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İBN BATTA Skip to content Ebû Abdillâh Ubeydullah b. Muhammed b. Muhammed el-Ukberî (ö. 387/997)
Hanbelî fakihi ve muhaddis.
1/2 Müellif: SAFFET KÖSE Bölüme Git
4 Şevval 304 (31 Mart 917) tarihinde Bağdat yakınlarındaki Ukberâ’da doğdu. Ashaptan Utbe b. Ferkad’ın soyundan olup büyük dedelerinden birine nisbetl…
2/2 Müellif: YUSUF ŞEVKİ YAVUZ Bölüme Git
KELÂM. Ahmed b. Hanbel’in görüşlerini titizlikle inceleyip naklettiği kabul edilen İbn Batta Selefiyye telakkisinin gelişmesine katkıda bulunmuştur. O…
4 Şevval 304 (31 Mart 917) tarihinde Bağdat yakınlarındaki Ukberâ’da doğdu. Ashaptan Utbe b. Ferkad’ın soyundan olup büyük dedelerinden birine nisbetle İbn Batta diye anılır. Öğrenimine doğduğu yerde başladı ve küçük yaşta gittiği Bağdat’ta devam ettirdi. Daha sonra Basra, Dımaşk, Humus ve Mekke gibi ilim merkezlerinde Ebü’l-Kāsım el-Begavî, Ebû Bekir en-Neccâd, Hırakī, Âcurrî, Saffâr el-Basrî, Gulâmü’l-Hallâl ve Ebû Zer İbnü’l-Bâgandî gibi âlimlerden ders aldı. On beş yaşında iken Ahmed b. Hanbel’in el-Müsned ’ini ezbere bildiği söylenir. İlim tahsilini tamamladıktan sonra Ukberâ’ya döndü ve uzlete çekilerek kırk yıl evinde öğretimle meşgul oldu. Aralarında İbn Hâmid el-Verrâk, Ebû Hafs el-Ukberî, İbn Ebü’l-Fevâris ve Ebû Nuaym el-İsfahânî gibi âlimlerin de bulunduğu birçok talebe yetiştirdi. İbn Batta 10 Muharrem 387 (23 Ocak 997) tarihinde Ukberâ’da vefat etti.
Kaynaklar İbn Batta’yı zâhid ve müttaki, duası makbul, keramet sahibi bir âlim olarak tanıtıp kurban ve ramazan bayramları dışındaki günleri oruçlu geçirdiğini, emir bi’l-ma‘rûf ve nehiy ani’l-münker konusunda titiz davrandığını ve bid‘atlara şiddetle karşı çıktığını kaydeder.
Irak’ta Hanbelî mezhebinin tanınmış şahsiyetlerinden biri olan İbn Batta diğer Hanbelî âlimleri gibi Selefî bir çizgiyi benimsemiş ve öğrencileriyle birlikte başta Şîa olmak üzere Ehl-i sünnet dışı cereyan ve fırkalara karşı mücadele vermiştir. Bu konuda devrin büyük Hanbelî âlimleri arasında yer alan Berbehârî’den etkilenmiş ve eserlerinde onun görüşlerine yer vermiştir. Hanbelî mezhebinin re’y ve ictihaddaki taklit karşıtı tutumunun tabii sonucu olarak İbn Batta mezhep içinde farklı görüşler arasında uzlaşmacı bir yol takip etmiş, zaman zaman mezhepte benimsenen görüşlere aykırı tercih ve ictihadlarda bulunmuştur. Onun bu tavrı kendisinden sonra gelen Ebû Ya‘lâ el-Ferrâ, Ebû Ca‘fer et-Tûsî, Kelvezânî, Muvaffakuddin İbn Kudâme, Takıyyüddin İbn Teymiyye, Zehebî, İbn Kayyim el-Cevziyye ve Ebü’l-Fidâ İbn Kesîr gibi Selefî âlimler üzerinde etkili olmuştur.
Hatîb el-Bağdâdî İbn Batta’nın hâfıza yönünden zayıf olduğunu, şahsen karşılaşmadığı kişilerden bizzat görüşüp hadis dinlemiş gibi nakillerde bulunduğunu ve şeyhlerinden yazdığı hadislerin senedlerinde değişiklik yaptığını ileri sürerek hadis rivayeti açısından onu eleştirmiştir (Târîḫu Baġdâd , X, 373-375). İbnü’l-Cevzî ise Hatîb el-Bağdâdî’nin mezhep taassubuyla davrandığını, icmâa muhalif görüşlere sahip olduğunu, Mu‘tezile ve Mürcie’den bazı kişilerin sözlerine itibar ettiğini ve keyfine göre hüküm verdiğini söyleyerek onun İbn Batta hakkındaki iddialarını reddetmiştir (el-Muntaẓam , VII, 194-197). Zehebî, İbn Hacer ve İbnü’l-Esîr gibi âlimler de hâfıza bakımından zaafına işaret etmekle birlikte onun hadis konusunda âlim bir kişi olduğunu belirtmişlerdir.
