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İBN EBÛ HÂTİM Skip to content Ebû Muhammed Abdurrahmân b. Muhammed b. İdrîs er-Râzî (ö. 327/938)
el-Cerḥ ve’t-taʿdîl adlı eseriyle tanınan hadis hâfızı, müfessir ve fakih.
240’ta (854) Rey’de doğdu. Babası Rey’deki Derbühanzale’de oturduğu için Hanzalî diye anıldı. Dedeleri Hanzale b. Temîm oğullarının mevlâsı olduğundan Temîmî ve Hanzalî nisbeleriyle anıldığı da söylenir. “Emîrü’l-mü’minîn fi’l-hadîs” unvanına sahip muhaddislerden biri olan babası Ebû Hâtim’in teşvikiyle Rey’in seçkin kıraat âlimi Fazl b. Şâzân’dan Kur’an öğrendi. Rey’de hıfzını tamamladıktan sonra babasından ve Ebû Zür‘a er-Râzî’den hadis tahsil etmeye başladı. Bir muhaddis olan amcası İbrâhim b. İdrîs’in ve babasının dayısı İsmâil b. Yezîd’in ilmî şahsiyetinin teşekkülünde önemli katkısı oldu. 254’te (868) Muhammed b. Ebü’s-Selc’den hadis yazdığını söylemesi (el-Cerḥ ve’t-taʿdîl , VII, 214) onun erken yaşta hadis tahsiline başladığını göstermektedir. 255’te (869) babası ile, 260 (874) yılında da hocası Muhammed b. Hammâd er-Râzî et-Tahrânî ile hacca gitti. 262’de (876) Şam ve Mısır’a, 264’te (878) İsfahan’a ilmî seyahatler yaptı. Kûfe, Basra ve Hicaz gibi ilim merkezlerini dolaştı. Eşec el-Kindî, Hasan b. Arafe, Muhammed b. Abdülmelik b. Zencûye, Haccâc b. Şâir, Müslim b. Haccâc, Ebû Zür‘a ed-Dımaşkī, İbn Ebû Âsım, İbn Vâre ve Ali b. Hüseyin b. Cüneyd onun hocalarından bazılarıdır. Talebeleri arasında İbrâhim b. Muhammed en-Nasrâbâdî, Ebü’ş-Şeyh, Hüseynek diye anılan Hüseyin b. Ali et-Temîmî, Yûsuf b. Kāsım el-Miyânecî, Hâkim el-Kebîr, Ebü’l-Fazl el-Hemedânî, Ali b. Muhammed el-Kassâr ve Ebû Hâtim İbn Hibbân gibi önemli kişiler vardır.
Râvilerin ve rivayetlerin tenkidi anlamında “nakd” kelimesini eserlerinde ilk kullanan âlim olan İbn Ebû Hâtim tefsir, hadis, fıkıh, usul, kelâm, menâkıb, zühd, özellikle de cerh ve ta‘dîl ile ricâl alanlarında eserler vermiş, aynı zamanda Hz. Peygamber’in sünnetinin Rey’de yayılıp yerleşmesini sağlamıştır. Zehebî İbn Ebû Hâtim’in İslâmî ilimlerde otorite olduğunu, hadis ilimlerinde en üstün mertebe sayılan şeyhülislâmlık mevkiinde bulunduğunu, mütehassıs bir tenkitçi kabul edildiğini söylemekte, ayrıca Ebü’l-Fazl Ahmed b. Ali el-Bîkendî es-Süleymânî’nin onun Hz. Ali’yi Osman’a üstün tuttuğunu ileri sürmekle haksızlık ettiğini belirtmektedir (Teẕkiretü’l-ḥuffâẓ , III, 830; a.mlf., Mîzânü’l-iʿtidâl , II, 588).
