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İBN HALLİKÂN Skip to content Ebü’l-Abbâs Şemsüddîn Ahmed b. Muhammed b. İbrâhîm b. Ebî Bekr b. Hallikân el-Bermekî el-İrbilî (ö. 681/1282)
Vefeyâtü’l-aʿyân adlı eseriyle tanınan tarihçi, fakih, edip ve şair.
11 Rebîülâhir 608’de (22 Eylül 1211) Erbil’de (İrbil) doğdu. İlimle uğraşan bir aileye mensuptur. Dedelerinden Hallikân’a (Hallekân, Hıllikân) nisbetle İbn Hallikân lakabıyla ün yapmıştır. Babasını ve dedelerini sık sık övgüyle anmasından dolayı kendisine “halli-kân” (geçmişinle övünmeyi bırak) denildiği veya ailesinin Erbil’in Hallikân adlı köyünden gelmesi sebebiyle bu lakabı taşıdığı da rivayet edilir (Vefeyât , neşredenin eki, VII, 17). Ona göre sülâlesi Abbâsîler’in ünlü vezir ailesi Bermekîler’in devamıdır. Babası, fetva konusunda güvenilir fakihlerden Erbil Muzafferiye Medresesi müderrisi Şehâbeddin Muhammed b. İbrâhim’dir. Amcalarından Necmeddin b. İbrâhim, Erbil’in Mücahidiyye Medresesi’nde müderris, Hüseyin b. İbrâhim ise bir Şâfiî fakihi idi ve Yahyâ b. Muhammed el-Mekkî’den hadis okumuştu. Ünlü tarihçi İzzeddin İbnü’l-Esîr de babasının arkadaşları arasında yer alıyordu.
İki yaşında iken babasını kaybeden İbn Hallikân, onun Muzafferiye Medresesi’ndeki halefi Şerefeddin İbn Yûnus el-İrbilî’nin öğrencisi oldu; ayrıca Ebü’l-Hasan Müeyyed b. Muhammed Radıyyüddin en-Nîsâbûrî ile Zeyneb bint eş-Şa‘rî’den (Ümmü’l-Müeyyed eş-Şa‘riyye) icâzet aldı. Muzafferiye Medresesi’nden sonra Ebü’l-Berekât İbnü’l-Müstevfî’nin ilim, Şeyh Cemâleddin b. Sinnîre’nin şiir ve edebiyat meclislerine devam etti. 621’de (1224) Ebû Ca‘fer Muhammed b. Hibetullah b. Mükerrem es-Sûfî’den Ṣaḥîḥ-i Buḫârî ’yi okuyup rivayet yetkisi aldı. 625’te (1228) filozof Esîrüddin el-Ebherî’den Erbil Dârülhadisi’nde ilm-i hilâf dersleri aldı.
İbn Hallikân, on sekiz yaşına geldiğinde öğrenimini sürdürmek amacıyla Musul’a gitti ve Kemâleddin İbn Yûnus, Ziyâeddin İbnü’l-Esîr gibi edip ve âlimlerle bir araya gelerek onlardan pek çok şey öğrendi. Arkasından Harran üzerinden Halep’e geçip baba dostu Bahâeddin İbn Şeddâd’ın medresesine misafir oldu ve evindeki hadis meclislerine, ayrıca Ebû Bekir Cemâleddin el-Mâhânî’nin, onun ölümünden sonra da Seyfiyye Medresesi fakihlerinden Ebû Abdullah Necmeddin Muhammed el-Habbâz el-Mevsılî’nin derslerine katıldı ve ona Gazzâlî’nin el-Vecîz ’ini okuyup rivayet yetkisi aldı. Daha sonra ediplerle görüşmeye başladı ve Muvaffakuddin Ebü’l-Bekā İbn Yaîş en-Nahvî’ye İbn Cinnî’nin el-Lümaʿ adlı eserini okudu. Bu sırada İzzeddin İbnü’l-Esîr ve Yâkūt el-Hamevî ile tanışarak onlardan faydalandı; ayrıca Abdüllatîf el-Bağdâdî’nin hadis ve Arapça derslerine devam etti. İbn Şeddâd’ın 632’de (1234) ölümünden sonra Dımaşk’a gidip hadis, tefsir ve fıkıh âlimi İbnü’s-Salâh eş-Şehrezûrî’den ders aldı. Dımaşk’ta bir müddet kaldıktan sonra tekrar Halep’e döndü. Şair Ebü’l-Mehâsin eş-Şevvâ ile Şeytânü’ş-Şâm diye tanınan şair Ebü’l-İz Yûsuf el-Mâcin el-İrbilî’yi tanıdı. Halep’in onun ilmî şahsiyetinin oluşmasında önemli bir payı vardır; orada çeşitli medreselerde müderrislik yapmış, bu arada birkaç defa Musul’a geçerek İzzeddin İbnü’l-Esîr ve Kemâleddin İbn Yûnus ile görüşmüştür.
