbn Bâbeveyh’tir. Hakkındaki bir menkıbede belirtildiğine göre kendisi gāib imamın duasının bereketiyle doğmuştur (bk. İBN BÂBEVEYH, Ebü’l-Hasan ). Bu telakki İmâmiyye arasında yaygın bir inanç haline gelmiştir.
İbn Bâbeveyh’in yetişmesinde babası ve çok sayıda ilim adamı yetiştiren aile çevresi etkili oldu. Ayrıca Kum’da Muhammed b. Hasan b. Ahmed b. el-Velîd, Hamza b. Muhammed b. Ahmed gibi önemli âlimlerden ders aldı ve onlardan hadis yanında diğer İslâmî ilimleri öğrendi. Devrin geleneğine uyarak ilmî seyahatlere çıktı (339/950-51). Rey’de Ebü’l-Hasan Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Esedî, Ya‘kūb b. Yûsuf, Ahmed b. Muhammed b. Sakr ve Ebû Ali b. Abdürabbih er-Râzî’den hadis dinledi ve onlara hadis nakletti. 352 (963) yılında Horasan’a gitti, Meşhed ve Nîşâbur’u ziyaret ettikten sonra aynı yıl Bağdat’a geçti. Burada Ebû Muhammed Hasan b. Yahyâ el-Hasenî, Ebü’l-Hasan Ali b. Sâbit ed-Devâlîbî, Muhammed b. Ömer el-Hâfız ve İbrâhim b. Hârûn gibi Şiî âlimleriyle karşılıklı olarak hadis rivayetinde bulundu. 354’te (965) hacca gitmek üzere Bağdat’tan ayrıldı, Kûfe’ye uğrayarak Hicaz’a ulaştı. Haccını eda ettikten sonra dönüş yolu üzerindeki Feyd’de bir süre kalarak Ebû Ali Ahmed b. Ebû Ca‘fer el-Beyhakī’den hadis dinledi.
Başta Nîşâbur olmak üzere Horasan beldelerini sık sık ziyaret etmesi sebebiyle Necâşî ve Ebû Ca‘fer et-Tûsî gibi meşhur Şiî âlimleri tarafından İsnâaşeriyye’nin Horasan’daki yıldızı olarak kabul edilen İbn Bâbeveyh, bununla yetinmeyerek Mâverâünnehir’e kadar uzanan bir seyahate çıktı. Rey âlimleriyle kurduğu temaslar sonucunda Büveyhî Hükümdarı Rüknüddevle’nin sarayına davet edilerek Rey’de yerleşti. Bir taraftan Şîa’nın görüşleri konusunda Büveyhî hükümdarının sorularını cevaplandırırken diğer taraftan öğrenci yetiştirme ve eser yazma faaliyetlerini sürdürdü. Böylece ulemâ ve halk nezdinde büyük bir itibar kazandı. Kardeşi Hüseyin b. Ali, yeğeni Hasan b. Hüseyin, Necâşî’nin babası Ali b. Ali b. Ahmed, Ebü’l-Kāsım Ali b. Muhammed, Ebû Abdullah Hüseyin b. Ubeydullah el-Gadâirî, Muhammed b. Süleyman el-Hamrânî, Ali b. Hasan el-Hûzî ve Muhammed b. Ahmed b. Ali b. Şâzân el-Kummî onun yetiştirdiği çok sayıdaki öğrenciden bazılarıdır. İbn Bâbeveyh Rey’de vefat etti ve Abdülazîm el-Hasenî’nin kabrinin yakınında defnedildi. Daha sonra üzerine kubbeli bir türbe yapılan kabri günümüzde bir ziyaret mahallidir.
