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İBN BÂDÎS, Abdülhamîd Skip to content Ebü’l-Fütûh Abdülhamîd b. Muhammed el-Mustafâ b. Mekkî b. Bâdîs (1889-1940)
Cezayirli âlim ve ıslahatçı.
4 Aralık 1889 tarihinde Kostantîne’de (Kosantîne) doğdu. Berberî asıllı Sanhâce kabilesine mensuptur. Dedelerinden Muiz b. Bâdîs (ö. 454/1062) Fas’ta Râfizî Şiîliğe karşı çıkmasıyla meşhur olmuştur. Ailenin Kuzey Afrika’daki nüfuzu daha sonra da devam etmiş, Cezayir Fransızlar tarafından işgal edildikten sonra bu aileden bazı şahıslar ve İbn Bâdîs’in babası Fransız idaresi nezdinde önemli mevkiler edinmiştir.
İbn Bâdîs, temel eğitimine Muhammed el-Mâdâsî’den Kur’an öğrenerek başladı. On üç yaşında hıfzını tamamladı. Daha sonra Hamdân el-Venîsî’den on dokuz yaşına kadar Arapça, fıkıh, hadis ve tefsir okudu. İbn Bâdîs’e özel bir değer veren Venîsî, irşad ve davet faaliyetlerini olumsuz yönde etkileyebileceği endişesiyle ondan hayatı boyunca resmî görev kabul etmemesi konusunda söz aldı. 1908 yılında Tunus’a giderek Zeytûne Camii’ne (Zeytûne Üniversitesi) kaydolan İbn Bâdîs 1912’de buradan mezun olarak eğitimini tamamladı. Hocaları arasında Muhammed en-Nahlî, Şeyh Muhammed Tâhir b. Âşûr, Hıdr b. Hüseyin, Muhammed Sâdık en-Neyfer ve Beşîr Safer gibi âlimler bulunmaktadır. Mezuniyetinin ardından bir yıl aynı yerde ders veren İbn Bâdîs, 1913 yılında Cezayir’e dönerek Kostantîne camilerinde öğretimle meşgul oldu. Aynı yıl yaptığı hac yolculuğu sırasında daha önce Medine’ye yerleşen hocası Venîsî ile buluştu. Venîsî ona Medine’ye yerleşmesini tavsiye ettiyse de bağımsızlık mücadelesi veren Cezayir’e dönerek oradaki faaliyetlere katılmayı tercih etti. İbn Bâdîs hac esnasında tanıştığı, daha sonraki faaliyetlerinde kendisine arkadaşlık edecek olan Muhammed Beşîr el-İbrâhimî ile üç ay kadar Cezayir’in durumunu ve neler yapılabileceğini müzakere ederek fikrî bir hazırlık yaptı.
Hac dönüşünde uğradığı Suriye ve Filistin’den sonra Mısır’a geçen İbn Bâdîs, orada bulunan âlimlerle İslâm dünyasının ve müslümanların çeşitli meselelerini müzakere etti. Cezayir’e dönerek yeniden Kostantîne camilerinde ders vermeye başladı. Ümmetin hasta olduğuna, ilâcının da Hz. Peygamber’in sîretinde bulunacağına inanıyordu. Bundan dolayı derslerinde daha çok Kur’an ve hadise ağırlık verdi. Ders kitabı olarak seçtiği ilk eser ise Kādî İyâz’ın eş-Şifâʾ ı oldu. Bu dönemde Cezayir’in muhtelif yörelerini gezerek hem ülkenin durumunu yakından müşahede ediyor hem de oralarda dersler veriyordu. İbn Bâdîs, Kostantîne’deki Sîdî el-Ahdar Camii’nde (el-Câmiu’l-Ahdar) düzenli şekilde ders vermeye başladıktan sonra zaman içerisinde burası kendine has metodu olan bir okul, kendisi de burada yapılan derslerin en önemli sorumlusu haline geldi. Medrese daha sonra büyük aşamalar kaydetti, öğrencilerin bütün ihtiyaçlarını karşılayacak bir alt yapıya kavuşturuldu. 1934 yılında Sîdî el-Ahdar Camii Cezayir’in çeşitli bölgelerinden gelen talebelerle doluydu.
