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İBN KEYSÂN Skip to content Ebü’l-Hasen Muhammed b. Ahmed b. İbrâhîm (Muhammed) b. Keysân en-Nahvî el-Bağdâdî (ö. 320/932 [?])
Dil, edebiyat, tefsir ve hadis âlimi.
Bağdat’ta doğdu ve orada yaşadı. Bazı lehçelerde “hile, ihanet” anlamına gelen Keysân kelimesi kendisinin, babasının veya dedesinin adı ya da lakabıdır. İbnü’n-Nedîm bu kişinin nahiv âlimi olduğunu, ancak dalgınlığından dolayı rivayetlerine pek güvenilmediğini söyler. Aynı vasıf Halîl b. Ahmed, Ebû Ubeyde et-Teymî ve Halef el-Ahmer’in öğrencisi olan ve Keysân en-Nahvî diye bilinen Horasan asıllı Ebû Süleyman Muarref b. Dehsem (Dehşem/Dirhem) el-Hüceymî için de geçmektedir. İbn Keysân’ın soyunun bu şahsa dayanması, dolayısıyla aslen Horasanlı olması kuvvetle muhtemeldir.
Keskin bir zekâya, güçlü bir muhakeme ve hâfızaya sahip olan İbn Keysân, değişik kültürlere olan merakı sebebiyle önce Kûfe dil mektebinin öncüsü Sa‘leb’in derslerine devam etti. Ondan Kûfe nahvini öğrendikten sonra Basra dil mektebi lideri Müberred’in derslerini takip ederek iki mektebin görüşlerini ve aralarındaki ihtilâflı meseleleri öğrenme imkânı buldu. Bu mekteplerin görüşlerini uzlaştıran şiir râvisi, dil, lugat ve ahbâr âlimi Ebû Amr Bendâr b. Abdülhamîd el-Kerhî el-İsfahânî’den istifade etti (Süyûtî, I, 476).
Hatîb el-Bağdâdî gibi bazı müellifler İbn Keysân’ın vefat tarihini 10 Zilkade 299 (28 Haziran 912) olarak kaydetmişlerdir. Ebû Gālib el-Mağribî ise Ebû Hayyân et-Tevhîdî ile (ö. 414/1023) Ebû İshak es-Sâbî’nin (ö. 384/994) onun derslerine devam etmelerini ve ondan nakillerde bulunmalarını dikkate alarak 320 (932) yılında öldüğünü söyler. Yâkūt er-Rûmî de bu görüşü desteklemektedir (Muʿcemü’l-üdebâʾ , XVII, 141).
Eserlerinde nahiv kavramlarının tanımı üzerinde duran, ayrıca hem nahivcilerin hem mantıkçıların tanımlarına yer veren İbn Keysân’ın iyi bir mantık bilgisine sahip olduğu ve kelâm âlimlerinin yöntemlerinden etkilendiği anlaşılmaktadır. İbn Keysân, Sa‘leb’in Kûfe ve Basra dil mektepleri arasındaki ihtilâflı meselelere dair İḫtilâfü’n-naḥviyyîn ’inden sonra yazılan ilk eser olan Kitâbü’l-Mesâʾil ʿalâ meẕhebi’n-naḥviyyîn mimma’ḫtelefe fîhi’l-Baṣriyyûn ve’l-Kûfiyyûn adlı eserini kaleme almış, bir mektep anlamında Kûfiyyûn tabiri ilk defa onun tarafından kullanılmıştır. Kıraat âlimi Ebû Bekir İbn Mücâhid, İbn Keysân’ın nahiv ilmini Basra ve Kûfe mektebinin önderleri olan Müberred ve Sa‘leb’den daha iyi bildiğini söyler (Kemâleddin el-Enbârî, Nüzhetü’l-elibbâʾ , s. 235). İbn Keysân, Basra mektebinin en büyük ürünü olan Kitâbü Sîbeveyhi ’yi takdir etmekle birlikte kendi zamanına göre dil ve terminoloji bakımından onu yetersiz bulur. Derslerinde her iki mektebin görüşlerine de yer veriyor ve büyük bir dinleyici kitlesi tarafından takip ediliyordu. Ebû Hayyân et-Tevhidî’nin belirttiğine göre mühim ve müşkil meselelerin ele alındığı bu derslerden daha faydalı bir ders olamazdı. Başta Ebü’l-Kāsım ez-Zeccâcî olmak üzere Ebû Bekir el-Askerî, Ebû Bekir eş-Şeybânî gibi birçok talebe yetiştiren İbn Keysân’ın nahiv üzerine çağdaşlarıyla tartışmalar yaptığı bilinmektedir. Müberred ve Sa‘leb ile yapmış olduğu tartışmalar öğrencisi Zeccâcî’nin Mecâlisü’l-ʿulemâʾ ı ile Ebû Hayyân el-Endelüsî’nin Teẕkiretü’n-nüḥât ’ı gibi eserlerde yer almaktadır.