Babası ve babasının arkadaşı muhaddis Ebû Zür‘a er-Râzî gibi İbn Ebû Hâtim de itikadda ehl-i hadîs yolunu ve Ehl-i sünnet görüşünü benimsemiştir. Fıkıhta Ahmed b. Hanbel’in mezhebine tâbi olmuş, nasların zâhirî mânasını te’vilden kaçınmıştır. Ehl-i hadîse mensup olmasına rağmen babası gibi Hz. Ali’yi Hz. Osman’dan üstün görmesi sebebiyle Şîa yanlısı diye itham edilmiştir (İbn Hacer, Tehẕîbü’t-Tehẕîb , IX, 33-34; Rif‘at Fevzî Abdülmuttalib, s. 104-105; DİA , X, 150). Ancak bu iddiayı ortaya atan Mesleme b. Kāsım el-Endelüsî zayıf bir râvi kabul edildiği, öte yandan Ebû Hâtim ile İbn Ebû Hâtim’in ehl-i hadîs düşüncesini benimsedikleri bilindiği için bu iddia fazla rağbet görmemiştir.
İbn Ebû Hâtim, sadece muhaddis değil aynı zamanda fakih olduğu için zaman zaman hadislerden hüküm çıkarmış veya fıkhî ictihadlarda bulunmuştur (Rif‘at Fevzî Abdülmuttalib, s. 123-126). Ayrıca şiir ve edebiyat alanındaki derin bilgisi sebebiyle eserlerinde yeri geldikçe şiirlere de yer vermiştir. İbn Ebû Hâtim tahsil etmediği tek ilmin kelâm olduğunu söylemektedir (a.g.e. , s. 128). Zâhid kişiliğiyle tanınan ve bu yönüyle babası tarafından da takdir edildiği belirtilen İbn Ebû Hâtim Muharrem 327’de (Kasım 938) Rey’de vefat etti.
Eserleri. 1. el-Cerḥ ve’t-taʿdîl . Hadis râvilerinin tenkidine dair olup konusunda yazılan ilk kitaplardan biridir. 16.040 râvi hakkında bilgi veren eseri Abdurrahman b. Yahyâ el-Muallimî yayımlamıştır (I-IX, Haydarâbâd 1360-1373/1941-1953). Muhammed Saîd b. Besyûnî Zağlûl Fihrisü’l-Cerḥ ve’t-taʿdîl (Beyrut 1988) adlı çalışmasıyla kitabın kullanımını kolaylaştırmış, Ebû Muhammed Fâlih eş-Şiblî de eser üzerinde el-Müstaḫrec min Kitâbi’l-Cerḥ ve’t-taʿdîl min aḥvâli’r-ricâl mimmâ verede fî ġayri meẓânnih (Kahire 1413) adlı bir çalışma yapmıştır.
2. Taḳdimetü’l-maʿrife li-Kitâbi’l-Cerḥ ve’t-taʿdîl . Hadis tenkidinin savunulduğu önemli bir çalışma olan eserde (Haydarâbâd 1371/1952) İbn Ebû Hâtim öncelikle sünnet ve eseri bilen fakih âlimler, ilelü’l-hadîs ve ricâl tenkidinde otorite olan hadis hâfızları, insanların kendilerinden hadis öğrenmeye çalıştıkları dürüst ve mütevazi âlimlerin bu alandaki önemi üzerinde durmuştur. Eerik Nael Dickinson, The Development of Early Muslim Hadīth Criticism: The Taqdima of Ibn Abī Hātim al-Rāzī adlı doktora çalışmasında eseri hadis tenkidi yönünden tahlil etmiştir (“Tez Özetleri” [trc. F. Mehveş Kayani], İslâmî Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi , II/2 [1415/1994], s. 149-150).