635 (1238) veya 636’da (1239) İskenderiye üzerinden Kahire’ye giden İbn Hallikân, Kāsım b. Fîrruh eş-Şâtıbî ve İbn Berrî’nin öğrencileriyle görüşüp rivayet için icâzet aldı; 637’de (1240) Bahâeddin Züheyr divanını rivayet hususunda ona icâzet verdi. İbn Hallikân orada ayrıca İbn Matrûh ve daha başka şairlerle de tanışma imkânı buldu. 645’te (1247) Kādılkudât Bedreddin Yûsuf b. Hasan (Kādî Sincâr) tarafından nâip seçildi ve 659 (1261) yılında Memlük Sultanı I. Baybars’ın Suriye kādılkudâtlığına getirmesine kadar bu görevde kaldı. Hanefî, Hanbelî ve Mâlikî kadılarının onun nâibi durumunda oldukları Suriye kādılkudâtlığına ilâveten vakıflar, camiler, hastahaneler ve Âdiliyye, Nâsıriyye, Azrâviyye, Felekiyye, Rükniyye, İkbâliyye ve Behesniyye medreselerinin idaresi de ona tevdi edilmişti. Ancak I. Baybars 664’te (1266) bu üç mezhep kadısına da kādılkudât unvanı verdi ve 669’da (1271) onu görevinden azletti. İbn Hallikân bunun üzerine Kahire’ye dönerek Fahriyye ve Ezher medreselerinde müderrislik yaptı; bu dönemde bazı maddî sıkıntılarla karşılaştıysa da kendisine önerilen yardım tekliflerini daima geri çevirdi. Baybars’ın ölümünden sonra 676’da (1277) tekrar Suriye kādılkudâtlığına tayin edildi ve Dımaşk’a gelişinde büyük bir törenle karşılandı (677/1278). Safer 679’da (Haziran 1280) Sultan Kalavun’a baş kaldıran Dımaşk Valisi Sungur el-Eşkar’ı destekleyen İbn Hallikân, halkı isyana teşvik etmekle suçlanarak tutuklandı, ancak üç hafta sonra serbest bırakıldı ve sultanın emriyle yeniden kādılkudâtlığa getirildi. Fakat Kalavun 680 yılı başında (1281) Dımaşk’a geldikten üç gün sonra onu tekrar azletti.
İbn Hallikân 26 Receb 681’de (30 Ekim 1282) Dımaşk’ta vefat etti ve Kāsiyûn dağı eteklerinde toprağa verildi. Hadis, fıkıh, tarih, siyaset, kitâbet, şiir ve edebiyat alanında temayüz etmiş geniş kültüre sahip bir ilim adamı idi. Mütevazi, yumuşak huylu, fasih konuşan, hoşsohbet, cömert, adaletli bir kadı ve nezih bir kişi olarak tanınmıştır. Zengin bir kütüphaneye sahipti. Mağribli, Endülüslü, Suriyeli, Iraklı ve Mısırlı tarihçilerin pek çok kitabını okuyup değerlendirmiş ve notlar almıştı. Bedreddin el-Merâgī (Tavîl) onun öğrencisi olmuş, Yûsuf b. Abdurrahman el-Mizzî ile Birzâlî de kendisinden hadis rivayet etmişlerdir.
