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İBN KÜLLÂB Skip to content Ebû Muhammed Abdullāh b. Saîd b. Küllâb el-Kattân el-Basrî (ö. 240/854 [?])
Sünnî kelâm hareketinin doğuşuna zemin hazırlayan âlim.
Muhtemelen II. (VIII.) yüzyılın son çeyreğinde doğmuştur. Basralı olduğu nisbesinden anlaşılmaktaysa da hayatı ve ilmî faaliyetleri hakkında yeterli bilgi mevcut değildir. Sübkî, Fahreddin er-Râzî’nin babası Ziyâeddin el-Hatîb’e nisbet ettiği Ġāyetü’l-merâm fî ʿilmi’l-kelâm adlı eserde İbn Küllâb’ın muhaddis Yahyâ b. Saîd el-Kattân’ın kardeşi olduğu belirtilmişse de bunun doğruluğunu tesbit edemediğini söyler (Ṭabaḳāt , II, 300); İbn Hacer ise bu bilginin yanlış olduğunu kaydeder (Lisânü’l-Mîzân , III, 291). İbn Küllâb, halku’l-Kur’ân tartışmalarının yapıldığı dönemde yaşadı ve Mu‘tezile âlimlerine karşı Kur’an’ın kadîm olduğunu ilk defa o söyledi. Halife Me’mûn’un huzurunda Ebü’l-Hüzeyl el-Allâf ve Abbâd b. Süleyman es-Saymerî ile münazaralar yaptı. İlâhî kelâmın zâttan ayrı olmadığını savunduğundan hıristiyanlarla aynı inancı paylaşmakla itham edildi. Hatta İbnü’n-Nedîm, Haşviyye’nin Nâbite grubu içinde mütalaa ettiği İbn Küllâb’ın Fesyûn en-Nasrânî ile birlikte hareket edip müslümanları hıristiyanlaştırmaya çalıştığını öne süren asılsız rivayetlere yer verir (el-Fihrist , s. 230). Takıyyüddin İbn Teymiyye, ilâhî sıfatları ispat ettiğinden İbn Küllâb’a Cehmiyye ve Mu‘tezile’ye mensup kişilerin iftirada bulunduğuna ve asılsız rivayetler uydurarak onun önceleri bir hıristiyan olduğuna, Müslümanlığı benimseyince kız kardeşinin kendisini terkettiğine, bunun üzerine müslümanların dinini bozmak için onlardan göründüğünü söylediğine dair iftiralar ihtiva eden bir rivayeti de zikreder (Minhâcü’s-sünne , I, 237).
İbn Küllâb Ahmed b. Hanbel, Hâris el-Muhâsibî ve Ebü’l-Abbas Ahmed b. İbrâhim el-Kalânisî gibi âlimlerin dahil olduğu Selefî zümre içinde bulunurken halku’l-Kur’ân meselesine ve kelâm sıfatına ilişkin görüşlerinden dolayı Ahmed b. Hanbel’in tenkitlerine mâruz kaldı. Hâris el-Muhâsibî ise ondan kelâm ilmi tahsil etti (a.g.e. , I, 423-424; Zehebî, XI, 174). Öğrencileri arasında Hüseyin b. Fazl el-Becelî, Abdülazîz el-Kettânî, Cüneyd-i Bağdâdî (ö. 297/909) gibi şahsiyetlerin bulunduğu nakledilir (Bağdâdî, s. 309). Her ne kadar Zehebî gibi bazı müellifler tarafından Cüneyd-i Bağdâdî’nin ona öğrenci olması imkânsız görülmüşse de tarih itibariyle bunun mümkün olduğu söylenebilir. Nitekim Cüneyd-i Bağdâdî’nin kelâm yöntemine göre yazdığı bir tevhid risâlesinin bulunması bunu teyit etmektedir (a.g.e. , a.y.). Daha sonra Ebü’l-Hasan el-Eş‘arî de Mu‘tezile’den ayrılarak İbn Küllâb’ın yolunu takip etti. Eş‘arî’nin, İbn Küllâb’ı Süleyman b. Cerîr ile bir arada zikretmesinden dolayı bazı noktalarda fikrî paralelliklerin bulunduğu kabul edilir (Watt, s. 357). İbn Küllâb 240 (854) yılından hemen sonra vefat etmiş olmalıdır.