3. ʿİlelü’l-ḥadîs̱ (el-ʿİlel fi’l-ḥadîs̱ , Kitâbü’l-ʿİlel ve beyânü mâ vaḳaʿa mine’l-ḫaṭaʾi ve’l-ḫalel fî baʿżi ṭuruḳi’l-eḥâdîs̱i’l-merviyye fi’s-sünneti’n-nebeviyye ). Fıkıh konularına göre tasnif edilen eser, iki ciltte 2840 hadisi ve Ebû Zür‘a er-Râzî ile Ebû Hâtim er-Râzî’nin bu hadisler hakkındaki görüş ve düşüncelerini kaydetmekte olup Muhibbüddin el-Hatîb (I-II, Bağdad 1971; I-II, Kahire 1343-1344/1924-1925; I-II, Beyrut 1405/1985) ve üzerinde bir doktora çalışması yapan (1414/1993, Câmiatü’l-İmâm Muhammed b. Suûd el-İslâmiyye, Külliyetü usûli’d-dîn) Abdullah b. Abdülmuhsin et-Tüveycirî (Riyad 1414/1993) tarafından yayımlanmıştır. Yûsuf el-Mar‘aşlî’nin Fehârisü ʿİleli’l-ḥadîs̱ (Beyrut 1406/1986), Ebû Muhammed Fâlih eş-Şiblî’nin el-Müstaḫrec min Kitâbi’l-ʿİlel li’bni Ebî Ḥâtim fi’l-cerḥ ve’t-taʿdîl (Kahire 1413) adlı çalışmaları da önemlidir.
4. Beyânü ḫaṭaʾi Muḥammed b. İsmâʿîl el-Buḫârî fî Târîḫih . Müellif, et-Târîḫu’l-kebîr ’in Ebû Zür‘a er-Râzî ve babası tarafından tashih edilen nüshasını görmüş, bu nüshada müstensihlerden kaynaklanan hataların bulunduğu tesbit edilmiştir. Buhârî’nin et-Târîḫu’l-kebîr ’i üç defa gözden geçirdiği bilinmekte, İbn Ebû Hâtim’in işaret ettiği bazı hatalar, mevcut et-Târîḫu’l-kebîr nüshalarında görülmemektedir. Hata olarak ileri sürülen bazı hususların ictihad farkından ileri geldiğine, bazılarının da Buhârî tarafından tashih edilmemiş hatalı nüshalardan kaynaklandığına göre (Rif‘at Fevzî Abdülmuttalib, s. 255-258) esere yöneltilen tenkitlerin büyük kısmı önemini yitirmektedir. Eseri, Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Kütüphanesi’nde bulunan (III. Ahmed, nr. 624) tek yazma nüshasını esas alarak Abdurrahman b. Yahyâ el-Muallimî yayımlamıştır (Haydarâbâd 1380).
5. el-Merâsîl . İbn Ebû Hâtim’in en önemli kitaplarından biri sayılan eserde 492 (bazı baskılarda 476) râvi ve 1000’e yakın mürsel rivayet ele alınmaktadır. Bu eserde mürsel terimi, tâbiînin sahâbeyi atlayarak Hz. Peygamber’den rivayette bulunması anlamında kullanılmamış, ona, bir râvinin çağdaşı olmadığı bir kimseden rivayette bulunması şeklinde daha geniş bir anlam verilmiş ve el-Merâsîl ’de bu şartları taşıyan kimselerin mürselleri incelenmiştir. Eser Zeynelâbidîn el-Bihârî (Haydarâbâd 1321/1903 [taşbaskı]), 1341’de (1923) Haydarâbâd’da yapılan neşri esas alınarak Subhî es-Sâmerrâî (Bağdad 1387/1967), Şükrullah b. Ni‘metullah el-Kūcânî (Beyrut-Dımaşk 1397/1977, 1402/1982) ve Ahmed İsâm el-Kâtib (Beyrut 1403/1983) tarafından neşredilmiştir.
6. Tefsîrü’l-Ḳurʾâni’l-ʿaẓîm . Tam adı Tefsîrü’l-Ḳurʾâni’l-ʿaẓîm müsneden ʿani’r-Resûl ve’ṣ-ṣaḥâbe ve’t-tâbiʿîn olan eserde 19.540 güvenilir rivayet bir araya getirilmektedir. Müellif, Hz. Peygamber’in tefsire dair bir açıklamasının bulunduğu yerde sadece onu almış, diğer âyetlerde ise varsa sahâbeden birinin, yoksa bir tâbiîn müfessirinin tefsirine yer vermiştir. Birçok tefsire kaynaklık eden eser üzerinde Câmiatü Ümmi’l-kurâ’da cüzler veya sûreler halinde doktora ve yüksek lisans çalışmaları yapılmış ve bu çalışmaların bir kısmı neşredilmiştir. Eseri tam olarak Es‘ad Muhammed et-Tayyib on cilt halinde yayımlamıştır (Mekke 1417/1997). İyâde b. Eyyûb el-Kübeysî bir makalesinde (bk. bibl.) eseri tanıtmıştır.
