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İBN HALDÛN, Ebû Zekeriyyâ Skip to content Ebû Zekeriyyâ Yahyâ b. Muhammed b. Muhammed b. Haldûn et-Tûnisî (ö. 780/1378-79)
Meşhur tarihçi İbn Haldûn’un kardeşi, devlet adamı, tarihçi, edip ve şair.
734 (1333) yılında Hafsîler’in başşehri Tunus’ta doğdu. Yemen-Hadramut asıllı bir Arap kabilesine mensup olup fetihten sonra Endülüs’te İşbîliye (Sevilla) şehrine yerleşen bir aileden gelmektedir. Devlet yönetiminde etkili şahsiyetlerin yetiştiği aile, İşbîliye’nin hıristiyanların eline düştüğü VII. (XIII.) yüzyılın ortalarında Kuzey Afrika’ya göç ederek Sebte’ye (Ceuta) ve daha sonra Tunus’a yerleşti. Ebû Zekeriyyâ Yahyâ, Tunus’ta ağabeyi Abdurrahman ile birlikte iyi bir tahsil gördü ve dinî ilimler yanında şiir ve edebiyat sahasında da temayüz etti. İbn Berrâl ve Ebû Abdullah el-Vâdîâşî gibi çoğu Endülüs asıllı olan hocalardan ders aldı, ayrıca babasından Arapça okudu. Oğullarının tahsiline büyük önem veren babaları, Tunus’u işgal ederek 1347-1349 yılları arasında hâkimiyeti altında tutan Merînî Hükümdarı Ebü’l-Hasan el-Mansûr’un beraberindeki âlimlerden Âbilî’yi onlara özel hoca tutmuştu. İki kardeş dört yıl süreyle bu hocadan özellikle aklî ve tabiî ilimlerle tarih sahasında önemli ölçüde faydalandılar. Yahyâ’nın edebî şahsiyetinin oluşmasını etkileyen diğer bir ilim adamı da Tunus’taki uzun ikameti sırasında evlerinde kalan ve Merînî hükümdarları Ebû Saîd ile oğlu Ebü’l-Hasan’a kâtiplik yapan Endülüslü Abdülmüheymin b. Muhammed el-Hadramî’dir.
Yahyâ’nın hayatı hakkında çok az bilgi mevcuttur. Mağrib’de yetişen meşhurlar üzerine eser yazan müellifler ağabeyinden dolayı onu daima ihmal etmişlerdir. Kendisiyle ilgili sınırlı bilgiler, ağabeyinin meşhur tarihinin Berberîler’e ait bölümü ile kendi hal tercümesini verdiği “et-Taʿrîf bi’bn Ḫaldûn” başlığını taşıyan hâtime kısmında ve diğer yazarlara ait bazı tarih kitaplarında dağınık olarak yer almaktadır. Yahyâ da Buġyetü’r-ruvvâd adını taşıyan tek eserinin birkaç yerinde yaptığı görevlerle ilgili kısa açıklamalarda bulunmuştur.
Muhtemelen babasının ölümünden sonra Tunus’tan ayrılan Yahyâ, o yıllarda yıldızı parlamaya başlayan ve 755’te (1354) Merînî sultanı tarafından kâtip tayin edilecek olan ağabeyi Abdurrahman’la birlikte veya onun ardından Merînî başşehri Fas’a gitti. Nitekim kendisi, Nasrî Sultanı Ganî-Billâh’ın 757’de (1356) Fas’a gönderdiği Ebü’l-Berekât İbnü’l-Hâc el-Billifîkī’yi hocaları arasında göstermektedir. Gırnata ile kültürel bağlantıları sebebiyle bu dönemde önemli bir fikrî gelişme yaşayan Fas’ta bulunması Yahyâ’ya edebî sanatlar ve özellikle inşâ sahasında yetişme fırsatı verdi. Onun fikrî ve edebî gelişmesinde, 760 (1359) yılında tahtından uzaklaştırılan Nasrî sultanıyla birlikte Fas’a sürgün gelerek bir yıl kalan ve 773’te (1371) Tilimsân’a iltica eden büyük ilim ve devlet adamı Lisânüddin İbnü’l-Hatîb önemli rol oynamıştır.
Yahyâ’nın siyasî hayatı 761 (1360) yılında, ağabeyi Abdurrahman’la birlikte yanında bulunduğu Fas Merînî Sultanı Ebû Sâlim tarafından Bicâye’yi (Bougie) istirdad için gönderilen Hafsî hânedanından Prens Ebû Abdullah Muhammed’in hâcibi olarak görevlendirilmesiyle başladı. Yahyâ, Bicâye’yi geri almayı başaramayan Ebû Abdullah tarafından Abdülvâdî Hükümdarı II. Ebû Hammû Mûsâ’ya elçi olarak gönderildi (764/1362). Birkaç ay sonra da II. Ebû Hammû Mûsâ ile bizzat görüşmek üzere Tilimsân’a giden Ebû Abdullah’a refakat etti. Ebû Abdullah’ın 765 (1364) yılında Bicâye’yi barış yoluyla geri almasından sonra Yahyâ hâciblik görevini ağabeyine devretmek durumunda kaldı. Çünkü o sırada Abdurrahman emîrin davetiyle Bicâye’ye gelmiş ve önceden kendisine verilmiş söz dolayısıyla Yahyâ’nın yürütmekte olduğu hâcibliğe getirilmişti; Yahyâ ise kâtibü’l-inşâlığa nakledildi.
