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İBN EBÜ’r-REBΑ Skip to content Ebü’l-Hüseyn Ubeydullah b. Ahmed b. Ebi’r-Rebî‘ el-İşbîlî (ö. 688/1289)
Endülüslü nahiv ve tefsir âlimi.
599 Ramazanında (Mayıs 1203) İşbîliye’de (Sevilla) doğdu. Aslen Kurtubalı’dır (Córdoba), Endülüs Emevî Devleti’nin son zamanlarında Kurtuba’da çıkan karışıklık üzerine oradan ayrılarak Leble’ye (Leible) göç eden ataları burada bir süre ikamet ettikten sonra İşbîliye’ye gidip yerleşmişlerdi (İbnü’l-Kādî, Dürretü’l-ḥicâl , III, 72). Daha çok İbn Ebü’r-Rebî‘ künyesiyle tanınmakla birlikte Kureyş’in Ümeyye kabilesinden Hz. Osman’ın soyundan geldiği için Kureşî, Ümevî ve Osmânî nisbeleriyle de anılır.
İlk öğrenimini Endülüs’ün önemli ilim merkezlerinden İşbiliye’de yapan İbn Ebü’r-Rebî‘ zamanın ileri gelen âlimlerinden ders aldı. Bernâmec adlı eserinde dil ve edebiyatta Ebû Ali eş-Şelevbîn ile Ebü’l-Hasan Ali ed-Debbâc, kıraatte Ebû Ömer Muhammed b. Ebû Hârûn, hadiste Ebü’l-Kāsım Ahmed b. Bakī ile İbn Halfûn, fıkıhta Ebü’l-Abbas Ahmed b. Muhammed el-Azefî başta olmak üzere on iki hocasından söz eden İbn Ebü’r-Rebî‘, bunlardan İslâmî ilimlerin yanında bazı tabii ilimleri de okuduğunu ve hepsinden icâzet aldığını söyler (Abdülazîz el-Ehvânî, I/2 [1374], s. 255-271).
Hocası Ebû Ali eş-Şelevbîn’in bazı talebelerini kendisine göndermesiyle 624’te (1227) yirmi beş yaşında ders vermeye başlayan İbn Ebü’r-Rebî‘, İşbîliye’nin hıristiyanlar tarafından işgal edildiği 646 (1248) yılına kadar bu görevini sürdürdü. İşbîliye’nin işgalinin ardından hocası ile birlikte Şerîş’e (Jerez) gitti, bir süre sonra da Cebelitârık’ı geçerek Sebte’ye (Ceuta) yerleşti.
Sebte Emîri Ebü’l-Kāsım Muhammed el-Azefî, İbn Ebü’r-Rebî‘in hocalarından Ahmed el-Azefî’nin oğluydu. Aynı zamanda bir fıkıh âlimi olan Ebü’l-Kāsım seçimle iş başına gelmişti. İbn Ebü’r-Rebî‘, ilim adamlarına gösterdiği yakın ilgiden dolayı el-Basîṭ ve el-Kâfî adlı şerhlerinin mukaddimelerinde ondan övgüyle söz etmiştir. Endülüs kültürünün Afrika’ya ve oradan da doğuya intikalinde köprü vazifesi gören Sebte’ye, bu dönemde Mağrib’in dört bir yanından öğrenciler gelmekteydi. Burada yetişen âlimlerin birçoğu İbn Ebü’r-Rebî‘in öğrencisi oldu.