Eserleri. İbn Hallikân’ın günümüze ulaşan tek eseri Vefeyâtü’l-aʿyân ve enbâʾü ebnâʾi’z-zamân mimmâ s̱ebete bi’n-naḳl evi’s-semâʿ ev es̱betehü’l-ʿayân ’dır. Kahire’de 654-672 (1256-1273) yılları arasında yazılan esere İbn Hallikân’ın, yazımını 22 Cemâziyelevvel 672 (4 Aralık 1273) tarihinde bitirdikten sonra da 680 (1281) yılına kadar ilâvelerde bulunduğu bilinmektedir. Eser, İslâm’ın başlangıcından itibaren kaleme alındığı döneme kadar yaşayan, herhangi bir alanda şöhrete kavuşmuş kadın ve erkek 800’den fazla kişinin biyografisini içerir. Sultanlar, emîrler, vezirler, eşraf, nahiv, lugat ve kıraat âlimleri, müfessirler, muhaddisler, kelâmcılar, çeşitli mezheplere mensup müctehidler, fakihler, kadılar, zâhidler, mutasavvıflar, mühendisler, filozoflar, astronomlar, astrologlar, tabipler, edip ve şairler, tarihçiler, coğrafyacılar, nesep âlimleri ve mûsikişinaslardan oluşan bu kişilerin hayat hikâyelerini eserleri, yaptıkları iyi işler ve ölüm tarihleriyle birlikte verir. Şahısların alfabetik sıraya göre ele alındığı esere birkaçı hariç ashap, tâbiîn ve halifeler dahil edilmemiştir. Kitap İslâm tarihinde kendi alanındaki en eski örnek sayılmaktadır. Çünkü daha önce yazılan biyografiler yalnız sahâbe, tâbiîn, müfessirler, fakihler, şairler, nahivciler, Şâfiîler, Hanbelîler yahut bir bölge veya şehre mensup kişiler gibi muayyen gruplara (tabakat) tahsis ediliyor, ayrıca asırlar esas tutularak düzenleniyordu.
İbn Hallikân, Vefeyâtü’l-aʿyân ’ı kaleme alırken tam adından da anlaşıldığı üzere daha önce yazılmış eserlerden, hocalarından ve kendi gözlemlerinden faydalanmıştır. Müellifin eserinde sadece ölüm tarihi kesin biçimde bilinen kişilere yer verdiği, çoğununki belli olmadığı için doğum tarihleri üzerinde fazla durmayıp yalnız bildikleriyle yetindiği, bu arada daha önceki eserlerde yanlış yazılmış bazı kelime ve isimlerin doğrularını tesbit ettiği görülür. Biyografileri verilen kişilerin yaşadıkları bölge ve dönemlerin geleneklerinden, sosyal hayatlarından da bahsettiği için eser yazıldığı tarihten itibaren büyük ilgiyle karşılanmıştır. Özellikle tarih, edebiyat, dil ve sosyoloji alanlarında araştırma yapmak isteyenlerin mutlaka başvurmaları gereken bir kaynak niteliğindedir.
Çok sayıda yazma nüshası bulunan Vefeyâtü’l-aʿyân (Brockelmann, GAL , I, 398-400; Suppl. , I, 561; Şâkir Mustafa, IV, 25-26) ilk defa Ferdinand Wüstenfeld tarafından neşredilmiştir (I-XIII, Göttingen 1835-1850). Baron Mac-Guckin de Slane de eseri yayımlamaya başlamış, fakat bir kısmını neşrettikten sonra (Paris 1832-1842) bu fikrinden vazgeçip eseri İngilizce’ye tercüme etmiştir (aş.bk.). Eser daha sonra Muhammed Abdurrahman el-Adevî (I-II, Bulak 1275), Muhammed Bâkır b. Abdülhüseyin Han es-Sadre’l-İsfahânî (I-II, Tahran 1284), Muhammed en-Neccâr (I-III, Kahire 1299), Nasr el-Hûrînî (I-II, Kahire 1310), Ahmed Yûsuf Necâtî (zı harfine kadar altı cüz, Mısır 1355), Muhammed Muhyiddin Abdülhamîd (I-VI, Kahire 1367/1948) ve İhsan Abbas (I-VIII, Beyrut 1968-1972) tarafından yayımlanmıştır.