1919 yılında Kostantîne şehrinde Abdühafîz el-Hâşimî ile birlikte en-Necâḥ gazetesini çıkarmaya başlayan İbn Bâdîs bu gazetede Kosantînî, Abesî ve Sanhâcî gibi takma adlarla yazılar yazıyordu. Zamanla gazetenin Cezayir halkını uyandırmak için yeterli olmadığını farkederek bir grup Kostantîneli gençle birlikte el-Münteḳıd adlı başka bir gazete yayımlamaya başladı (2 Temmuz 1925). Gazeteye bu adı vermesinin sebebi, o dönemde Cezayir’de hâkim olan tasavvufî hareketlerin benimsediği “inan, tenkit etme” sloganının ve bu sloganın arkasındaki zihniyetin yanlışlığını ima etmek ve karşı bir tavır başlatmaktı. Ancak İbn Bâdîs, aynı zamanda Cezayir’e hâkim olan Fransızlar’ın da tenkit edilmesi yolunu açtığı için el-Münteḳıd ’in neşri 18. sayısından sonra Fransızlar tarafından yasaklandı. Bunun üzerine İbn Bâdîs 12 Kasım 1925 tarihinde haftalık eş-Şihâb dergisini çıkarmaya başladı. Dergi şâibelerden uzak saf İslâm’a ve ilimlere dönüşü savunan, İslâm-Arap hüviyetini koruyup geliştirmenin gerekliliğine dikkat çeken ve Fransa’dan Cezayirliler’in haklarını talep eden bir tavrı temsil ediyordu. Aynı zamanda Cezayir’deki müslüman yazarların buluştuğu bir forum ve kelimenin tam anlamıyla basın yayın ve edebiyat alanında bir okul değeri taşıyan eş-Şihâb , 1929 yılından itibaren aylık bir dergi olarak Eylül 1939’a kadar yayımlanmaya devam etti.
Cezayir’in içinde bulunduğu durumdan kurtulması için ilim ve öğretimin yanı sıra çeşitli alanlarda cemaat faaliyetini gerekli gören İbn Bâdîs, bu amaçla 1924 yılında Kostantîne’de Cem‘iyyetü’l-ihâ el-ilmî adıyla bir dayanışma derneği kurmaya çalıştıysa da o sırada şartlar bunun için elverişli değildi. Daha sonra 1930’da eş-Şihâb , el-Iṣlâḥ ve Ṣada’ṣ-Ṣaḥrâʾ gibi yayın organlarında tasarladığı cemiyetin kurulacağına dair ilânlar verdi. Bu dönemde Fransızlar da Cezayir’i işgallerinin 100. yılını görkemli bir şekilde kutlayarak Cezayir’den çıkmaya niyetleri olmadığını gösteriyorlardı. Nihayet kurucu heyetin çalışmaları sonucunda 5 Mayıs 1931 tarihinde, Cezayir’in kurtuluşu sürecinde önemli bir rol üstlenecek olan Cem‘iyyetü’l-ulemâi’l-müslimîne’l-Cezâiriyyîn resmen kuruldu ve İbn Bâdîs cemiyetin ilk başkanlığına seçildi.
Cemiyet faaliyetlerine eğitim alanında attığı adımlarla başladı. Bir taraftan Cezayir’in çeşitli yörelerinde mahalle mektepleri ve medreseler kurulması için çalışmalar yapılırken diğer taraftan cemiyet mensubu âlimler ortak bir program çerçevesinde Cezayir’in muhtelif bölgelerine giderek oralarda ders veriyor, böylece Arapça’nın ve İslâmî ilimlerin yayılmasına katkıda bulunuyordu. Cemiyetin faaliyetleri arasında kulüpler kurmak, fakirlere ve yetimlere yardım amaçlı birimler teşkil etmek, kültürel yozlaşmaya ve hıristiyanlaşmaya karşı mücadele vermek gibi çalışmalar da vardı (bk. CEM‘İYYETÜ’l-ULEMÂİ’l-MÜSLİMÎN ).