Mu‘tezile karşısında zayıf kalan Selef akaidini kelâmî delillerle teyit etmeye başlayan ilk Sünnî kelâmcı olarak bilinen İbn Küllâb, Cehmiyye ve Mu‘tezile’nin görüşlerini eleştirmekle birlikte kelâm ilminde kullanılan bazı temel ilkeleri de benimsemiştir. Buna göre, “Hareket ve sükûndan ayrı olamayan cisimler hâdistir”; “Hâdisler geriye doğru sonsuza kadar devam edemez” gibi kaziyyeleri kabul etmiştir. Bu ise ilâhî sıfatlara bakışında bazı değişikliklere yol açmıştır. Büyük çoğunluğu ilâhî sıfatların ispat edilmesine dair olan görüşlerini şöylece özetlemek mümkündür:
Cisimler madde ve sûretten veya bölünemeyen atomlardan oluşmuş mürekkep birer varlık değil “sıfat” yahut “âraz” adı verilen mânaları taşıyan hâdis nesnelerdir. Zihnî varlıkların hâricî gerçekliği yoktur (İbn Teymiyye, Minhâcü’s-sünne , I, 396; II, 137). Arazlar duyularla idrak edilemez, zira görülebilmenin şartı başlı başına var olmaktır, halbuki arazlar başlı başına mevcut değildir (İbn Fûrek, s. 333). Sıfat nitelenen varlıkla birlikte mevcut olan bir kavramdır. İlâhî isim ve sıfatlar zât ile birlikte kadîmdir. Allah vücûd ile mevcut, ilim ile âlim, kudret ile kādirdir. “Allah âlimdir” demek “O’nun ilmi vardır” demektir. Allah ezelde mevcut olduğu halde ezelde yaratıcı değildir. O’nun sıfatları isimleridir. Sıfatlar başka bir sıfatla vasıflanamaz ve başlı başına var olamaz. Yine sıfatlar zâtın aynı olmadığı gibi gayri de değildir, aynı şekilde sıfatlar birbirinin aynı ve gayri değildir, yani ilim kudretin aynı değil, fakat kudretin gayri de değildir. Naslarda Allah’a nisbet edilen “vech”, “yed” ve “nefs” de zâtının aynı veya gayri değildir. İlâhî sıfatlar değişikliğe uğramaz (Eş‘arî, s. 169-170, 173, 179-180, 182, 357, 546; İbn Fûrek, s. 328). Allah madde üstü bir varlık olmakla birlikte zâtıyla arşın fevkindedir ve arşa bitişmiş veya ona temas etmiş değildir. İstivâ Allah’ın arşla ilgili bir fiili olup onu kendine yaklaştırması mânasına gelir. O’nun “ulüv” sıfatı aklen bilinebilecek bir nitelik taşımasına rağmen istivâ sıfatı sadece nakille bilinir (Bağdâdî, s. 113; İbn Teymiyye, Minhâcü’s-sünne , I, 311-312; II, 222). İcmâlî olarak, “Allah hayır ve şerriyle bütün varlık ve olayların meydana gelmesini dilemiştir” demek doğru olduğu halde ayrıntılı bir şekilde “Allah mâsiyetleri de dilemiştir” demek uygun değildir. Allah kullarının bütün fiillerini dilemesine rağmen inkâr ve isyan etmelerine rızâ göstermez (Bağdâdî, s. 104; İbn Teymiyye, Minhâcü’s-sünne , III, 159). İbn Hazm, İbn Küllâb’ın bir taraftan ilâhî sıfatlar hakkında ne bâkī ne fânî, ne kadîm ne hâdis olduklarının söylenemeyeceğini, fakat onlar hakkında “gayri mahlûk” tabirinin kullanılabileceğini, diğer taraftan Allah’ın kadîm ve bâkī olduğuna inandığını nakleder (el-Faṣl , V, 77). Ancak bu rivayet, İbn Küllâb’ın zamanına daha yakın olan ve görüşlerine tâbi olduğu kabul edilen Eş‘arî’nin verdiği bilgilere aykırı düşmektedir.
İbn Küllâb’a göre kelâm Allah’ın zâtıyla kāim (zâtî-nefsî) bir sıfat olup ezelî ve tek bir kelâmdan ibarettir. Harf ve seslerden oluşmayıp parçalara bölünmez ve değişikliğe uğramaz; ilâhî kelâmı ifade eden ve yazıya döken harfler ise değişebilir. Allah kelâmını ifade eden yazılar Arapça olursa “Arapça ilâhî kelâm”, İbrânîce olursa “İbrânîce ilâhî kelâm”, Süryânîce olursa “Süryânîce ilâhî kelâm” yani Kur’an, Tevrat ve İncil diye adlandırılır. Allah ezelde emreden, nehyeden ve haber veren olmadığı için O’nun kelâmı ezelde emir, nehiy ve haberlerden ibaret değildir. Yaratıkları meydana getirdikten sonra ilâhî kelâm duyanlara göre emir, nehiy ve haber olur. Allah her şeyi “ol” sözüyle yarattığından kelâmının yaratılmış olması imkânsızdır. İlâhî kelâmı okuyanlardan duyulan şey kelâmın kendisi değil onu ifade eden lafızlardır. Allah’ın kelâmını duymak onu anlamak demektir. Asıl kelâm Allah’ın zâtıyla kāim olan tek bir mânadır; harfler bu mânayı ifade edip insanlar tarafından anlaşılmasını sağlar. Buna göre ilâhî kelâmın ifadesi olan Kur’an’ın harfleri mahlûk, Allah’ın zâtıyla kāim olan mânası ise kadîmdir; Kur’an’ı okuyuş ve yazış insana ait bir fiil olduğundan hâdistir (Eş‘arî, s. 512, 514, 517, 584-585, 587, 601-602, 604; İbn Fûrek, s. 328). Kul kendi ihtiyarî fiilinin gerçek fâili ve müktesibidir. Fakat Allah’a ait fiilin dolaylı bir sonucu olduğundan kulun kesbi veya iktisabı olarak da ifade edilebilir (İbn Teymiyye, Minhâcü’s-sünne , II, 298-299).