Vefeyâtü’l-aʿyân ’ı, başta müellifin oğlu Mûsâ b. Ahmed olmak üzere Abdurrahman b. Cevher b. Abdülhay, Tâceddin İbnü’l-Esîr, İbn Habîb el-Halebî, Ahmed b. Abdullah el-Gazzî, Abbas er-Resûlî, Bedreddin el-Aynî, Muhammed Kāsım el-Mekkî, Muhammed b. Nâcî ve Riyâzü’r-Rûmî Kādı’ş-Şâm Muhammed b. Dâvûd gibi birçok kişi ihtisar etmiştir (Şâkir Mustafa, IV, 26-27). Ayrıca Muḫtaṣarü’l-bostân , Muʿcemü’l-ḳabâʾil ve’l-ḳurâ ve’l-büldâni’lletî ṣaḥḥaḥahâ ṣâḥibü Vefeyâti’l-aʿyân , Ḥadâʾiḳu’l-aʿyân adlarıyla yapılmış müellifi bilinmeyen muhtasarları da mevcuttur (yazma nüshalar ve günümüze ulaşmayan diğer muhtasarlar için bk. a.g.e. , IV, 27-28). Esere zeyil yazanların bazıları da şunlardır: Fazlullah b. Ebü’l-Fahr ed-Dımaşkī es-Sukāî, İbn Şâkir el-Kütübî, İbnü’l-Kādî, Bedreddin ez-Zerkeşî, Zeynüddin el-Irâkī, Abdülbâkī b. Abdülmecîd el-Yemenî (a.g.e. , IV, 28). İbn Hicce, kırk kaynaktan yaptığı seçmeleri ihtiva eden S̱emerâtü’l-evrâḳ (fi’l-muḥâḍarât) adlı eserine Vefeyâtü’l-aʿyân ’dan bazı alıntılar yapmıştır.
Vefeyâtü’l-aʿyân , Zahîrüddin Erdebilî, Yûsuf b. Ahmed b. Muhammed Osman ve Kebîr b. Üveys b. Muhammed el-Latîfî (Kadızâde) tarafından Farsça’ya (yazma nüshaları için bk. a.g.e. , IV, 28-29), Riyâzî ve Mısır Valisi Abdi Paşa’nın emriyle Vekilzâde Yûsuf tarafından Türkçe’ye (a.g.e. , IV, 29; Babinger, s. 195) çevrilmiştir. Ayrıca Dramalı Hasan Haydar’ın yaptığı Vefeyâtü’l-a‘yân ve enbâü ebnâi’z-zamân adlı bir Türkçe çeviri de Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’nde kayıtlı bulunmaktadır (Hacı Mahmud Efendi, nr. 4882). Rodosîzâde Muhammed eseri özet olarak Türkçe’ye çevirmiş ve Tercüme-i Vefeyâtü’l-a‘yân adıyla iki cilt halinde yayımlamıştır (İstanbul 1280); ancak tercüme sırasında aslına sadık kalınmadığı için bu yayın fazla itibar görmemiştir. Kitap, Baron Mac-Guckin de Slane tarafından Ibn Khallikan’s Biographical Dictionary adıyla dört cilt halinde İngilizce’ye çevrilmiş (Paris 1842-1871; Beyrut 1970), Ali Cevâd Tâhir tarafından da Mülâḥaẓât ʿalâ Vefeyâti’l-aʿyân adlı ilmî bir çalışmaya konu edilmiştir (Beyrut 1977). Ayrıca Zübeyir Bilâl İsmâil İbn Ḫallikân: ḥayâtühû ve âs̱âruh (Bağdat 1979); Abdüsselâm Hârûn Muʿcemü muḳayyedâti İbn Ḫallikân (Kahire 1987), Hasan Şümeysânî Şemsüddîn İbn Ḫallikân Aḥmed b. Muḥammed b. İbrâhîm b. Ebî Bekir (Beyrut 1411/1990), Fahreddin Muhammed Yûsuf Âmir Menhecü’l-baḥs̱i’l-edebî ʿinde İbn Ḫallikân (Libya 1990) adıyla ilmî çalışmalar yapmışlardır. Bunun dışında İbn Hallikân’ın edebiyata dair bazı mecmuaları bulunduğu rivayet edilmektedir (Safedî, VII, 308).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbn Hallikân, Vefeyât , neşredenin girişi, I, 5-13; ayrıca bk. neşredenin eki, VII, 5-107; a.e.: Ibn Khallikan’s Biographical Dictionary (trc. Mac-Guckin de Slane), Beyrut 1970, tercüme edenin önsözü, s. V-XL.