Eserleri. 1. el-İbâne ʿan şerîʿati’l-fıraḳı’n-nâciye ve mücânebeti’l-fıraḳı’l-meẕmûme . el-İbânetü’l-kübrâ diye de anılan eser Selef akîdesini konu almakta, Mürcie, Kaderiyye, Cehmiyye ve Şîa gibi fırkaların görüşlerini tenkit etmektedir. Selef akaidi konusunda önemli bir kaynak olan ve kaynakların verdiği bilgilerden hacimli olduğu anlaşılan eserin Dârü’l-kütübi’z-Zâhiriyye’deki I. cildi (nr. 99) Rızâ b. Na‘sân Mu‘tî tarafından, Köprülü Kütüphanesi’nde bulunan (Fâzıl Ahmed Paşa, nr. 231) ve aslındaki mükerrer rivayetler çıkarılmakla birlikte müellifin görüş ve açıklamaları korunarak hazırlanan muhtasardan da faydalanmak suretiyle neşredilmiştir (I-II, Riyad 1409/1988, eserin diğer yazma nüshaları için bk. Sezgin, I/3, s. 239-240).
2. eş-Şerḥ ve’l-ibâne ʿalâ uṣûli’s-sünne ve’d-diyâne (el-İbânetü’ṣ-ṣuġrâ ). Eserde akaid, ibâdât, muâmelât ve ahlâk konuları işlenmiş, ayrıca İslâmî fırkalarla bunların liderlerine de yer verilmiştir. Müellif her konuda ilgili âyetlerle hadisler yanında sahâbe, tâbiîn ve sonraki dönem imamlarının sözlerine yer vermiş, eserin fazla hacimli olmaması için hadislerin senedlerini kaydetmemiştir. M. Henri Laoust tarafından metin, Fransızca tercüme ve geniş bir önsözle birlikte neşredilen eseri (La profession de foi d’Ibn Baṭṭa: Traditionniste et jurisconsulte musulman d’école hanbalite mort en Irak à ʿUkbarâ en 387/997 , Damas 1958; Paris 1959) Rızâ b. Na‘sân Mu‘tî üç yazma nüshasını esas alarak yeniden yayımlamıştır (Mekke 1404/1984).
3. İbṭâlü’l-ḥiyel . Müellif, döneminde üç talâka yemin ve bundan çıkış yolu üzerinde cereyan eden bir tartışma üzerine kaleme aldığı bu eserinde hem konuyla ilgili görüşlerini belirtmekte hem de fakihlerin hîle-i şer‘iyye konusundaki müsamahakâr tutumunu eleştirmekte, bu arada fakihlerin özelliklerinden ve taklit edilebilecek fakihlerde bulunması gereken vasıflardan da bahsetmektedir. Önce Muhammed Hâmid el-Fıkī tarafından Min Defâʾini’l-künûz adlı tek ciltlik risâleler külliyatı içinde “Cüzʾ fi’l-kelâm ʿalâ mesʾeleti’l-ḫulʿ ve mâ yeḥıllü ve mâ lâ yeḥıllü ve ibṭâlü’l-ḥîle li’l-ḫurûc mine’l-aḥkâmi’l-meşrûʿa” (Kahire 1349/1931, s. 20-53), daha sonra el-Mektebü’l-İslâmî (Beyrut 1403) ve Süleyman b. Abdullah Umeyr tarafından İbṭâlü’l-ḥiyel (Beyrut 1417/1996) adıyla yayımlanmıştır.
4. Kitâbü’l-Cihâd ev sebʿûne ḥadîs̱en fi’l-cihâd (nşr. Yüsrî Abdülganî el-Bişrî, Kahire 1409/1989). Müellifin cihad ve fazileti hakkında yazdığı bir kitaptan seçmeler şeklinde kaleme alınan eserin bu adla müellife nisbeti tartışmalıdır (İbṭâlü’l-ḥiyel , neşredenin girişi, s. 25).