Küleynî’den sonra İmâmiyye’nin en önemli âlimlerinden biri olarak kabul edilen İbn Bâbeveyh daha önceki Ahbârîler’den ve özellikle Küleynî’den farklı bir yol takip etmiştir. Gaybet döneminin uzamasıyla birlikte gerek Şîa bünyesinden gerekse dışarıdan gelen itiraz ve tenkitlere cevap vermiş, aklı müstakil bir delil kabul etmemişse de bazı aklî izahlarda bulunmaktan uzak durmamıştır. Muhalif fırkalardan İsmâiliyye ve Zeydiyye’den gelen tenkitleri cevaplandırırken imâmetin gerekliliği, peygamberlerle imamların mâsumiyeti ve gaybet konusundaki aklî yorumları oldukça dikkat çekicidir (meselâ bk. a.g.e. , I, 28-40). Onun bütün bu özellikleri yanında akıldan çok nassa ağırlık verdiği bilinmektedir.
Şiî kelâmında Nevbahtîler’le başlayan Mu‘tezilî tesirlere karşı çıkış hareketinin başında yer alan İbn Bâbeveyh, Mu‘tezile’yi tenkit ederken bu ilimle uğraşanlar aleyhinde nakledilen haberlere dayanmıştır. Bununla birlikte kelâm konularında akla dayalı çözümlere kısmen yer vermiş olması sebebiyle kendisinden sonra Şeyh Müfîd’le sistemleşecek olan aklî kelâmın oluşmasını hızlandırdığı söylenebilir. Onun bu özelliğinin biraz da tarihî zaruretlerden ortaya çıktığı düşünülmelidir. Zira Şiî âlimleri artık sadece imamlardan gelen haberlere dayanmakla meselelerin çözülemeyeceğini görmeye başlamışlardı.
İbn Bâbeveyh’in genellikle Ca‘fer es-Sâdık’a nisbet edilen rivayetlere dayandırdığı kelâmî görüşleri şöyle özetlenebilir: Zâtî ve fiilî kısımlara ayrılan ilâhî sıfatlardan ikinci kısma girenler hâdistir. Naslarda Allah’a nisbet edilen “vech” din, “cenb” itaat, “yed” kudret anlamına gelir. Levh ve kalem ise iki melek demektir. Kullara ait fiiller Allah tarafından yaratılmakla birlikte bu insanların fiillerinde mecbur olmasını gerektirmez. Bu sebeple cebr de tefvîz de yoktur. Kur’an Allah tarafından yaratılıp Hz. Peygamber’e indirilmiştir ve âyetleri insanların ellerinde bulunan mushafta olduğu kadardır, fazla veya eksik değildir. Kur’an’da, “Ey iman edenler!” diye geçen bütün âyetlerle sadece Hz. Ali kastedilir. Cennete işaret eden her âyet nebîye, imamlara ve taraftarlarına ait müjdeleri ifade eder. Nebîlerin sayısı 124.000 olup her birinin bir vasîsi vardır. Resûl-i Ekrem’in vasîsi ve müslümanların imamı Hz. Ali ve Hz. Hüseyin neslinden gelen torunlarıdır. Meleklerden üstün olan imamlar her türlü günahtan korunmuştur. Onların mâsum olduklarını inkâr eden kendilerini tanımamış ve dolayısıyla küfre girmiştir. Nasla tayin edilen imamların sözü Allah’ın sözü gibidir, onlara itaat veya isyan etmek Allah’a itaat veya isyan statüsüne girer. Zira onlar Allah adına ve O’ndan gelen vahiyle konuşurlar. On ikinci imam Mehdî el-Muntazar zuhur edinceye kadar muhaliflere karşı takıyye yapmak vâciptir. Takıyyeyi terkeden İmâmiyye mezhebinden ve dinden çıkmış sayılır. Rec‘at hak olmakla birlikte tenâsüh bâtıldır. Kabirde sorulacak sorulardan biri de imamın kim olduğudur. Âhirette peygamberlerle imamların hesabı Allah, ümmetlerin hesabı imamlar tarafından görülecektir. İmâmiyye’ye mensup olanlara ise günahları sorulmayacaktır. İbn Bâbeveyh’e göre İmâmiyye’ye muhalefet eden bütün gruplar âhirette ebedî felâket ve hüsran içinde bulunacak, kâfirlerle aynı âkıbeti paylaşacaklardır (Risâletü’l-i‘tikadâti’l-İmâmiyye , tür.yer.).