Hayatının sonuna kadar Sebte’de ikamet eden İbn Ebü’r-Rebî‘ 16 Safer 688 (11 Mart 1289) tarihinde vefat etti ve şehrin doğusunda bulunan Mina dağı yamacındaki büyük kabristana defnedildi. Vefat tarihi ve yeri konusunda öğrencisi İbn Abdülmelik el-Merrâküşî ile (eẕ-Ẕeyl ve’t-tekmile , II, 537) yine öğrencilerinden İbnü’ş-Şât’ın oğlu Muhammed b. Kāsım el-Ensârî (İḫtiṣârü’l-aḫbâr , s. 16, 69) tarafından verilen bu bilgiler karşısında Brockelmann’ın kaydettiği İşbîliye’ye dönüp orada öldüğü şeklindeki rivayetin (GAL , I, 313; Suppl. , I, 547) doğru olmadığı anlaşılmaktadır. Derslerinde başta kendi eserleri olmak üzere Arap dili ve edebiyatı, kıraat, tefsir, fıkıh, hadis ve siyer gibi ilim dallarında çok sayıda eser okutan İbn Ebü’r-Rebî‘, dil alanında Sîbeveyh’in el-Kitâb ’ı ile Zeccâcî’nin el-Cümelü’l-kübrâ ’sı ve Ebû Ali el-Fârisî’nin el-Îżâḥ ’ına özel ilgi göstermiş, bu kitaplara dair değişik hacimlerde birçok şerh kaleme almıştır. Mağrib’de o zamana kadar kimsenin okutamadığı Kitâbü Sîbeveyhi , Merînîler döneminde Fas’a çağrılan İbn Ebü’r-Rebî‘ ile Ebû Ali eş-Şelevbîn’in öğrencileri tarafından okutulmaya ve yayılmaya başlamıştır (Makkarî, el-Ezhârü’r-riyâż , III, 26-27). Kāsım et-Tücîbî, hocası İbn Ebü’r-Rebî‘in Kitâbü Sîbeveyhi ’yi bilerek okutabilenlerin sonuncusu olduğunu söyler (Bernâmec , s. 277).
Makkarî onun dil alanında ve özellikle nahiv sahasında yetiştirdiği öğrencileri karşısında diğer âlimlerin zor duruma düştüklerini, Sebte’ye nahiv okutmak için gelen İbn Hamîs et-Tilimsânî’nin İbn Ebü’r-Rebî‘in sıradan bir öğrencisinin sorduğu sorular karşısında âciz kalınca Sebte’yi terkederek Mâleka’ya ve oradan da Gırnata’ya (Granada) gitmek zorunda kaldığını (Nefḥu’ṭ-ṭîb , V, 356-359), Tunus’ta fıkıh ve nahiv âlimi Ebü’l-Abbas Ahmed b. Yûsuf el-Fihrî ile öğrencileri, içinden çıkamadıkları birçok nahiv konusunu İbn Ebü’r-Rebî‘in oraya gelmiş olan bir öğrencisinden öğrendiklerini söyler (a.g.e. , II, 210).
Milʾü’l-ʿaybe adlı meşhur seyahatnâmenin sahibi İbn Rüşeyd, Arap dili ve Türk diline dair birçok eser yazmış olan müfessir Ebû Hayyân el-Endelüsî, eẕ-Ẕeyl ve’t-tekmile müellifi İbn Abdülmelik el-Merrâküşî, Bernâmec müellifi Kāsım b. Yûsuf et-Tücîbî, kendisinin Bernâmec ’ini derleyen İbnü’ş-Şât es-Sebtî, Şerḥu’l-Îżâḥ ’ını (el-Kâfî ) ihtisar eden ve Mısır’a götürüp tanıtan Ebü’t-Tayyib Muhammed el-Kûsî es-Sebtî, yirmi yedi yıl Sebte emirliği yapan, hadis ve fıkıh âlimi Ebû Tâlib Abdullah b. Muhammed el-Azefî, nahiv ve kıraat âlimi Ebû İshak İbrâhim el-Gāfikī, İbnü’z-Zeyyât el-Kelâî ve Ebû Bekir Muhammed b. Ali el-Cüzâmî el-Erküşî gibi âlimler yetiştirdiği öğrenciler arasında sayılabilir.
Nahivde kendine has görüşleri bulunmakla birlikte Endülüs-Mağrib dil mektebinin genel temayülüne uyarak ihtilâflı meselelerde Basra mektebinin görüşlerini tercih eden İbn Ebü’r-Rebî‘ başta dil ve kıraat ilmi olmak üzere fıkıh, hadis, siyer ve tefsir alanlarında birçok eser vermiş, özellikle nahve dair eserleri gerek yaşadığı dönemde gerekse sonraki asırlarda büyük ilgi görmüş, uzun yıllar ders kitabı olarak okutulmuştur (İbn Rüşeyd, III, 108-109).