İbn Batta’nın kaynaklarda zikredilen ve adlarından, çoğu fıkhın herhangi bir konusunda telif edilmiş risâleler mahiyetinde olduğu anlaşılan kırk civarındaki eserinden bazıları şunlardır: es-Sünen , el-Menâsik , el-İmâmü ḍâmin , el-İnkâr ʿalâ men ḳaṣṣa bi-kütübi’ṣ-ṣuḥufi’l-ûlâ , el-İnkâr ʿalâ men eḫaẕe’l-Ḳurʾân mine’l-muṣḥaf , en-Nehy ʿan ṣalâti’n-nâfile baʿde’l-ʿaṣr ve baʿde’l-fecr , Ṣalâtü’l-cemâʿa , Menʿu’l-ḫurûc baʿde’l-eẕân ve’l-iḳāme li-ġayri ḥâce , Îcâbü’ṣ-ṣadâḳ bi’l-ḫalve , er-Red ʿalâ men ḳāle eṭ-ṭalâḳu’s̱-s̱elâs̱ lâ yaḳaʿ , Ṣalâtü’n-nâfile fî şehri ramażân baʿde’l-mektûbe , Taḥrîmü’n-nebîẕ , Taḥrîmü nikâḥi’l-mütʿa , Taḥrîmü’n-nemîme , Ẕemmü’l-buḫl , Ẕemmü’l-ġınâʾ ve’l-istimâʿ ileyh , et-Teferrüd ve’l-ʿuzle .
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbn Batta, el-Ḫulʿ (nşr. M. Hâmid el-Fıkī, Min Defâʾini’l-künûz içinde), Kahire 1349/1931, neşredenin girişi, s. 5-11.
a.mlf., İbṭâlü’l-ḥiyel (nşr. Süleyman b. Abdullah el-Umeyr), Beyrut 1417/1996, neşredenin girişi, s. 7-38.
a.mlf., eş-Şerḥ ve’l-ibâne ʿalâ uṣûli’s-sünne ve’d-diyâne (nşr. Rızâ b. Na‘sân Mu‘tî), Mekke 1404/1984, neşredenin girişi, s. 3-87.
a.mlf., el-İbâne ʿan şerîʿati’l-fıraḳı’n-nâciye (nşr. Rızâ b. Na‘sân Mu‘tî), Riyad 1409/1988, neşredenin girişi, I, 5-157.
Hatîb, Târîḫu Baġdâd , X, 371-375.
İbn Mâkûlâ, el-İkmâl , I, 330-331.
İbn Ebû Ya‘lâ, Ṭabaḳātü’l-Ḥanâbile , II, 144-153.
İbn Asâkir, Târîḫu Dımaşḳ , X, 735-739.
İbnü’l-Cevzî, el-Muntaẓam , VII, 193-197.
a.mlf., Ṣıfatü’ṣ-ṣafve , IV, 179.
Zehebî, Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , XI, 316, 319; XIII, 68; XV, 91; XVI, 529-533.
a.mlf., Mîzânü’l-iʿtidâl , III, 15.
a.mlf., Târîḫu’l-İslâm : sene 381-400 , s. 144-149.
İbn Kesîr, el-Bidâye , XI, 321-322.
İbn Receb, eẕ-Ẕeyl ʿalâ Ṭabaḳāti’l-Ḥanâbile , Kahire 1372/1952-53, I, 365.
İbn Hacer, Lisânü’l-Mîzân , IV, 112-115.
Ebü’l-Yümn el-Uleymî, el-Menhecü’l-aḥmed (nşr. M. Muhyiddin Abdülhamîd), Beyrut 1403/1983, II, 81-86.
Tebrîzî, Reyḥânetü’l-edeb , VII, 417.
Brockelmann, GAL , I, 194; Suppl. , I, 311.
Sezgin, GAS , I, 514-515.
Müneccid, Muʿcem , I, 8.
Sezgin, GAS (Ar.) , I/3, s. 239-240.
W. M. Watt, İslâm Düşüncesinin Teşekkül Devri (trc. Ethem Ruhi Fığlalı), Ankara 1981, s. 168, 173, 176, 265, 337, 338.
Ramazan Şeşen v.dğr., Fihrisü maḫṭûṭâti Mektebeti Köprülü , İstanbul 1406/1986, I, 125.
Abdullah b. Ali es-Sübey‘î, ed-Dürrü’l-münaḍḍad fî esmâʾi kütübi meẕhebi’l-İmâm Aḥmed (nşr. Câsim ed-Devserî), Beyrut 1410/1990, s. 77.