İbn Keysân’ın görüşleri, Basra ve Kûfe mektepleri arasında orta bir yol tuttuğu için Bağdat uzlaştırmacı ve seçmeci dil mektebinin ilk temsilcisi sayılan Ahfeş el-Evsat’ın görüşleriyle benzerlik arzeder. Çoğunlukla Kûfe dil mektebinin, bazan da Basralılar’ın görüşlerini takip etmekle birlikte şâz kıraat ve rivayetlere dayanan şâz kıyasa da yer vererek kendine has bir kıyas yöntemi kullanmıştır.
Biyografi yazarları, Ebû Bekir Muhammed İbn Şukayr ve Ebû Bekir İbnü’l-Hayyât (ö. 320/932) gibi İbn Keysân’ın da nahivde hangi mektebe mensup olduğu konusunda ihtilâf etmişlerdir. Zeccâcî, bu dil âlimlerinden “iki dil mektebini birleştirenler” diye söz ederken (el-Îżâḥ , s. 79) Sîrâfî onları “iki mektebi birbirine katanlar” olarak nitelemiş, ancak İbn Keysân’ı Basrî saymıştır (Aḫbârü’n-naḥviyyîne’l-Baṣriyyîn , s. 113-114). Brockelmann da bu kanaattedir. Ebû Bekir ez-Zübeydî, İbn Keysân’ı hem Basrî hem Kûfî nisbeleriyle anmakla birlikte ona Kûfe nahivcilerinin altıncı tabakasında yer vermiştir. Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Ezherî de Zübeydî’ye uyarak İbn Keysân’dan yaptığı rivayetlere, “Kûfiyyûn’dan İbn Keysân der ki” ifadesiyle başlamıştır.
İbn Keysân’ın lugata dair görüşleri başta Ebû Ali el-Kālî’nin el-Bâriʿ ı, Ezherî’nin Tehẕîbü’l-luġa ’sı, Cevherî’nin eṣ-Ṣıḥâḥ ’ı, İbnü’l-Haddâd el-Vâdîâşî’nin el-Efʿâl ’i, Radıyyüddin es-Sâgānî’nin et-Tekmile ’si ile İbn Manzûr’un Lisânü’l-ʿArab ’ı olmak üzere başlıca lugat kitaplarında yer alır. Bunlar arasında i‘rab, nahiv, ta‘lîl ve sarfla ilgili açıklamaların belli bir ağırlıkta olduğu görülmektedir.
Eserleri. İbn Keysân’ın nahiv, lugat, şiir ve edebiyat, kıraat, tefsir, Kur’an ve hadis ilimlerine dair çok sayıda eser kaleme aldığı belirtilmektedir; ancak bunların pek azı zamanımıza ulaşabilmiştir.
1. el-Muvaffaḳī fi’n-naḥv . Abbâsî Halifesi Mu‘temid-Alellah’ın nâibi Muvaffak el-Abbâsî için kaleme alınan eser nahiv ve sarfa dair olup Abdülhüseyin el-Fetlî ile Hâşim Tâhâ Şilâş tarafından neşredilmiştir (el-Mevrid , IV/2 [Bağdad 1975], s. 103-124).