Cemiyet günlük siyasete karışmama ilkesini benimsediği için İbn Bâdîs de cemiyetin başkanı sıfatıyla bu ilkeye sadakat gösterdi. Buna karşılık siyasetin içine girmeden ve resmî bir görev almadan siyasetin bütün alanlarıyla yakından ilgilendi. Bizzat kendisi, toplum için bir yarar sağlamadığı sürece hiçbir konuda kendi ismini öne çıkarmayı doğru bulmadığını, ancak halkı için faydalı olduğuna inanması durumunda şahsını ortaya koymaktan da çekinmeyeceğini ifade etmektedir (eş-Şihâb , 1 Kasım 1936). Bu alanda yapılacak işler arasında Fransız hükümeti ve Cezayir’deki Fransız idaresiyle eğitim, içtimaî ve iktisadî durum ve siyasî haklar gibi meselelerin konuşulması bulunuyordu. İslâm’ın din ile siyaseti birbirinden ayırmadığını düşünen İbn Bâdîs, Cezayir’in ve Cezayirliler’in geleceğini ilgilendiren hususlarda ulemânın ortak bir tavır sahibi olması ve bu tavrın ilmî bir esas ve üslûpla savunulması gerektiğini sık sık vurguluyordu. Sadece ilimle uğraşarak girilmesi zor bir alan olan siyasetten büsbütün uzak durmak gerektiğini savunanlar bulunduğunu hatırlatıp cemiyet üyelerinin siyasetle ilmi birleştirmek zorunda olduklarını, çünkü ilmî faaliyetlerin ciddi bir şekilde siyasetle desteklenmedikçe başarılı olamayacağını belirtti (el-Beṣâʾir , 18 Haziran 1937).
Bu şekilde İbn Bâdîs, günlük siyasetten uzak durmakla birlikte Cezayir’i ve Cezayirliler’i ilgilendiren temel problemlerle yakından ilgilenmiş, özellikle Fransız sömürge idaresinin Fransızlaştırma siyaseti karşısında Cezayirliler’in müslüman-Arap kimliğini savunmuştur. Meselâ 1936 yılında gerçekleşen Cezayir İslâm Kongresi’nin toplanmasında etkin rol aldığı gibi bu kongre esnasında Cezayirliler’in İslâm-Arap kimliğinin korunması, siyasî hakların eksiksiz verilmesi gibi konuların gündeme getirilerek tartışılmasını sağlamıştır. Aynı şekilde, Fransız başbakanının 1938’de Cezayir’de Arapça eğitim yapan müslümanlara ait medreselerin açılmasını sınırlayan ve Arapça’yı yabancı dil olarak ilân eden kararına açıkça karşı çıkmıştır.
