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İBN BERRÎ et-TÂZÎ Skip to content Ebü’l-Hasen Alî b. Muhammed b. Alî (b. Muhammed) b. Hüseyn er-Ribâtî et-Tâzî el-Mağribî (ö. 731/1331)
Faslı kıraat ve Arap dili edebiyatı âlimi.
660 (1262) yılında başşehir Fas’ın kuzeydoğusunda yer alan Tâze (Ribâtu Tâze) şehrinde doğdu. Buraya nisbetle Ribâtî ve Tâzî nisbeleriyle tanınır. Bazı kaynaklarda Ribâtî nisbesi Tâze civarında (ribz/erbâz) konaklamış bir kabileye mensup olduğundan Erbâzu Tâze’ye nisbetle Erbâzî/Ribâzî şeklinde de zikredilir. Ailesinin Kureyş’le ilgisi bulunan Tüsûl (Tesûl) kabilesine mensup olduğu ve kendisi doğmadan önce Tâze’ye gelip yerleştiği ifade edilir. Bu sebeple İbn Berrî et-Tüsûlî nisbesiyle de anılır. Ayrıca ailenin Tâze’nin Berberî kabilelerinden Benî Linet’e mensup bulunduğu belirtilir (Hifnâvî, II, 12).
İlk bilgilerini babasından alan İbn Berrî, Merînî Devleti’nin kurulma, yükselme devrelerine yetişti. Endülüs âlimlerinin Kuzeybatı Afrika’ya göçüyle meydana gelen ilmî birikimden faydalandı. Aralarında hocası İbn Hamdûn eş-Şerîşî’nin de bulunduğu âlimler ve kıraat üstatları, Endülüs şehirlerinin birer birer hıristiyan krallıklarının eline geçmesi yüzünden göç ederek Tâze’ye yerleşti. Böyle bir ortamda yetişen İbn Berrî, Mağrib’in Berberî Masmûde kabilesine mensup şair, edip ve kadılarla kâtip İbnü’l-Murahhal’den, kendisinden Nâfi‘ kıraatini Verş ve Kālûn rivayetleriyle okuduğu Ebü’r-Rebî‘ Süleyman b. Muhammed İbn Hamdûn eş-Şerîşî, fıkıh ve ferâiz âlimi Muhammed b. Muhammed el-Farazî, tefsir, hadis ve fıkıh âlimi İbnü’z-Zübeyr es-Sekafî, Muhammed b. Muhammed b. İdrîs el-Kuzâî el-Kalelevsî ve Ebü’l-Hasan Ali b. Süleyman el-Kurtubî gibi âlimlerden kıraate, dil ve edebiyata, dinî ilimlere dair ders aldı (Abdülhâdî Hamîtû, III, 114-115). Başta kıraat ve Kur’an ilimleri olmak üzere Arap dili ve edebiyatı, belâgat, lugat, fıkıh, ferâiz, hadis gibi alanlarda kendini yetiştirdi, hat sanatında ve tevsik (adlî ve hukukî belge düzenleme) konusunda maharet sahibi oldu.