Eserleri. 1. el-Mülaḫḫaṣ fî żabṭı ḳavânîni’l-ʿArabiyye . Mağrib’de asırlarca ders kitabı olarak okutulmuştur. Bazı kaynaklarda ve eserin yazma nüshalarında el-Mülaḫḫaṣ (fi’n-naḥv) , bazılarında ise el-Ḳavānînü’n-naḥviyye şeklinde geçmesi sebebiyle Süyûtî (Buġyetü’l-vuʿât , II, 125-126) ve Brockelmann (GAL , I, 313; Suppl. , I, 547) onun iki ayrı eser olduğunu sanmışlardır. Eser, Ali Sultan el-Hakemî tarafından İspanya (Escurial Library, nr. 110, 185) ve Fas’ta (Karaviyyîn Ktp., ez-Zâviyetü’l-Hamzaviyye, nr. 1188) bulunan yazma nüshalarına dayanmak suretiyle doktora çalışması olarak (Medine el-Câmiatü’l-İslâmiyye) tahkik edilmiştir (İbn Ebü’r-Rebî‘, Mahmûd Muhammed et-Tanâhî’nin takrizi, s. 12).
2. el-Basîṭ fî şerḥi Cümeli’z-Zeccâcî . Zeccâcî’nin el-Cümelü’l-kübrâ adlı eseri üzerine yazdığı birkaç şerhin en hacimlisi olup Sebte emîri ve müellifin öğrencisi Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Azefî’ye takdim edilmiştir. İbn Ebü’r-Rebî‘in ilk eserlerinden olan el-Basîṭ’te uzun şerhler ve tahliller, nahiv âlimlerinin ihtilâfları ve tartışmaları ile şahit olarak getirdikleri örnekler, el-Cümel ’e yapılan itirazlar ve bunlara İbn Ebü’r-Rebî‘ tarafından verilen cevaplar yer almaktadır. Görüşlerine yer verdiği veya tartıştığı âlimlerin başında Sîbeveyhi, Ahfeş el-Evsat, Müberred, Ebû Ali el-Fârisî ve Batalyevsî ile üstadı Ebû Ali eş-Şelevbîn gelmektedir. Şahit olarak kaydedilen örneklerin çoğu Kur’an’dan alınmıştır. Bu konuda kıraatlere, hatta şâz kıraatlere de yer veren müellif kıraatlerin tevcih ve te’villerini yapmıştır. Hadislerden ise pek örnek vermemiştir. Şiir örnekleri de Kur’an’dan gösterilen örneklere göre azdır. Ancak bunlar nahiv kitaplarında az geçen veya hiç geçmeyen orijinal örneklerdir. Daha sonra yazılan el-Cümel şerhleriyle bazı nahiv kitaplarının kaynakları arasında yer alan eserin tamamı on cüz olup birinci cüzü Ayyâd b. Îd es-Sübeytî tarafından Rabat el-Hizânetü’l-âmme’deki nüshadan (Evkaf, nr. 206) hareketle doktora çalışması olarak tahkik edilmiş ve iki cilt halinde yayımlanmıştır (Beyrut 1407/1986).
3. eş-Şerḥu’l-Evsaṭ ʿalâ Kitâbi’l-Cümel li’z-Zeccâcî . Müellifin yaptığı bir başka el-Cümel şerhidir. Öğrencilerinden Kāsım et-Tücîbî bu eseri hocasından okuyup icâzet aldığını söyler (Bernâmec , s. 280). Merakeş Yûsufiyye (İbn Yûsuf) Camii Kütüphanesi’nde bulunan (nr. 100) birinci cüze ait seksen beş varaklık el-Cümel şerhinin bu esere ait olabileceği ifade edilmektedir (el-Basîṭ , neşredenin girişi, s. 71).