İbn Bâbeveyh Allah’ın görülmesi, va‘d ve vaîd, peygamberlerle imamların şefaati, rec‘at ve bedâ gibi konularda İmâmî rasyonalistlerle aynı görüşleri paylaşmasına rağmen Hz. Peygamber’in namazda yanılabileceği konusu yanında insanlara has ihtiyarî fiillerin yaratılmış olmasını, Allah’a karşı işlenen isyan fiillerinin O’nun kader ve kazâsı ile olduğunu belirtmekle akılcı ekolden ayrılmıştır. Ayrıca IV. (X.) yüzyılın sonlarına kadar Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in tahrif edildiğine inanan birçok İmâmî âlime karşı müslümanların elinde bulunan nüshanın tahriften uzak ve tam olduğunu savunması (a.g.e. , s. 98-103) onu diğer Ahbârîler’den ayıran önemli bir özelliktir. İmâmiyye’nin itikadî görüşlerinin kökleşmesinde önemli bir rol üstlenen İbn Bâbeveyh’in bilhassa imâmet anlayışına, buna bağlı olarak âhirette imamların ve onların taraftarlarının durumuna ilişkin fikirleri, tamamen Şiî rivayetlerine dayanmakta olup bunları kesin naklî delillerle temellendirememiştir. İmâmiyye’ye muhalif olan müslümanlara tekfire varan bir nazarla bakması da İslâmî ölçülere uymayan bir mezhep taassubu olarak değerlendirilmelidir.
Eserleri. Kaynaklarda İbn Bâbeveyh’e nisbet edilen eserlerin sayısı 300’ü aşmaktadır. Bunlardan zamanımıza ulaşanların bir kısmı şunlardır:
1. Men lâ yaḥḍuruhü’l-faḳīh . Fıkıh bablarına göre düzenlenen sünen tarzında bir eser olup İmâmiyye Şîası’nca “el-kütübü’l-erbaa” (el-usûlü’l-erbaa) adı verilen muteber hadis kitaplarının ikincisidir. İbn Bâbeveyh’e asıl şöhretini kazandıran eser, müellifin Belh yöresinde Ni‘me adıyla bilinen dostu Ebû Abdullah Muhammed b. Hasan Ni‘metullah’ın isteği üzerine telif edilmiş ve Ebû Bekir Zekeriyyâ er-Râzî’nin Men lâ yaḥḍuruhü’ṭ-ṭabîb adlı eserinden esinlenerek adlandırılmıştır. Hz. Peygamber ve Ehl-i beyt’e mensup imamlara atfedilen 6000 civarında rivayeti ihtiva eden ve çok sayıda yazması bulunan eser (Kays Âl-i Kays, III, 153) birkaç defa yayımlanmıştır (Leknev 1307; [baskı yeri yok] 1324; Tahran-Bombay 1325). Eser ayrıca Hasan el-Harsân tarafından açıklayıcı dipnotları eklenerek neşredilmiştir (Beyrut 1401/1981; daha geniş bilgi için bk. KÜTÜB-i ERBAA ).
2. Meʿâni’l-aḫbâr . Hz. Peygamber’in, imamların ve Ehl-i beyt’in isimleri, lakapları ve bunların anlamları, tevhid, adl, kürsî, levh, kalem, sırat vb. terimleri rivayet yoluyla açıklayan bir eser olup Muhammed el-Kummî (Tahran 1310), Hasan el-Harsân (Necef 1972) ve Ali Ekber el-Gaffârî (Tahran 1379/1959; Beyrut 1399/1979, 1410/1990) tarafından yayımlanmıştır.