2. el-Mesâʾil ʿalâ meẕhebi’n-naḥviyyîn mimma’ḫtelefe fîhi’l-Baṣriyyûn ve’l-Kûfiyyûn (İbnü’n-Nedîm, s. 370; Yâkūt, XVII, 139). Kitâbü İḫtilâfi’l-Baṣriyyîn ve’l-Kûfiyyîn (İbnü’l-Kıftî, III, 59), Kitâbü Ma’ḫtelefe’l-Baṣriyyûn ve’l-Kûfiyyûn fîh (Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , II, 1455) adlarıyla da kaydedilen eserin bazı bölümleri zamanımıza ulaşmıştır (“Mesʾele fi’l-ʿaṭf ʿalâ ʿâmileyn, Mesʾeletü ‘cevârin’ ve ‘ġavâşin’”, [Köprülü Ktp., nr. 1393/7, vr. 58b -63b ]; “Mesʾele mine’l-fıḳh taḥtâcü ile’n-naḥv” [Köprülü Ktp., nr. 1393/8, vr. 67b -68b ]).
3. Şerḥu(s-Sebʿı)’ṭ-ṭıvâl(i’l-câhiliyyât) . Berlin Staatsbibliothek’te bulunan nüshada İmruülkays, Tarafe, Amr b. Külsûm, Antere ve Züheyr’e ait beş muallakanın şerhi mevcuttur. Bunlar kısmen eksik olduğu gibi Lebîd ile Hâris b. Hillize’nin muallakaları bu nüshada mevcut değildir. Ayrıca Antere ve Züheyr’in muallakalarının İbn Keysân tarafından değil Müberred’in öğrencisi ve Sa‘leb’in hocası Ebû Ahmed el-Cerîrî tarafından 280’de (893) şerhedilmiş olduğu yazılıdır. Ebû Ca‘fer Muhammed b. Nasr b. Gālib el-Gālibî’nin bizzat İbn Keysân’dan dinlediği şerh tarihî konuları da ele almakla birlikte dil ağırlıklıdır (Ahlwardt, VI, 513, nr. 7440). Amr b. Külsûm muallakasının şerhi Ibn Kaisān’s Kommentar zur Moʿallaqa des ʿAmr Ibn Kulṭūm adıyla Max Schlössinger (München 1902, ayrıca bk. ZA , sy. 16 [1902], s. 15-64) ve Şerḥu Muʿallaḳat ʿAmr b. Küls̱ûm adıyla Muhammed İbrâhim el-Bennâ (Kahire 1980), Muʿallaḳātü İmruʾülḳays şerhi de “Des Ibn Kaisān Kommentar zur Muʿallaḳa des Imruʾulḳais” adıyla Fritz Leon Bernstein tarafından (Strasburg 1913, ayrıca ZA , sy. 29 [1914-1915], s. 1-77) yayımlanmıştır.
4. Telḳībü’l-ḳavâfî ve telḳībü ḥarekâtihâ . Eser Wilhelm Wright (Cürzetü’l-ḥâṭıb ve tuḥfetü’ṭ-ṭâlib: Opuscula Arabica , Leiden 1859 içinde) ve İbrâhim es-Sâmerrâî (Mecelletü’l-Câmiʿati’l-Müstanṣıriyye , sy. 2, Bağdad 1971) tarafından neşredilmiştir.
5. (Kitâbü)’l-Meṣâbîḥ fî tefsîri’l-Ḳurʾâni’l-ʿaẓîm (Kitâbü Meṣâbîḥi’l-Kitâb) . Dublin (İrlanda) Chester Beatty Library’de bir nüshası bulunan eserin (GAS , I, 48; EI2 [Fr.] Suppl. , s. 390) dil ağırlıklı olmayıp âyetlerin fıkhî yönden tefsiri mahiyetinde olması İbn Keysân’a nisbeti konusunda şüphe uyandırmıştır (Arberry, III, 19, nr. 3538). Pellat, bu eserin Şiî Vezir Ebü’l-Kāsım Hüseyin b. Ali el-Mağribî’ye (ö. 418/1027) ait olabileceğini ileri sürmektedir (EI2 [Fr.] Suppl. , s. 390). Eser üzerinde U. Y. İsmâil tarafından A Critical Edition of al-Maṣābīḥ fī Tafsīr al-Qurʾān al-ʿAẓīm Attributed to Ibn Kaysān en-Naḥvī adıyla doktora tezi hazırlanmıştır (1979, Manchester).