767 (1366) yılında Kostantîne emîri Ebü’l-Abbas Ahmed’in orduları Bicâye’yi ele geçirip İbn Haldûn kardeşlerin velinimeti olan Ebû Abdullah’ı öldürdüler. Abdurrahman şehri Ebü’l-Abbas’a teslim etti ve onun hizmetine girdi. Ancak bir süre sonra araları bozulunca şehirden kaçarak Devâvide Arapları’nın reisi Ya‘kūb b. Ali’ye sığındı; Yahyâ ise yakalanıp Bûne’de (Bone) hapse atıldı ve bütün mal varlığına el konuldu. Fakat bir süre sonra o da kaçmayı başardı ve ağabeyinin yanına Biskre’ye gitti (768/1367). Burada bulunduğu sırada Abdülvâdî Sultanı II. Ebû Hammû Mûsâ tarafından Devâvide Arapları nezdinde ara bulucuk yapmakla görevlendirildi; başarıya ulaşmasından sonra da Tilimsân’a davet edilerek Divân-ı İnşâ’da kâtibü’s-sırlığa tayin edildi (Receb 769 / Şubat-Mart 1368). Ancak ağabeyi Abdurrahman bu konuda farklı bilgi vermekte ve Ebû Hammû ile Devâvide Arapları’nın anlaşmasını kendisinin sağladığını ve daha sonra yerine vekâleten kardeşi Yahyâ’yı hükümdara gönderdiğini söylemektedir (et-Taʿrîf , s. 102-103). II. Ebû Hammû’nun Endülüs kültürüne hayranlığı, orada yetişen değerli ilim, edebiyat ve devlet adamı İbnü’l-Hatîb’den çok faydalanmış olan Yahyâ’yı bu göreve getirmesinde ve onu maiyeti erkânı arasına almasında etkili olmuştur (Makkarî, Nefḥu’ṭ-ṭîb , VI, 396).
Abdülvâdî sarayındaki bu görevi dolayısıyla rahata kavuşan Yahyâ’nın, Tilimsân’ın Merînîler’in eline geçmesiyle durumu yine bozuldu. Önce başşehrinden çıkmak zorunda kalan mağlûp II. Ebû Hammû ile birlikte Devâvide Arapları’nın hâkimiyeti altındaki bölgeye sığındı; daha sonra peşlerinden gelen Merînî ordularının yaklaşmakta olduğunu duyunca Ebû Hammû’dan ayrıldı ve tekrar Tilimsân’a döndü (772/1371). Yahyâ’nın kendisine büyük iyiliklerde bulunan Ebû Hammû’yu en zor zamanında terketmesi, o sırada aralarının bozuk olmasına ve sultanın onun samimiyetinden şüphelenmeye başlamasına da bağlanmıştır. Özellikle ağabeyi Abdurrahman’ın Tilimsân’ı ele geçiren Merînîler için çalışması ve Devâvide Arapları’nı kendilerine sığınan Ebû Hammû’yu topraklarından çıkarmaya yönlendirmesi muhtemelen bu şüpheyi arttırmıştır. Aynı yıl, daha önce Fas’ta bir yıl sürgün hayatı yaşayan Endülüslü devlet ve ilim adamı Lisânüddin İbnü’l-Hatîb de Merînî Sultanı Abdülazîz’e sığındı. İbnü’l-Hatîb’in gelişi Tilimsân’da edebî hayatı canlandırdı. Diğer taraftan İbnü’l-Hatîb eski dostları İbn Haldûn kardeşlerin Merînî sultanı, devlet ricâli ve ulemâ sınıfıyla ilişki kurmalarına yardım etti. Yahyâ edebî kişiliğinin teşekkülünde, özellikle şiir hususunda İbnü’l-Hatîb’den çok etkilenmiştir. Bu etki, Buġyetü’r-ruvvâd adlı eserinde görüldüğü gibi tarih yazıcılığında, tasannu ve tekellüfe dayanan sanatlı nesir anlayışında ve o dönemde yaygın olan edebî üslûplara hâkimiyetinde de söz konusudur.
