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İBN KASÎ, Ebü’l-Kāsım Skip to content Ebü’l-Kāsım Ahmed b. Hüseyn eş-Şilbî el-Mirtülî (ö. 546/1151)
Endülüs’teki tasavvuf akımının temsilcilerinden, Murâbıtlar aleyhindeki “sevretü’l-mürîdîn” hareketinin lideri.
Mirtüle’de (Mertola) doğdu. İspanyol veya Roma asıllı mühtedi bir aileden geldiği kaydedilir. İbn Kasî diye tanınmasından hareketle Endülüs tarihinde önemli bir yeri bulunan mevâlî kabilesi Benî Kasî’ye mensup olduğu söylenebilir (İbn Sâhibüssalât, s. 207). Gençlik yıllarında daha çok ticaretle uğraşan, zekâsı ve edebî kabiliyetiyle kısa zamanda çevresinin dikkatini çeken İbn Kasî, Endülüs’ün batı kısmında İbnü’l-Arîf ve öğrencisi İbn Berrecân’ın etrafında gelişip güçlenen felsefî-bâtınî karakterli tasavvuf akımına ilgi duydu; bu sûfîlerin ders halkalarına katılarak tasavvuf ve tarikat kültürünü zenginleştirdi. Büyük ölçüde Mâlikî fakihlerinin baskısı yüzünden tasavvuf, felsefe ve kelâmla meşgul olmanın menedildiği bir sırada felsefî-bâtınî ve tasavvufî mahiyetteki kitapları müridlerine okutan İbnü’l-Arîf ve İbn Berrecân’ın, Murâbıt Hükümdarı Ali b. Yûsuf b. Tâşfîn’in emriyle Merakeş’e getirtilerek hapsedilmeleri üzerine (Addas, The Legacy of Muslim Spain , s. 913, 919-920) İbn Kasî, Şilb’in (Silves) Cille köyünde bir ribât inşa ettirip hocalarının tasavvufî faaliyetini sürdürdü. Endülüs ulemâsınca sevilmeyen Gazzâlî’nin izinde olduğunu ileri sürerek yakılması için fetva çıkarılmış bulunan İḥyâʾü ʿulûmi’d-dîn ’i okutmaya başladı. Bu şekilde yönetimin katı uygulamalarından memnun olmayan kesimlerin sempatisini kazandı ve kısa süre içinde oldukça geniş bir mürid halkası oluşturmaya muvaffak oldu. İbnü’l-Kabîle diye tanınan Muhammed b. Yahyâ ile birlikte Şilb’in ileri gelen ailelerinden ve aynı zamanda büyük bir kumandan olan Ebü’l-Velîd Muhammed b. Ömer gibi kişiler de ona katıldı. Böylece “Mürîdîn” olarak anılan tasavvufî görünümlü bu topluluk Murâbıtlar aleyhindeki siyasî muhalefet hareketinin çekirdeğini oluşturdu.
İbn Kasî, kısa zamanda bütün İspanya’nın şeyhi ve millî önderi olarak görülmeye, hatta Mehdîliğinden söz edilmeye, hakkında kerametler ve menkıbeler anlatılmaya başlandı. Ali b. Yûsuf’un ölümü üzerine devlet yönetiminde doğan boşluğu fırsat bilen İbn Kasî, elde ettiği mânevî otoriteye ve müridlerinin çokluğuna güvenerek bir ayaklanma başlattıysa da (537/1143) isyan Murâbıtlar tarafından hemen bastırıldı. Bunun önemsiz bir yenilgi olduğuna, yakında nihaî zafere ulaşacaklarına müridlerini inandırmaya çalışan İbn Kasî, buna rağmen bulunduğu ribâtta hayatını tehlikede gördüğü için Mirtüle’ye geçerek burada Cevze köyünde Benî Sünne diye anılan bir topluluğun arasında gizlenip müridlerini yönetmeye devam etti. Bu arada mensuplarından Muhammed b. Yahyâ’nın kumandasındaki güçler onun emriyle Mirtüle Kalesi’ni ele geçirdi. İbn Kasî bütün müridlerinin burada toplanmasını emredince Endülüs’ün çeşitli yörelerinde bulunan pek çok kişi Mirtüle’ye geldi. Ancak Murâbıt kumandanlarından Yahyâ b. Gāniye’nin çalışmaları sonucunda Yâbüre’de (Evora) İbn Vezîr, Şilb’de Ebü’l-Velîd Muhammed b. Ömer b. Münzir adlı iki müridi İbn Kasî aleyhinde bir faaliyet başlattı. Bunun üzerine Mürîdîn hareketinin başarılı olabilmesi için Muvahhidler’in de desteğine ihtiyaç duyan İbn Kasî, o sırada Tilimsân’da bulunan Muvahhid Hükümdarı Abdülmü’min el-Kûmî’ye bir mektup yazarak kendisini desteklemesini istedi ve sağladığı kuvvetlerle kısa zamanda Tureyf ve Cezîretülhadrâ’yı ele geçirerek Şilb’e kadar