İbn Bâdîs, bir toplumun sömürge haline gelmesinin sömürge olmaya lâyık duruma düşmekten kaynaklandığını, sömürge olmaktan kurtulmanın da bunu gerektirecek yüksek bir ahlâk ve irade ile mümkün olacağını farketmişti. Bunun için Cezayirliler’in Fransızlar’dan farklılığını vurgulayan ve onların kimliklerini muhafaza ederek Fransız kültürü içinde asimile olmalarını engelleyen faaliyetleri yürütmeyi en büyük hedef olarak seçmiş ve bunu dersleri, yazıları ve konferansları ile gerçekleştirmeye çalıştığı gibi kurduğu müesseseler vasıtasıyla da davasını topluma mal etmeyi başarmıştı. Cezayir halkını II. Dünya Savaşı’nın doğurduğu engeller ortaya çıkıncaya kadar müslüman Arap şahsiyetine sımsıkı sarılmaya çağırmış; savaş başladığı sırada Fransa’nın bütün cemiyetlerden kendisini desteklemelerini istemesi üzerine İbn Bâdîs, Cezayir’de çok güçlü bir konuma sahip olan Cem‘iyyetü’l-ulemâi’l-müslimîn’in Fransa’ya yardım etmesi talebini reddedip buna karşı çıkan bazı üyeleri cemiyet yönetiminden uzaklaştırmış, ilkelerine uygun olmayan bazı hususları yazmak zorunda bırakılacağı endişesiyle de cemiyetin yayın organı el-Beṣâʾir ve eş-Şihâb ’ın yayımını durdurmuştur. Savaş başladıktan sonra Fransa onu zorunlu ikamete tâbi tutarak gözetim altına almış, İbn Bâdîs gözetim altında iken 16 Nisan 1940 tarihinde vefat etmiştir. Cezayir bağımsızlığını kazandıktan sonra İbn Bâdîs’in vefat tarihi “ilim günü” olarak ilân edilmiş, ayrıca Merkezü dirâsâti’l-müstakbeli’l-Arabî adlı kuruluş Mağrib’de onun adına İmam Abdülhamîd b. Bâdîs ödülünü koymuştur. İbn Bâdîs hakkında yaşadığı dönemde bazı yazılar yazıldığı gibi (Ali Merad, s. 21) ölümünden sonra da hayatı ve görüşleri, Cezayir kurtuluş savaşını mümkün kılan ve Cezayir’e bağımsızlığını sağlayan fikrî ve içtimaî hareketin en önemli şahsiyeti olarak çeşitli kitap, makale ve tez çalışmalarına konu olmuştur (bk. bibl.).
Doğu İslâm dünyasında Cemâleddîn-i Efgānî, Muhammed Abduh ve Reşîd Rızâ gibi âlimlerin görüşleri çerçevesinde gelişen ıslah hareketinin Kuzey Afrika ve özellikle Cezayir’deki en önemli temsilcilerinden biri olan İbn Bâdîs başta eş-Şihâb olmak üzere çıkardığı gazete ve dergilerle bu düşüncenin Kuzey Afrika’da yaygınlık kazanmasında büyük rol oynamıştır. Doğu’daki ıslah hareketi ve tecrübesinden büyük ölçüde etkilenmekle birlikte Cezayir’in içinde bulunduğu özel şartlar sebebiyle harekete kazandırdığı içtimaî ve siyasî boyutla ıslah düşüncesine pratik alanda önemli katkılarda bulundu. Efgānî daha çok siyasî, Abduh da ilmî kişiliğiyle dikkat çekerken İbn Bâdîs bu iki özelliği şahsında birleştirmiş, görüş ve düşüncelerinin muhatabı olarak kültürlü kimseler ve seçkinlerden çok geniş halk kitlelerini hedef almıştır. Onun asıl amacı, İslâm’ın temel kaynakları olan Kur’an ve Sünnet’e yönelerek toplumda ahlâkî bir dönüşüm gerçekleştirmekti. Bu sebeple “eser telifi yerine insan telifi”ne önem vermiş, daha öncekilerin tekrarı olacak şekilde bütün bir Kur’an tefsiri yerine amacına ulaştıracak âyetleri yorumlamakla yetinmiş, pratik sonucu olmayan nazarî tartışmalardan uzak durarak Kur’an’ın ruhu ve genel prensipleriyle toplumun problemleri arasındaki ilgiyi ön plana çıkaran bir metot takip etmiştir. Yine bu sebeple o dönemde toplumun dinî, ahlâkî ve içtimaî hayatı üzerinde son derece etkili olan tarikatlara şiddetle karşı çıkmış, Kur’an ve Sünnet’e aykırı görüş ve uygulamalarına dikkat çekmiştir. İnançla ilgili hususlarda Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in kalbi etkileyen sade anlatım tarzını benimsemiş, kelâm ve cedelin kişiyi şeklî ve lafzî ayrıntılara boğan metotlarına iltifat etmemiştir. Kur’an’ın teşriî konularda genel olarak ayrıntılara girmeyip temel kurallar koymasının her devirde ictihad yapılmasını gerekli kıldığını belirten İbn Bâdîs siyasî otoritenin kaynağı olarak İslâm toplumunu görür ve yetkisini ondan almayan bir yönetimi geçersiz sayar. Ona göre hilâfet, başlangıçta tek kişi tarafından icrası mümkün olan en yüksek siyasî otorite makamı iken şartların değişmesiyle birlikte fiilen farklı yönetimlerin ortaya çıkması hilâfetin sembolik bir anlamda ve tarihî bir vâkıa olarak kalmasına yol açtı. İbn Bâdîs ilmî ve aksiyoncu kişiliği yanında sade hayat tarzı, ihlâsı ve ahlâkıyla da mânevî bir lider olarak kabul gördü.