4. el-İfṣâḥ ʿan mesâʾili (nüketi) Kitâbi’l-Îżâḥ . İbn Ebü’r-Rebî‘, Ebû Ali el-Fârisî’nin Kitâbü’l-Îżâḥ ’ına birkaç şerh yazmıştır. Bu eser onlardan biri olup el-İfṣâḥ fî şerḥi’l-Îżâḥ (li’l-Fârisî) veya sadece el-İfṣâḥ adlarıyla da anılır. Kāsım et-Tücîbî’nin şârihinden okuyup icâzet aldığını söylediği eş-Şerḥu’ṣ-ṣaġīr li’l-Îżâḥ da bu eser olmalıdır (Bernâmec , s. 40). Eserin Rabat el-Hizânetü’l-âmme ile (Kettânî, nr. 379) Mektebetü’l-Karaviyyîn’de (nr. 1189) bazı kısımları bulunmaktadır.
5. el-Kâfî fi’l-İfṣâḥ ʿan nüketi (mesâʾili) Kitâbi’l-Îżâḥ . Önceki şerhin genişletilmiş şekli olduğu anlaşılan eserin muhtelif cüzleri Fas kütüphanelerinde bulunmaktadır. Müellifin öğrencilerinden Ebü’t-Tayyib Muhammed b. İbrâhim es-Sebtî el-Kûsî eseri istinsah ederek Mısır’a götürmüş ve orada tanınmasını sağlamış olduğu gibi onu el-Mülaḫḫaṣ adıyla da ihtisar etmiştir. Bu ihtisarın bir nüshası Rabat el-Hizânetü’l-âmme’de bulunmaktadır (ez-Zâviyetü’l-Hamzaviyye, nr. 15).
6. et-Taḳyîd ʿalâ (Kitâbi) Sîbeveyhi . Eseri Süyûtî Şerḥu Kitâbi Sîbeveyhi , Zehebî et-Taʿlîḳ ʿalâ Sîbeveyhi adlarıyla da (el-Buġyetü’l-vuʿât , II, 125) anmışlarsa da doğrusu İbnü’l-Hatîb (el-İḥâṭa , III, 146) ve İbnü’l-Kādî (Ceẕvetü’l-iḳtibâs , s. 289-290) tarafından zikredilen yukarıdaki şekil olmalıdır.
7. Kâne mâẕâ . İbnü’l-Murahhal künyesiyle tanınan Sebteli şair Ebü’l-Hakem Mâlik b. Abdurrahman’ın bir şiirinde geçen “Kâne mâẕâ” ifadesinin yanlış olduğunu, doğrusunun “mâẕâ kâne” olması gerektiğini açıklamak amacıyla kaleme alınmıştır. Bu yüzden İbn Ebü’r-Rebî‘ ile Ebü’l-Hakem arasında tartışmalar ve şiirle hicivleşmeler cereyan etmiştir (Makkarî, Nefḥu’ṭ-ṭîb , IV, 145).
8. Tefsîrü’l-Ḳurʾâni’l-ʿaẓîm . Müellifin yazdığı son eser olup 150 varak hacmindeki birinci cüzü Rabat el-Hizânetü’l-âmme’de bulunmaktadır (nr. 315).
9. Bernâmec . Hocaları ile onlardan okuduğu kitaplar hakkında bilgi veren eser iki bölüm olup birinci bölümde hocalarının biyografileri, ikinci bölümde onlardan okuyup icâzet aldığı eserlerin adları yer almaktadır. Eser yüksek tahsil döneminde sarf, nahiv, lugat, edebiyat, kıraat, tefsir, hadis, fıkıh ve usulü, siyer, tarih, ferâiz ve matematik gibi alanlarda okutulan kırk eserle bunların okutulduğu yerler, camiler ve ders halkaları hakkında güvenilir bir kaynaktır. Öğrencisi Ebü’l-Kāsım İbnü’ş-Şât’ın derlediği eser Abdülazîz el-Ehvânî tarafından neşredilmiştir (bk. bibl.).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbn Ebü’r-Rebî‘, el-Baṣît fî şerḥi Cümeli’z-Zeccâcî (nşr. Ayyâd b. Îd es-Sübeytî), Beyrut 1407/1986, I-II, tür.yer.; ayrıca bk. neşredenin girişi, s. 15-145; ayrıca bk. Mahmûd Muhammed et-Tanâhî’nin takrizi, s. 9-13.