ulaştı. Burada kendisini emîr ilân etti, adına para bastırdı. Fakat Muvahhidler’in İşbîliye’yi ele geçirmesinden sonra onları tebrik amacıyla şehirden ayrılınca Şilb halkı kendisine isyan etti. Dönüşte bu ayaklanmayı bastırmak için Portekiz Kralı Alphonse Enrique’dan yardım istedi. Bu girişimi çok tehlikeli bir iş birliğinin başlangıcı olarak gören Şilbliler, bir gezi düzenleyerek oğlu Hüseyin’i şehir dışına çıkardıktan sonra İbn Kasî’yi öldürdüler (546/1151). Böylece Endülüs’te Mürîdîn hareketi ortadan kalkmış oldu. Villar gibi bazı çağdaş araştırmacılar, bu hareketi ırkî bir temele dayandırarak İspanyol asıllıların yabancılara karşı baş kaldırısı olarak değerlendiriyorsa da (İbrâhim el-Kādirî Bûtşîş, s. 164) bu telakki dayanaktan yoksun olduğu gerekçesiyle isabetli görülmemiştir.
Daha önce Doğu İslâm dünyasında başlayan felsefî hareket Mâlikîler’in katı muhalefetine rağmen İbn Meserre, İbn Bâcce, İbn Tufeyl ve İbn Rüşd’ün çalışmalarıyla Mağrib’de de gelişip güçlenirken İhvân-ı Safâ tesirleri taşıyan bâtınî-tasavvufî düşünceler de İbnü’l-Arîf, İbn Berrecân ve İbn Kasî gibi sûfîler tarafından savunulmuştur. Bu şekilde Endülüs’te zühde dayalı tasavvuftan felsefî tasavvufa geçişi sağlayan bu sûfîler, önceleri kendilerine Gazzâlî’yi örnek alarak onun eserlerini okuyup fikirlerini gizlice yayarken daha sonra Eflâtun ve Yeni Eflâtunculuğun etkisiyle Doğu’da oluşan İşrâkīlik’ten de etkilenmişlerdir.
İbn Kasî’nin dinî ve tasavvufî görüşlerinin yer aldığı tek eseri Ḫalʿu’n-naʿleyn ve iḳtibâsü’n-nûr min mevżiʿi’l-ḳademeyn adını taşımaktadır. Müellif muhtemelen, büyük saygı duyduğu Gazzâlî’nin Mişkâtü’l-envâr ’da (s. 73-74) yer alan sembolizminden ve İḥyâʾ daki “hal‘u’n-na‘leyn” yorumundan istifade ile eserine ad olarak verdiği, aslında Tâhâ sûresinin 12. âyetindeki bir anlatımdan alınan “hal‘u’n-na‘leyn” şeklindeki ifadeyi, kulun bedenî alâkalardan arınıp Allah’ın huzurunda durma makamı için kullanmakta ve bu makama ulaşan kişiye, aynı âyetteki bilgiye göre “mukaddes vadi”de Hz. Mûsâ’ya vâki olduğu gibi Cenâb-ı Hakk’ın tecelli edip onu ledünnî bilgiye mazhar kılacağını ileri sürmektedir (Ḫalʿu’n-naʿleyn , vr. 20a -30a ). İbn Kasî, Allah’ın isim ve sıfatlarını “varlık daireleri” (felekler) diye adlandırmakta, kozmolojisini iç içe halkalar şeklindeki bir varlık tasavvuru üzerine kurmakta, mevcûdatı da hayat, rahmet, arş-ı azîm, arş-ı mecîd, semâ ve arz felekleri olmak üzere altı halkaya ayırmaktadır (a.g.e. , vr. 34b -37b ). Ona göre esmâ-i hüsnâdan her biri bütün isimlerin yerine kullanılabilir. Allah’ın isimlerinin bir zâhir, bir de bâtın yönünün bulunup Allah bu isimlerin bâtın yönüyle melekût âlemine, zâhir yönüyle de mülk âlemine hükmeder. İlâhî ilimler ihbârî ve ledünnî (keşfî) olmak üzere ikiye ayrılır; sâlik, kararlı davrandığı ve tarikat âdâbını yerine getirdiği takdirde birinci bilgi basamağından ikincisine geçebilir. Allah’tan gelmiş olması açısından bu bilgiler arasında fark bulunmamakla beraber birincisi vasıtalı, ikincisi doğrudan elde edilen bilgidir. İbn Kasî, peygamberlerin yanı sıra diğer insanların da gereklerini yerine getirdikleri takdirde her iki bilgiye mazhar olabileceklerini ileri sürmekte (a.g.e. , vr. 25a ), bunların içinde kendisinin de bulunduğunu, hatta bütün kapalı kapıların kendisine açıldığını, eserini de daha önce Hz. Mûsâ’ya, Yûsuf ve Hızır’a verilen bilgiler türünden bir ilimle yazdığını iddia etmekte, bu bilgisine dayanarak Kur’an’da geçen “arş, sâk, kadem, nûn, kalem” gibi kelimelere bâtınî mânalar vermektedir.