3. Risâletü’l-iʿtiḳādât (Kitâbü’l-İʿtiḳādât ). İbn Bâbeveyh’in en çok tanınan, çeşitli dillere çevrilen ve şerhedilen eseridir. İmâmiyye’nin itikadî düşüncelerini ilk defa derli toplu bir şekilde ele alıp işleyen kitap tevhid, teklif, kulların fiilleri, irade, kazâ, kader, vahiy, Kur’an, imâmet, takıyye, rec‘at gibi Şîa’nın itikadî esaslarını ihtiva etmektedir. Şeyh Müfîd bu esere Taṣḥîḥu’l-iʿtiḳād (Şerḥu ʿaḳāʾidi’ṣ-Ṣadûḳ ) adıyla bir şerh yazmıştır. Müfîd eserinde Ahbârî olan hocasının görüşlerini bazan tashih, bazan da şerhetmiştir. İbn Velî el-Kazvînî, Seyyid Muhammed Mehdî el-Mûsevî ve Seyyid Ni‘metullah b. Abdullah el-Mûsevî de bu esere birer şerh yazmışlardır (geniş bilgi için bk. Kays Âl-i Kays, III, 154-156). Eseri Abdullah b. Hüseyin Rüstem Dârî, Ali b. Hüseyin ez-Zevârî, Mirza Ali Müderris, Ebü’l-Feth Hüseynî ve Şemseddin Muhammed Esterâbâdî Farsça’ya, İ‘câz Hüseyin Hediyye-i Caʿferiyye adıyla Urduca’ya (Delhi 1347), A. A. A. Fyzee A Shiite Creed (Oxford 1942) ve The Creed of Ibn Babawayh (Journal of Bombay University, XII [1943], s. 70-86) adıyla İngilizce’ye ve Ethem Ruhi Fığlalı açıklayıcı notlar ilâvesiyle Risâletü’l-i‘tikadâti’l-İmâmiyye adıyla Türkçe’ye (Ankara 1978) çevirmiştir.
4. et-Tevḥîd . Şiî itikadıyla ilgili olarak Risâletü’l-iʿtiḳādât ’ta ileri sürdüğü fikirler dolayısıyla Mu‘tezile kelâmcılarının şiddetli hücumlarına mâruz kalan İbn Bâbeveyh önceki eserini tamamlayıcı mahiyette olmak üzere, ayrıca İmâmiyye’nin teşbih ve tecsîme inandığı şeklindeki iddiaların tutarsızlığını ortaya koymak amacıyla bu kitabı kaleme almıştır. Eser, özellikle Şiî âlimlerinin tevhide dair yorumlarını ortaya koyan bir çalışmadır. Bombay baskısından (1321) sonra eserin biri Muhammed el-Halîlî (Necef 1386/1966), diğeri Hâşim el-Hüseynî et-Tahrânî (Beyrut 1387/1967) tarafından yapılan iki ilmî neşri bulunmaktadır. et-Tevḥîd Muhammed Saîd b. Muhammed Müfîd el-Kummî, Muhammed Ali Nâibüssadâre ve Seyyid Ni‘metullah b. Abdullah el-Mûsevî el-Cezâirî tarafından Arapça, Molla Muhammed Bâkır Sebzevârî tarafından da Farsça olarak şerhedilmiştir. Eser ayrıca Esrâr-ı Tevḥîd yâ Şerḥ ve Terceme-i Tevḥîd adıyla Farsça’ya çevrilmiştir.
5. Kemâlü’d-dîn ve temâmü’n-niʿme (İkmâlü’d-dîn ve itmâmü’n-niʿme ). İmâmiyye’nin gāib on ikinci imamı Mehdî el-Muntazar’ın mutlaka ortaya çıkıp dünyayı ıslah edeceğine dair inancı ispat etmek için başta Hz. Peygamber’e ve imamlara atfedilen rivayetlere dayanılarak yazılmış olan eserin İstanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi’nde bir nüshası mevcuttur (nr. 3298). Tahran’da (1301) litografik baskısı yapılan eser David Heinrich Müller tarafından Heidelberg’de (1901) neşredilmiştir. Necef baskısından (1970) sonra ilmî bir neşrini Ali Ekber el-Gaffârî gerçekleştirmiştir (Kum 1405).