Merînî Sultanı Abdülazîz’in vefatının (774/1372) ardından Yahyâ, İbnü’l-Hatîb’le birlikte Fas’a gitti. Onların ayrılmasından bir süre sonra da II. Ebû Hammû eski başşehri Tilimsân’ı geri aldı. O sıralarda Yahyâ, hâmisi Merînî Veziri İbn Gāzî’nin ölümü ve hocası İbnü’l-Hatîb’in Gırnata sarayının isteği doğrultusunda yakalanıp hapse atılması sebebiyle Fas’ta zor günler geçirdi. Sonunda tekrar eski sultanı Ebû Hammû’ya dönmeye karar verdi ve İbnü’l-Hatîb’in bir kasidesini sunmak bahanesiyle Tilimsân sarayına gitti. Ebû Hammû da onu tekrar sır kâtipliğine getirdi (776/1374). Fakat Ebû Hammû’nun iki oğlu arasındaki ihtilâf Yahyâ’nın durumunu yeniden güçleştirdi. Şehzadelerin büyüğü veliaht Ebû Tâşfîn, Vehrân (Oran) valiliğinin kardeşi Ebû Zeyyân’dan alınıp kendisine verilmesini istiyordu. Sultanın emriyle bu işi oyalayan Yahyâ, Ebû Tâşfîn’in düşmanlığını üzerine çekti. Nihayet onun görevlendirdiği adamlar 780 yılı Ramazanında (Aralık 1378 – Ocak 1379) Yahyâ’yı pusuya düşürüp öldürdüler. Genç yaşta öldürülen kâtibinin katillerini bulup cezalandırmayı isteyen Ebû Hammû, bu cinayetin oğlu tarafından tertiplenmiş olduğunu öğrenince suçluları aramaktan vazgeçti. Yahyâ b. Haldûn güzel ahlâkı ve geniş kültürü ile tanınmıştı.
Ebû Zekeriyyâ İbn Haldûn’un tek eseri Buġyetü’r-ruvvâd fî ẕikri’l-mülûk min Benî ʿAbdilvâd ’dır. Cezayir’de hüküm süren Abdülvâdîler hânedanının tarihi olan eser, devletin kuruluşundan müellifin vefatına kadar geçen süreyi ele alır; II. Ebû Hammû’nun emriyle bu hânedanın tarihini ve özellikle de onun zamanını anlatmak için yazılmıştır. Müellifin, sır kâtipliğinin sağladığı imkânlarla resmî belgelerin tamamını görüp istediklerini kullanarak tam bir vukufla kaleme aldığı eser II. Ebû Hammû dönemi hakkındaki en önemli kaynağı teşkil eder. Yahyâ, kitapta edebî sanatlarla süslü secili bir dil kullanmış ve büyük bir edip ve şair olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Onun ayrıca siyasî olaylar yanında, Tilimsân sarayında âlimlerin katıldığı edebî toplantıları zarif bir üslûpla anlattığı ve saray şairlerinin pek çok şiirini eserine aldığı görülür ki bu bilgiler, Abdülvâdî başşehrindeki ilmî ve fikrî hayat açısından büyük önem taşımaktadır. Ancak Yahyâ, eserinde iktisadî ve içtimaî konulara girmemesi ve Tilimsân’ın Merînî istilâsı altında kaldığı 737-759 (1336-1358) yılları arasındaki tarihine önem vermemesi yüzünden tenkide uğramıştır. Eser ilk olarak Alfred Bel tarafından Fransızca tercümesiyle birlikte yayımlanmıştır (Buġyetü’r-ruvvâd: Histoire des Beni Abd al-Wâd, rois de Tlemcen , I-II, Alger, 1904-1913; The Encyclopaedia of Islam ’ın Türkçe’ye çevrilişi sırasında bir hata yapılmış ve Bel’in neşrinin Brosselard ile Bergès’in Tilimsân hakkındaki eserlerinin [adları için bk. İA , I, 102] Arapça metin ve Fransızca tercümeleri olduğu söylenmiştir [a.e. , V/2, s. 744]). Kitap daha sonra Abdülhamîd Hâciyât tarafından neşredilmiş (bk. bibl.), bu arada nâşir, Bel’in görmediği başka yazma nüshalardan da faydalanarak onun gözünden kaçan bazı hataları düzeltme imkânı bulmuştur.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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İbn Hazm, Cemhere , s. 460-461.
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İbn Haldûn, el-ʿİber , VII, 379-380, 418.
a.mlf., et-Taʿrîf bi’bn Ḫaldûn (nşr. Muhammed b. Tâvît et-Tancî), Kahire 1951, bk. İndeks.
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Mustafa Ebû Dayf, el-Ḳabâʾilü’l-ʿArabiyye fi’l-Endelüs , Dârülbeyzâ 1983, s. 270-275, 476, 501.
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M. J. Viguera, “Müsnedü İbn Merzûḳ”, el-Kürrâsâtü’t-Tûnisiyye , XXVI/103-104, Tunus 1978, s. 61-86.
R. Arié, “Les relations entre le royaume nasride de Grenade et le Maghreb de 1340 à 1391”, Relaciones de la peninsula Ibérica con el Magreb , XIII-XVI, Madrid 1988, s. 21-40.
Alfred Bel, “Abdülvâdîler”, İA , I, 102.
a.mlf., “İbn Haldûn”, a.e. , V/2, s. 743-744.
a.mlf., “Ibn K̲h̲aldūn”, EI2 (İng.) , III, 831-832.
Mv.M , mülhak II, 92.
Muhammed Mehdî Müezzin-i Câmî, “İbn Ḫaldûn”, DMBİ , III, 441-444.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1999 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 20. cildinde, 12-14 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.