Gazzâlî, İbnü’l-Arîf ve İbn Berrecân gibi sûfîlerden etkilenmiş olan İbn Kasî başta Muhyiddin İbnü’l-Arabî olmak üzere birçok sûfîyi etkilemiştir. Onun ilâhî isimlere dair görüşlerini İbnü’l-Arabî geliştirerek “tecellî-i ilâhî” şeklinde ifade etmiştir (İbnü’l-Arabî, el-Fütûḥât , III, 318, 423-424). Endülüs tarihiyle ilgili el-Men bi’l-imâme adlı eserin müellifi olan İbn Sâhibüssalât’ın, İbn Kasî tarafından başlatılıp sürdürülen Mürîdîn hareketini konu edinen S̱evretü’l-Mürîdîn adlı bir kitabı olduğu bilinmekteyse de nüshasının mevcudiyeti tesbit edilememiştir. Vincent Lagardere, Joseph Dreher ve Claude Addas yazdıkları makalelerde (bk. bibl.) İbn Kasî ve Mürîdîn hareketine geniş bilgi vermişlerdir.
Ḫalʿu’n-naʿleyn ’in bilinen tek nüshası Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’nde kayıtlıdır (Şehid Ali Paşa, nr. 1174). Eserin adı varak 6a ’da belirtildiği şekilde geçmekle beraber metin içinde İbn Kasî’ye aidiyetine dair herhangi bir ifade yer almamakta, iç kapakta Muhyiddin İbnü’l-Arabî tarafından şerhedilen bu kitabın Ebü’l-Kāsım Ahmed b. Kasî’ye ait olduğu kaydedilmektedir. Eser “Mukaddime”, “Melekûtiyyât”, “Firdevsiyyât”, “Muhammediyyât” ve “Rahmâniyyât” adlı bölümlerden oluşmaktadır. Müellif mukaddimede Hz. Mûsâ ve Yûsuf kıssalarından söz ettikten sonra, sıralamasında üçüncü bölümde yer alan Muhammediyyât’ı Hz. Peygamber’e hürmeten birinci sıraya alarak “Salsalâtü’l-ceres” ve “Sekînetü’n-nefs” başlıkları altında incelemiştir.
Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’nde bulunan (Hacı Mahmud Efendi, nr. 2396, vr. 31b -47b ; nr. 2401) ve müellifi tesbit edilemeyen Ḫalʿu’n-naʿleyn fi’l-vüṣûl ilâ ḥażreti’l-cemʿayn adlı bir risâle İbn Kasî’ye nisbet edilmişse de eserde İbn Kasî’den farklı bir kişi olarak söz edilmekte (nr. 2401, vr. 13b ), ondan sonra yaşamış olan İbnü’l-Arabî (ö. 638/1240) ve eserlerinin adı geçmekte (vr. 5b , 10a ), hatta 1011 (1602) yılında Bursa’da Şeyh el-Bedr eş-Şâmî ile müellif arasında cereyan eden bir konuşmaya yer verilmektedir. Buna rağmen kütüphane kayıtlarında eserin İbn Kasî’ye nisbet edilmesi Kâtib Çelebi’nin verdiği yanlış bilgiden kaynaklanmış olmalıdır (Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 722). Ebü’l-Alâ Afîfî ise İbn Kasî ve eseri hakkındaki bir yazısında (bk. bibl.) adı geçen risâlenin Kahire’de bir nüshasının bulunduğunu (Dârü’l-kütübi’l-Mısriyye, Tasavvuf, nr. 693) kaydetmekte, adının ve baş kısmının Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn ’daki alıntılarla aynı olduğunu belirtmekte, fakat bunun Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’nin Ayasofya bölümünde bulunan İbnü’l-Arabî şerhinin mukaddimesini ve muhtevasını tutmadığını, daha sonraki bir dönemde İbnü’l-Arabî ekolüne mensup bir kişi tarafından yazılmış olabileceğini söylemektedir. Afîfî’nin bu ifadelerinden Kahire nüshası ile Hacı Mahmud Efendi nüshasının aynı olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Afîfî, İbn Kasî’nin asıl eserinin Şehid Ali Paşa nüshasını görmediğinden Ayasofya’daki şerhin tek nüsha olduğu, dolayısıyla eserin müstakil metninin bulunmadığı kanaatine varmış, Hacı Mahmud Efendi nüshalarından haberdar olmadığı için de aralarındaki farkı kesin biçimde ortaya koyamamıştır.