6. el-Hidâye . Akaid ve fıkha dair bir çalışmadır. Müessesetü’l-matbûâti’d-dîniyye tarafından Kitâbü’l-Muḳniʿ ile birleştirilerek yayımlanan eseri (Tahran 1377/1958) daha sonra Âyetullah el-Mar‘aşî neşretmiştir (Beyrut 1993).
7. Kitâbü’l-Muḳniʿ . Klasik tarzda yazılmış bir fıkıh kitabıdır. Âyetullah el-Mar‘aşî tarafından el-Cevâmiʿu’l-fıḳhiyye içinde el-Hidâye ile birlikte yayımlanmıştır (Beyrut 1993).
8. ʿİlelü’ş-şerâʾiʿ ve’l-aḥkâm . Dinî kaynaklarda geçen isim ve terimlerin mânalarını, ilâhî buyrukların illet ve hikmetlerini rivayetlere dayanarak açıklayan bir eserdir. Kitabın Meʿâni’l-aḫbâr ’la bir arada yapılan taşbaskılarının yanında (Tahran 1289, 1301) ilmî neşri müellifi tanıtan bir mukaddimeyle birlikte Seyyid Muhammed Sâdık Bahrülulûm tarafından gerçekleştirilmiştir (Necef 1382/1963, 1385/1966).
9. Meʿûnü’l-menḳūlât fî şerḥi şürûṭi’ṣ-ṣalât . Eserin iki nüshası Antalya İl Halk Kütüphanesi’nde mevcuttur (nr. 2642, 2782).
10. S̱evâbü’l-aʿmâl ve ʿiḳābü’l-aʿmâl . Emredilen amellerin sevabını, yasaklanan davranışların cezasını çeşitli rivayetlere dayanarak açıklayan eseri Hasan el-Harsân (Necef 1972) ve Hüseyin el-A‘lemî (Beyrut 1410/1989) neşretmiştir.
11. Kitâbü’l-Ḫiṣâl . İyi ve kötü olan ahlâkî davranışlara ilişkin bir çalışmadır. Çeşitli baskılarından sonra (meselâ Tahran 1302, 1304, 1311/1893) ilmî neşirleri Hasan el-Harsân (Necef 1391/1971) ve Ali Ekber el-Gaffârî (Tahran 1389/1969; Kum 1403/1983; Beyrut 1990) tarafından gerçekleştirilmiştir.
12. Muṣâdeḳatü’l-iḫvân . Arkadaşlar arasında uyulması gereken ahlâkî görevlerle ilgili rivayetlerden oluşmaktadır. Eser dipnotlar eklenerek Hüseyin Ali Mahfûz tarafından yayımlanmış (Bağdat 1976, 1977), ayrıca Ali Nefîsî tarafından Farsça’ya çevrilmiştir (Tahran 1325 hş.).
13. Feżâʾilü’l-eşhüri’s̱-s̱elâs̱e . Receb, şâban ve ramazan aylarının faziletine dair rivayetleri ihtiva eden eseri Gulâm Rızâ İrfâniyyât yayımlamıştır (Necef 1976).
14. Emâli’ṣ-ṣadûḳ (Mecâlis , Arżu’l-mecâlis ). Ali b. Hüseyin Zeynelâbidîn’in hitabete dair sözleriyle başlayan, her biri “meclis” adıyla anılan doksan yedi bölümden ibaret bir eserdir. Bir nüshası Millet Kütüphanesi’nde bulunan eser (Ali Emîrî Efendi, nr. 1908) Hasan el-Harsân’ın bir mukaddimesiyle yayımlanmıştır (Necef 1389/1970).