7. Âdâbü’ş-Şâfiʿî ve menâḳıbüh . İmam Şâfiî’nin hayatı ve faziletine dair kitapların ilki ve en güvenilir olanıdır. Eserde Şâfiî’nin istinbat ettiği bazı nâdir hükümlere de yer verilmiştir. Menâḳıbü’ş-Şâfiʿî adıyla da anılan eser Zâhid Kevserî’nin tashihi ve Abdülganî Abdülhâliḳ’ın tahkikiyle yayımlanmıştır (Kahire 1372/1953, 1413/1993; Beyrut 1979, 1981 [ofset]).
8. Zühdü’s̱-s̱emâniye mine’t-tâbiʿîn . Alkame b. Mersed’in (ö. 120/738) yazdığı ve İbn Ebû Hâtim’in rivayet edip günümüze gelmesini sağladığı eser, zâhidliğiyle tanınan sekiz tâbiînin (Âmir b. Abdullah, Rebî‘ b. Huseym, Ebû Müslim el-Havlânî, Esved b. Yezîd, Mesrûk b. Ecda‘, Hasan-ı Basrî, Üveys el-Karanî, Herim b. Hayyân) hayatı hakkında bilgi vermekte olup Dârü’l-kütübi’z-Zâhiriyye’deki tek nüshası (Mecmua, nr. 11, vr. 160a -166a ) esas alınarak Abdurrahman b. Abdülcebbâr el-Feryevâî tarafından yayımlanmıştır (Medine 1404/1984, 1408).
9. Aṣlü’s-sünne ve iʿtiḳādü’d-dîn . Babasına ve Ebû Zür‘a er-Râzî’ye sorduğu soruları ve bunların cevaplarını ihtiva etmektedir. Dârü’l-kütübi’z-Zâhiriyye’de bulunan eserin (Mecmua, nr. 11, vr. 166a- 169a ) aynı kütüphanede kayıtlı (nr. 63) mecmua içindeki bir nüshasından da söz edilmektedir (Muhammed Azîz, XV [1402], s. 7) es-Sünne adıyla müellife nisbet edilen eser de (İbn Ebû Ya‘lâ, II, 55) muhtemelen bu kitaptır.
10. Ḥadîs̱ . İbn Ebû Hâtim’in rivayet ettiği hadislerden oluşan eserin bir nüshası Dârü’l-kütübi’z-Zâhiriyye’de kayıtlıdır (Mecmua, nr. 41/8, vr. 103a -109b ).
11. er-Red ʿale’l-Cehmiyye . Zehebî bunun hacimli bir eser olduğunu, ondan iktibasta bulunduğunu belirtmektedir (Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , XIII, 264).
12. Feżâʾilü’l-İmâm (imâmünâ) Aḥmed (Menâḳıbü[Fażlü]’l-İmâm Aḥmed) . Zehebî el-ʿUlüv li’l-ʿaliyyi’l-ġaffâr ’ında bu eserden de iktibaslarda bulunmuştur (s. 130).
İbn Ebû Hâtim’in kaynaklarda zikredilen diğer eserleri de şunlardır: el-Fevâʾidü’l-kebîr (kübrâ) , Feżâʾilü ehli’l-beyt , Feżâʾilü Ḳazvîn , Fevâʾidü’r-Râziyyîn (Fevâʾidü ehli’r-Rey) , Fevâʾidü’z-zâʾirîn , Kitâbü Mekke , el-Künâ , el-Müsned (çok hacimli olduğu belirtilmektedir), S̱evâbü’l-aʿmâl . Bunların dışında bazı kaynaklarda İbn Ebû Hâtim’e nisbet edilen kitaplar bulunduğu gibi İbn Ebû Hâtim’in talebelerinden Ebü’l-Hasan Ali b. İbrâhim er-Râzî’nin hocasının biyografisine dair bir eser yazdığı belirtilmiştir (Zehebî, Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , XIII, 263; a.mlf., Târîḫu’l-İslâm , s. 207-208). Rif‘at Fevzî Abdülmuttalib, İbn Ebî Ḥâtim er-Râzî ve es̱eruhû fî ʿulûmi’l-ḥadîs̱ adıyla bir eser kaleme almıştır (Kahire 1415/1994).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbn Ebû Hâtim, el-Cerḥ ve’t-taʿdîl , VII, 214.