Ḫalʿu’n-naʿleyn ve iḳtibâsü’n-nûr min mevżiʿi’l-ḳademeyn , Muhyiddin İbnü’l-Arabî ve Fuṣûṣü’l-ḥikem şârihlerinden Şeyh Abdî tarafından şerhedilmiştir (a.g.e. , I, 722). Şeyh Abdî’ye ait şerhin nüshası tesbit edilememekle birlikte Şerḥu Ḫalʿi’n-naʿleyn başlığını taşıyan İbnü’l-Arabî şerhinin Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’nde iki nüshası bulunmaktadır (Ayasofya, nr. 1879; Şehid Ali Paşa, nr. 1174/2). Bu şerhinde İbn Kasî’den sıkça söz eden İbnü’l-Arabî (meselâ bk. vr. 44a , 52b , 54b ), kitabın bütününü değil müşkil olarak gördüğü kısımlarını altı bölüm halinde toplayarak şerhetmiştir. Şârih, Ḫalʿu’n-naʿleyn ’e bazı ilâvelerin de yapıldığını kaydetmektedir (Süleymaniye Ktp., Ayasofya, nr. 1879, vr. 48b ). Ḫalʿu’n-naʿleyn ’in havastan ziyade avama hitap ettiğini, eserde okuyucuyu asıl konudan uzaklaştıran sembolik bir dil kullanıldığını, bunun da İbn Kasî’nin yetkin olmayışından kaynaklandığını söyleyen İbnü’l-Arabî müellifi nakilci ve mukallit olarak tanımlamakta, onun oğluyla karşılaştığında babası hakkında sorduğu sorulara aldığı cevapların da bu kanaatini teyit ettiğini belirtmektedir (vr. 7a ). Ebü’l-Alâ Afîfî, İbn Kasî ve Ḫalʿu’n-naʿleyn ’le ilgili makalesinde eserin geniş bir tahlilini yaparak İbnü’l-Arabî’ye ait şerhin özelliklerini ayrıntılı biçimde incelemiştir.
İbn Kaşî’nin bu eseri XX. yüzyılın başlarında İsmail Hakkı İzmirli ile Şeyh Saffet Efendi arasında cereyan eden tasavvuf merkezli tartışmalarda bâtınî te’viller çerçevesinde “hal‘u’n-na‘leyn” ifadesinin sûfîler tarafından te’vili ele alınırken de gündeme gelmiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Ebü’l-Kāsım İbn Kasî, Ḫalʿu’n-naʿleyn , Süleymaniye Ktp., Şehid Ali Paşa, nr. 1174, vr. 6a , 20a -30a , 34b -37b .
İbn Hazm, Cemhere , s. 499, 502.
İbnü’l-Arîf, Miftâḥu’s-saʿâde ve taḥḳīḳu ṭarîḳı’s-saʿâde (haz. Ebû Bekir Atîk b. Mü’min, nşr. İsmet Abdüllatîf Dendeş), Beyrut 1993, s. 207-209; ayrıca bk. neşredenin girişi, s. 20, 34-35, 66.
İbn Sâhibüssalât, el-Men bi’l-imâme (nşr. Abdülhâdî et-Tâzî), Beyrut 1987, s. 22-27, 207.
İbnü’z-Zeyyât et-Tâdilî, et-Teşevvüf ilâ ricâli’t-taṣavvuf (nşr. Ahmed et-Tevfîk), Rabat 1404/1984, s. 287.