Muhammed Behcet el-Baytar, “Kitâbü’ş-Şerḥ ve’l-ibâne ʿalâ uṣûli’s-sünne ve’d-diyâne li’bn Baṭṭa el-ʿUkberî”, MMİADm. , XXXIV/2 (1959), s. 349-351.
M. W. Mirza, “New Books in Review: la Profession de foi d’Ibn Batta”, IC , XXXV/2 (1961), s. 136-137.
Susanna Diwald, “Henri Laoust, La profession de foi d’Ibn Batta”, Bibliotheca Orientalis , XXI, Leiden 1964, s. 369-370.
H. Laoust, “Ibn Baṭṭa al-ʿUkbarī”, EI2 (İng.) , III, 734-735.
Mv.Fİ , XII, 396.
Ahmed Pâketçî, “İbn Baṭṭa”, DMBİ , II, 126-128.
Ferhat Koca, “Hanbelî Mezhebi”, DİA , XV, 527.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1999 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 19. cildinde, 358-359 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
KELÂM. Ahmed b. Hanbel’in görüşlerini titizlikle inceleyip naklettiği kabul edilen İbn Batta Selefiyye telakkisinin gelişmesine katkıda bulunmuştur. Ona göre Mu‘tezile kelâmcılarında müşahede edildiği üzere güvenilir âlimlerce benimsenen sahih hadisleri reddedip sadece Kur’an’la yetinilmesi gerektiğini iddia etmek sonuçta dini etkisiz hale getirmeyi doğurur. Çünkü sünnete başvurmadan Kur’an’da yer alan ilâhî tâlimatın sınırlarını belirlemek mümkün değildir. Nitekim namaz, oruç, zekât ve diğer ilâhî buyruklara ilişkin bilgi ve uygulamalara vâkıf olmak sadece Hz. Peygamber’in sünnetiyle mümkün olmuştur. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in Resûl-i Ekrem’e ve onun sünnetine uymayı emretmesi, iyi niyetlileri irşad ettiği kadar kötü niyetlilerin de dini yozlaştırmasını engelleme amacını gütmektedir (el-İbâne , I, 221-227, 264-265).
İbn Batta, itikadî konulardaki ihtilâfların dini tahrif etme sonucunu doğuracağından endişe ederek Kur’an ve Sünnet yolundan ayrılanların hangi sapıklıkta karar kılacaklarının bilinemeyeceğini söyler. Nitekim İslâm tarihinde nübüvvet, hatta ulûhiyyet iddiasıyla ortaya çıkanlar bile her zaman taraftar bulmuşlardır (a.g.e. , I, 270). Ona göre aklın söz söyleme yetkisi bulunmayan ve tamamen gayb alanını ilgilendiren itikadî konularda naslarla yetinmek gerekir, çünkü akıl yürüterek gaybı bilmek mümkün değildir. Selef âlimlerinin ilgilenmediği felsefî konuları dinî bir esas haline getiren ve hakkında ilâhî bir açıklama bulunmayan itikadî konulara dalan kelâmcılar meseleleri çözümlemek şöyle dursun yeni problemler üretmişler, çelişkiye düşmüşler ve hemen hiçbir konuda ittifak edememişlerdir. Halbuki insanın sınırlı bir bilgiye sahip olduğunu bilerek mükellef kılınmadığı hususlarda kendini sorumluluk altına sokmaması daha isabetlidir (a.g.e. , I, 420-421, 470; II, 531-536, 554-555).
İbn Batta’nın akaide dair görüşleri şöylece özetlenebilir: Allah’ın hay, nâtık, semî‘, basîr… olmakla nitelendiğine, yaratıklarından uzakta ve arşın fevkinde bulunduğuna, ayrıca âhirette müminlerce görüleceğine inanmak farzdır. Allah için sınırlı oluş (had) düşünülebilirse de bunun keyfiyeti bilinemez. Güvenilir âlimlerce nakledilen sahih rivayetlerde Allah’a nisbet edilen sıfatlara aklî gerekçeler ileri sürmeden inanmak lâzımdır; zira bazı itikadî konulara aklî açıklamalar getirmekten âciz kalmak onları inkâr etmeyi gerektirmez. Her şey ilâhî ilme göre vuku bulur. Gerek zaman gerekse keyfiyet açısından kaderde herhangi bir değişiklik meydana gelmez (eş-Şerḥ , s. 187-195, 213-216, 227-229; İbn Teymiyye, II, 35).