15. ʿUyûnü aḫbâri’r-Rıżâ . Sekizinci imam Ali er-Rızâ’nın hayatını anlatan ve sözlerini ihtiva eden eser, çeşitli baskıları yanında (Tahran 1275, 1287, 1317) Seyyid Mehdî el-Hüseynî el-Lâhûrî (Kum 1377/1956) ve Hasan el-Harsân (Necef 1390/1970) tarafından yayımlanmıştır (İbn Bâbeveyh’in yayımlanmamış çok sayıdaki çalışmaları ile yukarıda zikredilen eserlerinin listesi, yazmalarının bulunduğu kütüphaneler, şerh ve tercümeleri hakkında geniş bilgi için bk. Kays Âl-i Kays, III, 129-184).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbn Bâbeveyh, Risâletü’l-i‘tikadâti’l-İmâmiyye: Şiî-İmâmiyye’nin İnanç Esasları (trc. Ethem Ruhi Fığlalı), Ankara 1978, tür.yer.
a.mlf., Kemâlü’d-dîn ve temâmü’n-niʿme (nşr. Ali Ekber el-Gaffârî), Kum 1405, I, 1-2, 28-40, 259; II, 502.
a.mlf., Men lâ yaḥḍuruhü’l-faḳīh (nşr. Hasan el-Harsân), Beyrut 1981, neşredenin girişi, s. bâ-elif-hâ.
İbnü’n-Nedîm, el-Fihrist (Teceddüd) , s. 246.
Ebû Ca‘fer et-Tûsî, el-Fihrist , Beyrut 1403/1983, s. 188-190.
a.mlf., Kitâbü’l-Ġaybe (nşr. İbâdullah Tahrânî – Ali Ahmed Nâsih), Kum 1411, s. 320-324, 363-365, 393-395.
Hatîb, Târîḫu Baġdâd , III, 89.
Zehebî, Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , XVI, 303-304.
Hür el-Âmilî, Emelü’l-âmil (nşr. Ahmed el-Hüseynî), Bağdad 1385/1965, II, 383-384.
Abdullah Efendi el-İsfahânî, Riyâżü’l-ʿulemâʾ , Kum 1401, V, 119-122.
Hânsârî, Ravżâtü’l-cennât (nşr. Esedullah İsmâiliyyân), Kum 1390/1970, VI, 132.
Nûrullah et-Tüsterî, Mecâlisü’l-müʾminîn , Tahran 1325 hş., I, 454-463.
Bahrülulûm-i Tabâtabâî, Ricâlü’s-seyyid Baḥri’l-ʿulûm: el-Fevâʾidü’r-ricâliyye (nşr. M. Sâdık Bahrülulûm – Hüseyin Bahrülulûm), Tahran 1363 hş., III, 292-301.
Tebrîzî, Reyḥânetü’l-edeb , III, 434-440.
Brockelmann, GAL , I, 200-201; Suppl. , I, 321-322.
Hasan es-Sadr, Teʾsîsü’ş-Şîʿa , Beyrut 1401/1981, s. 262.
Abbas el-Kummî, el-Künâ ve’l-elḳāb , Beyrut 1983, I, 221-222.
Muhammed Rızâ el-Hakîmî, Târîḫu’l-ʿulemâʾ , Beyrut 1983, s. 479-484.
Ali el-Fâzıl en-Necefî, Muʿcemü müʾellifi’ş-Şîʿa , Kum 1405, s. 325.
Kays Âl-i Kays, el-Îrâniyyûn , III, 129-184.
S. Waheed Akhtar, Early Shī‘ite Imāmiyyah Thinkers , New Delhi 1988, s. 39-75.
Aʿyânü’ş-Şîʿa , X, 24-25.
A. A. A. Fyzee, “Ibn Bābawayh (ı)”, EI2 (İng.) , III, 726-727.
Etan Kohlberg, “Ibn Babavayhi”, ER , VI, 558-559.
Ahmed Pâketçî, “İbn Bâbeveyh”, DMBİ , III, 63-66.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1999 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 19. cildinde, 345-348 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.