İbnü’l-Arabî, el-Fütûḥât , III, 318, 423-424.
a.mlf., Şerḥu Ḫalʿi’n-naʿleyn , Süleymaniye Ktp., Ayasofya, nr. 1879, vr. 44a , 48b , 52b , 54b .
Abdülvâhid el-Merrâküşî, el-Muʿcib fî telḫîṣi aḫbâri’l-Maġrib (nşr. M. Saîd el-Uryân), Kahire 1383/1963, s. 280-281.
Safedî, el-Vâfî , VII, 297-298.
Kütübî, Fevâtü’l-Vefeyât , IV, 437.
İbnü’l-Hatîb, Aʿmâlü’l-aʿlâm (nşr. E. Lévi-Provençal), Beyrut 1956, s. 248-250.
İbn Haldûn, Muḳaddime , II, 468-469.
a.mlf., el-ʿİber , VI, 233-235.
İbn Hacer, Lisânü’l-Mîzân , I, 247.
Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 722.
Hediyyetü’l-ʿârifîn , I, 84.
Îżâḥu’l-meknûn , I, 438.
Brockelmann, GAL Suppl. , I, 776.
M. Abdullah İnân, ʿAṣrü’l-Murâbıṭîn ve’l-Muvaḥḥidîn fi’l-Maġrib ve’l-Endelüs , Kahire 1383/1964, I, 9, 307-312, 321, 323, 325, 330, 416, 466; II, 742.
Abdülvehhâb b. Mansûr, Aʿlâmü’l-Maġribi’l-ʿArabî , Rabat 1403/1983, III, 257-264.
İsmet Abdüllatîf Dendeş, el-Endelüs fî nihâyeti’l-Murâbıṭîn fî neşri’l-İslâm fî ġarbi İfrîḳıyâ , Beyrut 1408/1988, s. 47-75, 104-111, 116-117, 240, 356-362, 392, 435.
C. Addas, Ibn ʿArabī ou La quête du Soufre Rouge , Paris 1989, s. 78.
a.mlf., “Andalusî Mysticism and The Rise of Ibn Arabî”, The Legacy of Muslim Spain (ed. Salma Khadra Jayyusi), Leiden 1992, s. 908-933.
İbrâhim el-Kādirî Butşîş, el-Maġrib ve’l-Endelüs fî ʿaṣri’l-Murâbıṭîn , Beyrut 1993, s. 133, 163-172.
Mehmet Özdemir, Endülüs Müslümanları: İlim ve Kültür Tarihi , Ankara 1997, s. 48.
Corcîs Avvâd, “Fihristü müʾellefâti Muḥyi’d-dîn İbn ʿArabî”, MMİADm. , XXX (1955), s. 396.
Ebü’l-Alâ Afîfî, “Ebü’l-Ḳāsım b. Ḳasî ve kitâbühû Ḫalʿu’n-naʿleyn”, Mecelletü Külliyyeti’l-âdâb , XI, İskenderiye 1957, s. 53-87.
P. Nwyia, “Resâʾilü İbni’l-ʿArîf ilâ aṣḥâbi s̱evreti’l-mürîdîn fi’l-Endelüs”, el-Ebḥâs̱ , XXVII, Beyrut 1978-79, s. 43-56.
V. Lagardere, “La tarîqa et la révolte des murîdûn”, Revue de l’occident musulman et de la Méditerranée , XXXV, Aix-en-Provence 1983, s. 157-170.
Joseph Dreher, “L’imâmat d’Ibn Qasî à Mertola”, MIDEO , XVIII (1988), s. 195-210.
“İbn Kasî”, İA , V/2, s. 760.
Şinasi Altundağ, “Murâbıtlar”, a.e. , VIII, 584.
A. Faure, “Ibn Ḳasī”, EI2 (İng.) , III, 816-817.
P. Chalmeta, “Banū Ḳasī”, a.e. , IV, 712-713.
Abdülkerim Özaydın, “Abdülmü’min el-Kûmî”, DİA , I, 274.
Erdoğan Merçil, “Ali b. Yûsuf b. Tâşfîn”, a.e. , II, 458.
Hüseyin Lâşey’, “İbn Ḳasî”, DMBİ , IV, 470-472.
İsmail Hakkı İzmirli, Mustasvife Sözleri mi? Tasavvufun Zaferleri mi: Hakk’ın Zaferleri , İstanbul 1341, s. 38.
Şeyh Saffet Efendi, Tasavvufun Zaferleri , İstanbul 1343, s. 110-111.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1999 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 20. cildinde, 106-108 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.