Eserleri. Bütün hayatını toplumu ıslah etmek ve sömürgeciliğe karşı bağımsızlık mücadelesi vermekle geçiren İbn Bâdîs aynı zamanda şairdi. Fakat müstakil kitaplar telif etmediği gibi bir divan da düzenlememiş, dergilerde makale ve şiirler neşretmiştir. Yazıları arasında önemli bir yekün tutan âyet tefsirlerini -muhtemelen el-Menâr dergisini örnek alarak- eş-Şihâb ’ın başında neşretmiştir. Bizzat yayımladığı veya yayımlanmasına katkıda bulunduğu dergilerde çıkan yazıları talebeleri ve arkadaşları tarafından derlenerek müstakil kitaplar halinde neşredilmiştir.
1. Tefsîru İbn Bâdîs fî mecâlisi’t-teẕkîr min kelâmi’l-ḥakîmi’l-ḫabîr (nşr. Muhammed Sâlih Ramazan – Tevfîk Muhammed Şâhin, Cezayir 1964, 1982; Kahire, ts.; Ahmed Şemseddin tarafından eklenen âyet ve hadis tahrîcleriyle birlikte, Beyrut 1416/1995).
2. el-ʿAḳāʾidü’l-İslâmiyye mine’l-âyâti’l-Ḳurʾâniyye ve’l-eḥâdîs̱i’n-nebeviyye (nşr. Muhammed Sâlih Ramazan, Kahire, ts.).
3. Ricâlü’s-selef ve nisâʾühû (nşr. Muhammed Sâlih Ramazan – Tevfîk Muhammed Şâhin, Cezayir 1964).
4. Min Hedyi’n-nübüvve (nşr. Muhammed Sâlih Ramazan – Tevfîk Muhammed Şâhin, Cezayir 1966).
5. Mecâlisü’t-teẕkîr min ḥadîs̱i’l-beşîri’n-neẕîr (Cezayir 1983).
İbn Bâdîs’in bütün eserleri onun hayatı, faaliyetleri ve görüşlerinin incelendiği bir girişle birlikte Ammâr et-Tâlibî tarafından tasnif edilerek Âs̱âru İbn Bâdîs (İbn Bâdîs: ḥayâtühû ve âs̱âruhû ) adıyla dört cilt halinde yayımlanmıştır (Dımaşk 1968; Beyrut 1403/1983).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Ebü’l-Kāsım Sa‘dullah, el-Ḥareketü’l-vaṭaniyyetü’l-Cezâʾiriyye: 1900-1930 , Beyrut 1969, II, 386-417.
Mâlik b. Nebî, Müẕekkirâtü şâhidi ḳarn (trc. Mervân el-Kanavâtî), Beyrut 1969.
Andre Dirlik, Abdulhamid Ben Bādis (1889-1940): Ideologist of Islamic Reform and Leader of Algerian National Movement (doktora tezi, 1971), Mc. Gill Üniversitesi.