a.mlf., Tefsîrü’l-Ḳurʾâni’l-ʿaẓîm (nşr. Es‘ad Muhammed et-Tayyib), Mekke 1417/1997, neşredenin girişi, s. 7-13.
a.mlf., el-Merâsîl (nşr. Şükrullah b. Ni‘metullah el-Kūcânî), Dımaşk 1402/1982, neşredenin girişi, s. 8-16; a.e. (nşr. Ahmed İsâm el-Kâtib), Beyrut 1402/1983, neşredenin girişi, s. 5-9.
Dârekutnî, el-ʿİlel (nşr. Mahfûzürrahman Zeynullah es-Selefî), Riyad 1405/1985, I, 123-131.
İbn Ebû Ya‘lâ, Ṭabaḳātü’l-Ḥanâbile , II, 55.
Zehebî, Teẕkiretü’l-ḥuffâẓ , III, 829-832.
a.mlf., el-ʿUlüv li’l-ʿaliyyi’l-ġaffâr , Kahire 1388/1968, s. 130.
a.mlf., Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , XIII, 263-269.
a.mlf., Mîzânü’l-iʿtidâl , II, 587-588.
a.mlf., Târîḫu’l-İslâm: sene 321-330 , s. 206-209.
Kütübî, Fevâtü’l-Vefeyât , II, 287-288.
Sübkî, Ṭabaḳāt , III, 324-328.
İbn Hacer, Lisânü’l-Mîzân , III, 432-433.
a.mlf., Tehẕîbü’t-Tehẕîb , IX, 33-34.
İbn Kesîr, el-Bidâye , XI, 191.
Dâvûdî, Ṭabaḳātü’l-müfessirîn , I, 279-281.
Îżâḥu’l-meknûn , II, 206, 209, 310, 325.
Brockelmann, GAL Suppl. , I, 278-279.
Sezgin, GAS , I, 178-179.
Hemmâm Abdürrahîm Saîd, el-ʿİlel fi’l-ḥadîs̱ , Amman 1400/1980, s. 80-81.
Kays Âl-i Kays, el-Îrâniyyûn , I/1, s. 150-155.
Hasan Îsâ Ali el-Hakîm, Kitâbü’l-Muntaẓam li’bni’l-Cevzî , Beyrut 1985, s. 376-378.
Cezzâr, Medâḫilü’l-müʾellifîn , I, 321.
Sâlihiyye, el-Muʿcemü’ş-şâmil , II, 116-118.
Rif‘at Fevzî Abdülmuttalib, İbn Ebî Ḥâtim er-Râzî ve es̱eruhû fî ʿulûmi’l-ḥadîs̱ , Kahire 1415/1994.
İyâde b. Eyyûb el-Kübeysî, “İbn Ebî Ḥâtim er-Râzî ve tefsîruhü’l-müsned”, ed-Dirâsâtü’l-İslâmiyye , XXIV/3, İslâmâbâd 1968, s. 37-68.
“Kitâbü’l-Merâsîl”, Mecelletü Külliyeti’l-ʿulûmi’l-ictimâʿiyye , IV, Riyad 1980, s. 725-728.
Muhammed Azîz, el-Mecelletü’s-selefiyye , XV (1402), s. 7.
“Tez Özetleri” (trc. F. Mehveş Kayani), İslâmî Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi , II/2, İstanbul 1415/1994, s. 149-150.
Hasan Yûsufî Eşkûrî, “İbn Ebî Ḥâtim”, DMBİ , II, 637-638.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1999 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 19. cildinde, 432-434 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.