6. (Kitâbü) Meṣâbîḥu’l-küttâb (İbnü’n-Nedîm, s. 370). İbn Kuteybe’nin Edebü’l-kâtib ’i gibi kompozisyon kurallarına dairdir. Eseri Meṣâbîḥu’l-Kitâb olarak kaydetmek suretiyle Kitâbü Sîbeveyhi ile veya Kur’an’la (kıraat ve tefsir) ilgili görenler de vardır.
7. el-Farḳ beyne’s-sîn ve’ṣ-ṣâd . Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Kütüphanesi’nde bulunan (Koğuşlar, nr. 1096/41, vr. 256b -257b ) Fevâʾid ġarîbe mülaḫḫaṣa min Kitâbi’l-Farḳ beyne’s-sîn ve’ṣ-ṣâd başlıklı risâle bu eserden bir parça olmalıdır.
8. Ġalaṭu Edebi’l-kâtib . İbn Kuteybe’nin Edebü’l-kâtib ’inin eleştirisine dairdir.
9. el-Müheẕẕeb fi’n-naḥv . Bir nüshası Kahire’de Muhammed Atıyye el-Kehrebâî özel kütüphanesinde bulunmaktadır (bu eserlerin yazma nüshaları için bk. GAS , IX, 159-160).
İbn Keysân’ın kaynaklarda adı geçen diğer eserleri de şunlardır: el-Emâlî (Zeccâcî’nin İştiḳāḳu esmâʾillâh adlı eserinin kaynaklarındandır); el-Burhân ; Ḥaddü (Kitâbü)’l-Fâʿil ve’l-mefʿûli bih ; el-Ḥaḳāʾiḳ ; (Kitâbü)’ş-Şâẕânî fi’n-naḥv ; el-Kâfî fi’n-naḥv ; (Kitâbü)’l-Muḫtâr (fî ʿileli’n-naḥv) [(Kitâbü)ʿİleli’n-naḥv] (üç cilt olduğu kaydedilen eser, müellifin Kûfe dil mektebinin görüşlerinin hüccet ve illetlerini beyan ettiği kitabı olmalıdır); Muḫtaṣarü’n-naḥv (el-Muḫtaṣar fi’n-naḥv) ; Kitâbü’l-Hicâ (ve’l-ḫaṭ) ; (Kitâbü)’l-Lâmât ; (Kitâbü)’l-Maḳṣûr ve’l-memdûd ; (Kitâbü)’l-Müẕekker ve’l-müʾennes̱ ; (Kitâbü)’t-Taṣârîf; Meʿâni’l-Ḳurʾân (el-ʿAşerât) ; (Kitâbü)’l-Ḳırâʾât ; (Kitâbü)’l-Vaḳf ve’l-ibtidâʾ ; Ġarîbü’l-ḥadîs̱ . İbrâhim el-Bennâ İbn Keysân en-Naḥvî: ḥayâtühû, âs̱âruhû, ârâʾüh (Kahire 1395/1975), Ali Mezher el-Yâsirî Ebü’l-Ḥasan b. Keysân: ârâʾühü’n-naḥviyye (Bağdad 1399) adıyla birer eser yazmış, Muhammed b. Hammûd ed-Da‘cânî de İbn Keysân en-Naḥvî adıyla yüksek lisans çalışması hazırlamıştır (1398/1978, Câmiatü Ümmi’l-kurâ külliyyetü’ş-şerîa [Mekke]).
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1999 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 20. cildinde, 134-136 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır. Bu madde en son 17.03.2019 tarihinde güncellenmiştir.