Allah’ın peygamber göndermesi yaratıklarına rahmetle muamele etmesinin bir sonucudur. İlke olarak peygamberler mâsumdur. Bununla birlikte onların küçük günah işlemesi de mümkündür, zira Kur’an’da bazı peygamberlerin günahlarından söz edilmiştir. Resûl-i Ekrem’in nübüvvetten önce kavminin dinine mensup olduğunu söylemek gerçeğe aykırıdır. Resûlullah âhirette Allah ile birlikte arşta bulunacaktır (el-İbâne , I, 215; II, 626; eş-Şerḥ , s. 243-250, 267).
Allah’a imanın mânası peygamberleri aracılığıyla insanlara bildirdiği ilâhî emirleri benimsemektir. Bu ise tasdik, ikrar ve amel unsurlarından oluşur. İmanın başlangıcını kalbî tasdik oluşturmakla birlikte iman ikrar ve amel unsurlarıyla tamamlanır. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de ilâhî emirleri kalben tasdik etmek yeterli görülmemiş, tasdikin yanı sıra bu emirlere itaat ederek sâlih amellerin işlenmesi de istenmiş ve cennetin bunların tamamı karşılığında kazanılabileceği ifade edilmiştir (el-Bakara 2/82; en-Nisâ 4/97; el-Enfâl 8/72; et-Tevbe 9/18; er-Rûm 30/31). Şu halde iman amelden bir cüzdür. Müminlerin farklı derecelerde bulunması da her imanın aynı olmadığını ve çeşitli unsurlardan oluştuğunu gösterir. Kişinin yaptığı amellerin Allah nezdinde kabul edildiği ve mümin olarak öleceği bilinmediğinden “inşallah müminim” demesi uygundur (eş-Şerḥ , s. 176-181; el-İbâne , II, 628-631, 651-653, 684, 779-794, 837-840, 865-866).
Âlimler, namaz kılanların işledikleri günahlar sebebiyle tekfir edilemeyeceği hususunda görüş birliği içindedir. Namaz kılmayanların kâfir olduğu ise hadisle sabittir. Bunun dışında farzları inkâr edenler, Hz. Peygamber’in Allah’tan aldığı vahiylerin muhtevasından herhangi birini reddedenler veya bunların doğruluğundan şüphe edenler, hadislerle sabit olan kabir hallerine inanmayanlar ve Kur’an’ın mahlûk olduğunu söyleyenler de tekfir edilir (eş-Şerḥ , s. 184-187, 200-201, 265; el-İbâne , II, 669-683, 864-865).
İbn Batta, Selef âlimlerinin görüşlerine uyulmasını tavsiye etmesine ve itikadî esasların naslardan hareketle belirlenmesi gerektiğini söylemesine rağmen Allah’a sınırlılık izâfe edilebileceğini ve Hz. Peygamber’in Allah’la birlikte arşta oturacağını iddia etmesi gibi hususlarda Selef’e aykırı görüşler ileri sürerek teşbihe düşmüş, yer yer aklî istidlâller yaparak eleştirdiği kelâmcıların yöntemini kullanmak zorunda kalmış, zarûrât-ı dîniyye arasında yer almayan halku’l-Kur’ân konusunda farklı görüş sahiplerini tekfir etmek suretiyle de sert bir tavır ortaya koymuştur.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbn Batta, İbṭâlü’l-ḥiyel (nşr. Süleyman b. Abdullah el-Umeyr), Beyrut 1417/1996, II, 53-54.
a.mlf., eş-Şerḥ ve’l-ibâne ʿalâ uṣûli’s-sünne ve’d-diyâne (nşr. Rızâ b. Na‘sân Mu‘tî), Mekke 1404/1984, s. 176-209, 213-216, 227-229, 243-250, 265-267, 276.
a.mlf., el-İbâne ʿan şerîʿati’l-fıraḳı’n-nâciye (nşr. Rızâ b. Na‘sân Mu‘tî), Riyad 1409/1988, I, 215, 221-227, 252, 264-265, 270, 272, 405, 420-424, 470; II, 531-536, 554-557, 571-572, 626, 628-631, 651-653, 669-684, 705, 720, 765-772, 781-782, 787-794, 836-840, 864-866, 876.
İbn Teymiyye, Derʾü teʿârużi’l-ʿaḳl ve’n-naḳl (nşr. M. Reşâd Sâlim), Riyad 1403/1983, I, 269; II, 8, 17, 35; VII, 109; VIII, 417.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1999 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 19. cildinde, 359-360 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.