Ali Merad, İbn Bādīs: Commentateur du Coran , Paris 1971.
a.mlf., “Ibn Bādīs”, EI2 (İng.) , III, 727-728.
Türkî Râbih, eş-Şeyḫ ʿAbdülḥamîd b. Bâdîs: bâʿis̱ü’n-neḥḍati’l-İslâmiyyeti’l-ʿArabiyye fi’l-Cezâʾiri’l-ḥadîs̱e , Riyad 1403/1983.
a.mlf., eş-Şeyḫ ʿAbdülḥamîd b. Bâdîs felsefetühû ve cühûdühû fi’t-terbiye ve’t-taʿlîm , Cezayir, ts. (eş-Şeriketü’l-vataniyye).
Ammâr et-Tâlibî, Âs̱âru İbn Bâdîs , Beyrut 1403/1983, I-IV, tür.yer.
a.mlf., “İbn Bâdîs”, Mevsûʿatü’l-ḥaḍâreti’l-İslâmiyye , Amman 1993, s. 159-164.
Muhammed Sâlih el-Câbirî, en-Neşâṭü’l-ʿilmî ve’l-fikrî li’l-muhâcirîn bi-Tûnis: 1900-1962 , Tunus 1983.
Fehmî Sa‘d, Ḥareketü ʿAbdilḥamîd b. Bâdîs ve devrühâ fî yaḳażati’l-Cezâʾir , Beyrut 1983.
Reşîd ez-Zevvâdî, Rüvvâdü’l-ıṣlâḥ , Tunus 1983, s. 116-142.
Mahmûd Kāsım, el-İmâm ʿAbdülḥamîd b. Bâdîs ez-zaʿîmü’r-rûḥî li-ḥarbi’t-taḥrîri’l-Cezâʾiriyye , Kahire, ts. (Dârü’l-maârif).
Bessâm el-Aselî, ʿAbdülḥamîd b. Bâdîs ve binâʾü ḳāʾideti’s̱-s̱evreti’l-Cezâʾiriyye , Beyrut 1986.
Muhammed Fethî Osman, ʿAbdülḥamîd b. Bâdîs: râʾidü’l-ḥareketi’l-İslâmiyye fi’l-Cezâʾiri’l-muʿâṣıra , Küveyt 1407/1987.
Mâzin Salâh Mutabbakānî, Cemʿiyyetü’l-ʿulemâʾi’l-müslimîne’l-Cezâʾiriyyîn , Dımaşk 1408/1988, tür.yer.
a.mlf., ʿAbdülḥamîd b. Bâdîs el-ʿâlimü’r-rabbânî ve’z-zaʿîmü’s-siyâsî , Dımaşk 1989.
Ahmed Mahmûd Cezzâr, el-İmâmü’l-müceddid İbn Bâdîs ve’t-taṣavvuf , Kahire 1988.
Sabri Hizmetli, Cezâyir Bağımsızlık Mücâdelesi Önderi Bin Bâdis , Ankara 1994.
George Rasi, el-İslâmü’l-Cezâʾirî mine’l-Emîr ʿAbdilḳādir ilâ ümerâʾi’l-cemâʿât , Beyrut 1997, s. 171-199.
Muhammed Beşîr el-İbrâhimî, “Ene”, MMLA , XXI (1966), s. 135-154.
M. S. Belguedj, “Ben Bādīs et le Muʿtazilisme”, Revue de l’occident musulman et de la Méditerranée , sy. 13-14, Aix-en-Provence 1973, s. 75-86.
Berekât M. Murâd Seyyid, “İbn Bâdîs: el-Müceddidü’d-dînî ve’l-muṣliḥu’l-ictimâʿî”, Mecelletü’ş-şerîʿa ve’d-dirâsâti’l-İslâmiyye , XI/30, Küveyt 1417/1996, s. 203-264.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1999 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 19. cildinde, 354-356 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.