Tâcü’l-ʿarûs , “ḫlk” md.
Ebû Şâme, eẕ-Ẕeyl ʿale’r-Ravżateyn , s. 215-216, 235-236.
Ebü’l-Fidâ, el-Muḫtaṣar , Beyrut 1381/1961, II/7, s. 22.
Zehebî, el-ʿİber , III, 347.
Sübkî, Ṭabaḳāt , V, 14-15.
Safedî, el-Vâfî , VII, 308-316.
Kütübî, Fevâtü’l-Vefeyât , I, 110-118.
İbn Kesîr, el-Bidâye , XIII, 279-280, 311.
İbn Tağrîberdî, en-Nücûmü’z-zâhire , VII, 253-254.
Nuaymî, ed-Dâris fî târîḫi’l-medâris (nşr. Ca‘fer el-Hasenî), Kahire 1988, I, 192-193.
İbn Tolun, el-Ḳalâʾidü’l-cevheriyye fî târîḫi’ṣ-Ṣâliḥiyye (nşr. M. Ahmed Dehmân), Dımaşk 1401/1980, II, 577-580.
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Brockelmann, GAL , I, 398-400; Suppl. , I, 561.
Abbas el-Azzâvî, et-Taʿrîf bi’l-müʾerriḫîn fî ʿahdi’l-Moġūl ve’t-Türkmân , Bağdad 1376/1957, s. 95-102.
Nikita Elisséeff, Nūr ad-Dīn , Damas 1967, I, 57-60.
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Abdüsselâm M. Hârûn, Muʿcemü muḳayyedâti İbn Ḫallikân , Kahire 1407/1987.
Fahreddin M. Yûsuf Âmir, Menhecü’l-baḥs̱i’l-edebî ʿinde İbn Ḫallikân , [baskı yeri yok] 1991 (Dârü’l-Arabiyye).
Şâkir Mustafa, et-Târîḫu’l-ʿArabî ve’l-müʾerriḫûn , Beyrut 1993, IV, 23-29.
Gerhard Hoffmann, “Ibn Khallikān’s Biographies as a Source for Problems of Islamic Military History”, Actas XVI Congreso UEAI , Salamanca 1995, s. 243-248.
Ramazan Şeşen, Müslümanlarda Tarih-Coğrafya Yazıcılığı , İstanbul 1998, s. 151-152.
Muhammed Takī Dâniş Pejûh, “Terceme-i Târîḫ-i İbn Ḫallikân be-Fârsî”, Kitâbdârî , VIII, Tahran 1306, s. 91-93.
Muhammed Rızâ eş-Şebîbî, “İbn Ḫallikân el-Müʾerriḫ”, ME , XXXIV/2 (1962), s. 161-167.
Sûfî Ziyâülhak, “Muḳaddimetü’t-taḥḳīḳ li-Kitâbi Vefeyâti’l-aʿyân li’l-Ḳāḍî İbn Ḫallikân”, ed-Dirâsâtü’l-İslâmiyye , XXI/1, İslâmâbâd 1986, s. 35-44.
J. W. Fück, “Ibn K̲h̲allikān”, EI2 (İng.) , III, 832-833.
Ahmed Muhammed el-Hûnî, “Vefeyâtü’l-aʿyân li’bn Ḫallikân”, Tİ , III, 675-687.
Sergei A. Shuiskii, “K̲h̲allikan, Ibn”, Dictionary of the Middle Ages , New York 1986, VII, 236.
Sâdık Seccâdî, “İbn Ḫallikân”, DMBİ , III, 459-462.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1999 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 20. cildinde, 17-19 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.