İbn Berrî et-Tâzî, Fas ve Karaviyyîn gibi şehirlerin camilerinde ders verdi. Ondan faydalanan öğrencilerden Fas Karaviyyîn Camii’nde 723’te (1323) kendisine ed-Dürerü’l-levâmiʿ ini okuttuğu Yûsuf b. Ali es-Sedûsî bir yıl sonra Gırnata’nın Yûsufiyye Medresesi’nde hocasının bu eserini kendi öğrencilerine okuttu. Tâze Kadısı Ebû Mehdî Îsâ b. Abdullah et-Tircâlî de onun önde gelen talebelerindendir. Yine Tâze’de İbn Berrî’den Ebû Ali el-Fârisî’nin el-Îżâḥ fi’n-naḥv ’ini okumasının yanı sıra ondan tefsir ve hadis dersleri alan Ebû Zeyd Abdurrahman İbnü’l-Aşşâb et-Tâzî, edebiyat, lugat ve kıraat dersleri alan, ayrıca ed-Dürerü’l-levâmiʿ ini okuyan ve ona şerh yazan Muhammed b. Şuayb el-Meccâsî, ed-Dürerü’l-levâmiʿ i şerheden kıraat âlimi Muhammed b. Muhammed el-Harrâz eş-Şerîşî, Amr b. Ahmed el-Kaştâlî de İbn Berrî’nin öğrencilerindendir. İbn Berrî, Tâze’de bir yandan ders verirken diğer yandan Merînî idaresinde Dîvân-ı İnşâ kâtip ve reisliği yaptı. Dürüstlüğüyle tanındığından Tâze Mahkemesi’ne şahitlik vb. işler için sık sık gidip geldi. Adlî ve hukukî belgeleri düzenleme görevinde bulunarak günümüzde noterliğe benzeyen bir meslek icra etti. Onun Tâze’de bir süre kadılık yaptığı da belirtilir. Öğrencisi Tircâlî Tâze kadısı olunca hocasının sık sık mahkemeye gelmesini uygun bulmadı, Merînî Sultanı II. Ebû Saîd (Osman) el-Merînî’den izin alarak onun başşehir Fas’a naklini ve sultanın oğlu Ebü’l-Hasan’a (Mansûr-Billâh) öğretmenlik yapmasını sağladı. 724’te (1324) Fas’a giden İbn Berrî vefatına kadar bu görevleri yerine getirdi. Vefatıyla ilgili olarak 730 (1330) ve 733 yılları kaydedilmekle birlikte 731 (1331) yılı daha isabetli görünmektedir. Çünkü 724’te (1324) gittiği Fas’ta yedi yıl kaldığı belirtilir. İbn Berrî’nin Tâze’de öldüğü veya Fas’ta öldükten sonra cenazesinin Tâze’ye götürülüp hocası İbn Hamdûn eş-Şerîşî’nin kabri yanına defnedildiği, günümüzde kabrinin şehir dışında bulunup meşhur olduğu ifade edilir.
Eserleri. İbn Berrî’nin en önemli eseri ed-Dürerü’l-levâmiʿ fî aṣli maḳraʾi’l-İmâm Nâfiʿ olup İmam Nâfi‘ kıraatine dair bir manzumedir. Kuzey Afrika ülkelerinde bu eserin kıraatteki şöhreti nahiv ilminde el-Âcurrûmiyye ’nin şöhretiyle kıyaslanır. Aynı ülkelerde Mâlikî mezhebinin yaygınlığı gibi İmam Mâlik’in sünnet (vâcip) olarak nitelediği makbul-mütevâtir kıraatlerden Nâfi‘ kıraati de Endülüs ve Mağrib’de yayılmış, bu kıraate dair eserler arasında önemli bir yeri olan ed-Dürerü’l-levâmiʿ üzerine çok sayıda şerh, ta‘lik, ikmal, telhîs, nazîre vb. çalışma gerçekleştirilmiştir. 