Merrâküşî, eẕ-Ẕeyl ve’t-tekmile (nşr. Muhammed b. Şerîfe), Fas 1984, II, 537-538; neşredenin girişi, s. 29.
İbn Rüşeyd, Milʾü’l-ʿaybe bimâ cümiʿa bi-ṭûli’l-ġaybe fi’l-vicheti’l-vecîhe ile’l-Ḥaremeyn Mekke ve Ṭaybe (nşr. Muhammed Habîb İbnü’l-Hoca), Tunus 1402/1981, I, 259; III, 108-110.
Muhammed b. Kāsım el-Ensârî, İḫtiṣârü’l-aḫbâr (nşr. Abdülvehhâb b. Mansûr), Rabat 1389/1969, s. 16, 69.
Tücîbî, Bernâmec (nşr. Abdülhafîz Mansûr), Tunus 1981, tür.yer.
Ebû Hayyân el-Endelüsî, İrtişâfü’ḍ-ḍarab min lisâni’l-ʿArab (nşr. Mustafa Ahmed en-Nemmâs), Kahire 1417/1997, tür.yer.
Ca‘fer b. Sa‘leb el-Üdfüvî, eṭ-Ṭâliʿu’s-saʿîdi’l-câmiʿ esmâʾe nücebâʾi’s-Saʿîd (nşr. Sa‘d M. Hasan), Kahire 1966, s. 477-479.
Vâdîâşî, Bernâmec (nşr. Muhammed Mahfûz), Beyrut 1400/1980, s. 62, 99, 121, 125, 129, 133, 156; a.e. (nşr. Muhammed Habîb Hîle), Mekke 1981, tür.yer.
İbnü’l-Hatîb, el-İḥâṭa , I, 289; III, 77, 81, 93, 136, 146, 247, 250.
Hâlid b. Îsâ el-Belevî, Tâcü’l-mefriḳ (nşr. Hasan es-Sâih), Muhammediyye, ts. (İhyâü’t-türâsi’l-İslâmî), II, 96.
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Mücârî, Bernâmec (nşr. Muhammed Ebü’l-Ecfân), Beyrut 1982, s. 98, 100, 102, 116.
Süyûtî, Buġyetü’l-vuʿât , II, 125-126.
İbnü’l-Kādî, Dürretü’l-ḥicâl , I-III, tür.yer.
a.mlf., Ceẕvetü’l-iḳtibâs , Rabat 1974, s. 289-290, 433.
Makkarî, Nefḥu’ṭ-ṭîb , I-VIII, tür.yer.
a.mlf., Ezhârü’r-riyâż (nşr. Saîd Ahmed A‘râb v.dğr.), Rabat 1400/1980, III, 26-27; V, 44.
Brockelmann, GAL , I, 313; Suppl. , I, 547.
Şevkī Dayf, el-Medârisü’n-naḥviyye , Kahire 1976, s. 319.
Sezgin, GAS , IX, 62, 93, 106, 244.
Muhammed Haccî, “el-Medresetü’n-naḥviyyetü’l-Endelüsiyyetü’l-Maġribiyye ve devru Sebte fîhâ”, Sebte ve devrühâ fî is̱râʾi’l-fikri’l-İslâmî , Tıtvân 1984, s. 94-97.
Ömer Ferruh, Târîḫu’l-edeb , VI, 316-317, 336-337, 382, 399, 409, 445.
Abdülazîz el-Ehvânî, “Kütübü Berâmici’l-ʿulemâʾ fi’l-Endelüs”, MMMA (Kahire) , I/1 (1374/1955), s. 110-120; I/2 (1374/1955), s. 255-271.
Pedro Chalmeta, “Le Barnāmağ D’Ibn Abī’l-Rabī‘”, Arabica , XV, Leiden 1968, s. 183-208.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1999 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 19. cildinde, 470-471 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.