697 (1298) yılında recez vezniyle ve yalın bir üslûpla yazılan 243 beyitlik manzume Mağrib medreselerinde Nâfi‘ kıraatinde resmî temayülün esasını teşkil etmiştir (a.g.e. , III, 108, 112). Kuzey Afrika ülkelerinde Nâfi‘ kıraatinin öğretiminde günümüzde de büyük ilgi gören manzumenin mukaddimesinde eserin konusu, yöntemi ve yazılış sebebi açıklanmış, daha sonra on altı bölüm (bab) halinde Nâfi‘ kıraatiyle ilgili usul ve küllî kaidelerle bazı ayrıntılar söz konusu edilmiştir. Bunlar istiâze, besmele, cemi “mîm”i, kinaye “hâ”sı, med-kasr, tek ve çift hemze, hareke nakli, izhar-idgam, feth-imâle, “râ”lar, “lâm”lar, vakf, izâfet “yâ”ları, zâit “yâ”lar, harflerin ve Kur’an kelimelerinin küllî/aslî kaidelere dayanmayan istisnaî ve özel okuyuş şekilleri olarak sıralanabilir. Manzumenin sonuna harflerin mahreç ve sıfatlarına dair müellifin otuz beyitlik urcûzesi de eklenmiştir. İbn Berrî, Mekkî b. Ebû Tâlib gibi kıraat âlimlerine göre daha mevsuk bulduğu, et-Taʿrîf fi’ḫtilâfi’r-ruvât ʿan Nâfiʿ adlı eserin yazarı Ebû Amr ed-Dânî tarikine uyarak Ebû Ya‘kūb Yûsuf el-Ezrak’ın Verş’ten, onun da Nâfi‘den aktardığı, yine Ebû Neşît Muhammed b. Hârûn’un Kālûn’dan, onun da Nâfi‘den naklettiği okuyuş farklarını incelemiş, bu okuyuşlar arasında yer yer tercihler yapmış, okuyuşların delillerini zikretmiş, kendisinden Ebû Amr ed-Dânî’ye kadar varan kıraat senedini kaydetmiştir (Saîd A‘râb, s. 25; Abdülhâdî Hamîtû, III, 115-118). İbn Berrî’den bu manzumeyi başta Harrâz, Meccâsî ve Tircâlî gibi öğrencileri olmak üzere on altı kişi rivayet etmiş (Abdülhâdî Hamîtû, III, 150-163), günümüzde Tilimsân, Fas, Gırnata gibi şehirlerde okutulup ezberletilen ve hakkında icâzetler verilmiş olan manzume üzerinde elliyi aşkın şerh yazılmıştır (a.g.e. , III, 173-232). Müellifin öğrencileri ve râvilerinden olan Harrâz eş-Şerîşî’nin el-Maḳṣadü (el-Ḳaṣdü’)’n-nâfiʿ li-buġyeti’n-nâşiʾ ve’l-bâriʿ fî şerḥi’d-Düreri’l-levâmiʿ i ile (nşr. M. Mahmûd et-Tilmidî el-Cekkenî, Cidde 1413) Muhammed b. Şuayb el-Meccâsî’nin Şerḥu’d-Düreri’l-levâmiʿ i, Ebû Zeyd es-Seâlibî’nin el-Muḫtâr mine’l-Cevâmiʿ fî muḥâẕâti’d-Düreri’l-levâmiʿ adlı şerhi (Cezayir 1324), Mintûrî’nin Şerḥu’d-Düreri’l-levâmiʿ i (nşr. Sıddîkī Sîdî Fevzî, I-II, Dârülbeyzâ 1421/2001), Süleyman el-Amrâvî el-Cezâirî’nin el-Muḫtaṣarü’l-Câmiʿ Şerḥu’d-Düreri’l-levâmiʿ fî aṣli maḳraʾi’l-imâm en-Nâfiʿ i (Beyrut 2004) bunlar arasında sayılabilir. Yayımlanmamış şerhlerin birçoğunun yazma nüshaları Rabat’taki el-Mektebetü’l-Haseniyye’de bulunmaktadır (ayrıca bk. Brockelmann, GAL , II, 321; Suppl. , II, 350). Eser üzerine eksiklerini tamamlamak, özetlemek veya nazîre yazmak amacıyla İbn Câbir el-Miknâsî, Ebü’l-Kāsım Ahmed et-Tâzî, Ebû Vekîl el-Masmûdî, Abdurrahman el-Câdirî, İbn Gāzî el-Miknâsî gibi müelliflerce otuz kadar urcûze kaleme alınmıştır (Abdülhâdî Hamîtû, III, 233-277). İbn Gāzî el-Miknâsî, Tafṣîlü ʿiḳdi’d-dürer isimli 149 beyitlik manzumesinde Nâfi‘ kıraatinin Kālûn ve Verş dışındaki rivayetlerini de zikretmiş, toplam on farklı rivayeti söz konusu etmiştir. Ebü’l-Kāsım Ahmed et-Tâzî de ed-Dürerü’s-seniyye adlı 100 beyitlik manzumesinde farklı okuyuş rivayetleri arasındaki tercihleri belirtmiş, Ebû Amr ed-Dânî’ye ait et-Tecrîd ’in özetini vermiştir. İbn Berrî’nin manzumesi tecvid ve kıraat metinlerini toplayan mecmualar/külliyatlar içinde defalarca basılmış, Tevfîk b. Ahmed el-Abkarî tarafından müstakil olarak da yayımlanmıştır (Kahire 2008).
Diğer Eserleri: Ürcûze fî meḫârici’l-ḥurûf (otuz beyitlik bir manzume olup ed-Dürerü’l-levâmiʿ in zeyli olarak birçok defa basılmıştır, yazma nüshası, Berlin Kraliyet Ktp., nr. 548); el-Kâfî fî ʿilmi’l-ḳavâfî (Brockelmann, GAL Suppl. , II, 350); Şerḥu Kitâbi’l-ʿArûż li’bni’s-Saḳḳāt Muḥammed b. ʿAlî el-Enṣârî; Şerḥu’l-Ves̱âʾiḳı’l-ʿadliyye el-muḫtaṣara li-Ebî İsḥâḳ İbrâhîm b. Yaḥyâ el-Ġırnâṭî (Hizânetü Miknâse, nr. 1756); İḳtiṭâfü’z-zeher ve ictinâʾü’s̱-s̱emer fi’ḫtiṣârı Zehri’l-âdâb ve s̱emeri’l-elbâb li-İbrâhîm el-Ḥuṣrî (nşr. Mustafa Hicâzî, Kahire 2012); Muḫtaṣar ʿalâ Şerḥi Tehẕîbi’l-Müdevvene li-Ebî Saʿîd Ḫalef b. Muḥammed el-Berâẕiʿî (tamamlanamamıştır); Muḫtaṣaru Şerḥi’l-Îżâḥ li’bn Ebi’r-Rebîʿ Ubeydillâh b. Ahmed (Ebû Ali el-Fârisî’nin el-Îżâḥ fi’n-naḥv veya Adudüddevle’ye ithaf edildiği için el-Îżâḥu’l-ʿAżudî olarak tanınan gramer kitabına İbn Ebü’r-Rebî‘in yazdığı şerhin muhtasarıdır; ancak İbn Ebü’r-Rebî‘ el-Îżâḥ ’a küçük [el-İfṣaḥ ʿan mesâʾili [nüketi] Kitâbi’l-Îżâḥ] ve büyük [el-Kâfî fi’l-İfṣaḥ] olmak üzere iki şerh yazmıştır; ihtisar olduğuna göre eser büyük şerhle ilgili olmalıdır); İḫtiṣâru Şerḥi’ş-Şerîşî li-Maḳāmâti’l-Ḥarîrî; el-Ves̱âʾiḳ(u’l-ʿadliyye); el-Ḳānûn fî rivâyetey Verş ve Ḳālûn (İshâkī, vr. 29); Ṭurer ʿale’d-Dürer (öğrencisi Harrâz’ın ed-Dürerü’l-levâmiʿ e yazdığı şerhi kendisine takdim etmesi dolayısıyla kaleme aldığı yazıdır); Ẕikrü’ẓ-ẓâʾ ʿalâ ḥurûfi’l-muʿcem (Süleymaniye Ktp., Şehid Ali Paşa, nr. 7740, vr. 19-22); İcâze manẓûme li-Ebî ʿAmr el-Fiştâlî; İcâze manẓûme li-Ebi’l-Ḥasan el-Ḥımṣî ʿalâ luġzihî bi-mesʾeleti “sevʾât”; Şerḥu Ḳaṣîdeti Ebî ʿAlî Ḥasan b. Aṭıyye el-Venşerîsî el-Miknâsî (ez-Zâviyetü’l-Hamzâviyye Fas / Rîş Kütüphanesi’nde nüshasının bulunduğu belirtilir [Abdülhâdî Hamîtû, III, 127-131]). Muhammed el-Emrânî İbn Berrî et-Tâzî adıyla bir monografi yazmıştır (Rabat, ts.).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA :
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