Mümin, ömrünün çoğunu kâfir olarak geçirmiş olsa bile Allah’ın iman üzere öleceğini bilip razı olduğu kişidir; kâfir de ömrünün büyük bir kısmını mümin olarak geçirse bile Allah’ın kâfir olarak öleceğini bilip gazap ettiği kimsedir. Allah’ın müminden razı olması itaatkâr olmasını istemesi ve onu mükâfatlandırması, kâfire gazap etmesi de onun sapmasını isteyip cezalandırması demektir (Eş‘arî, s. 547; İbn Fûrek, s. 45). İstidlâl ve tefekkürü terketmesi sebebiyle günahkâr olmakla birlikte mukallidin imanı geçerlidir. Bu iman üzere ölen kişinin şefaatle ve Allah’ın rahmetiyle bağışlanması mümkündür. Böyle bir kimse cezalandırılsa bile ebedî olarak azaba uğratılmaz (Bağdâdî, s. 254). İman mahlûk olup bilgiyle başlar, ardından bu bilgi kalbin tasdiki ve dilin ikrarıyla iman haline gelir (Ebû Azbe, s. 75; Ali Sâmî Neşşâr, I, 302; Tritton, s. 110).
Selef yolunu takip eden muhafazakâr âlimlerin, İslâm dünyasında ortaya çıkan fikrî gelişmeler neticesinde kelâm yöntemini kabul etmesine öncülük yapmış olan İbn Küllâb, ilâhî sıfatlar konusunda Mu‘tezile’ye karşı “sıfâtü’l-meânî” teorisini benimseyip aklî delillerle teyit etmiş, varlık ve olayların sonradan meydana gelmeleri sebebiyle sadece zâtî sıfatların ezelîliğini kabul edip fiilî sıfatların zât ile kāim olmadığını savunmuş, istivâ konusunda Selefiyye ile aynı görüşü paylaşmış, halku’l-Kur’ân meselesi ortaya çıktıktan sonra ilk defa Kur’an’ın lafızları itibariyle mahlûk, mânası itibariyle ezelî olduğunu söyleyip kelâm-ı lafzî ve kelâm-ı nefsî ayırımına zemin hazırlamış, ilâhî kelâmın zât ile kāim tek bir mâna olduğunu, muhataplarının yaratılmasıyla birlikte emir, nehiy ve haber şekline dönüştüğünü beyan etmiştir. İnsanları kendi fiillerinin gerçek fâili olarak kabul etmekle birlikte daha önce Ebû Hanîfe ve Dırâr b. Amr tarafından ileri sürülen kesb nazariyesini de benimseyip kulun sorumluluğunu temellendirmeye çalışmış, iman konusunda muvâfât görüşünü de ilkin o ileri sürmüştür. İbn Küllâb, özellikle Selef akaidinin kelâm yöntemiyle kanıtlanması, sıfâtü’l-meânînin ispat edilmesi ve kelâm sıfatıyla halku’l-Kur’ân meselesine getirdiği çözümler açısından Ebü’l-Hasan el-Eş‘arî ve tâbileri üzerinde etkili olmuştur. Nitekim İbn Küllâb’ın ilâhî sıfatlara ilişkin görüşlerini eleştirmek amacıyla İbnü’r-Râvendî’nin yazdığı esere karşı Eş‘arî’nin en-Naḳż ʿalâ İbni’r-Râvendî fi’ṣ-ṣıfât fîmâ naḳażahû ʿalâ ʿAbdillâh b. Saʿîd adıyla bir reddiye kaleme alması ve kelâma dair kitaplarında ona yakın görüşler benimsemesi bu hususu teyit eder (İbn Fûrek, s. 12).
İbn Küllâb’ın görüşleri hem Mu‘tezile hem Selefiyye âlimlerince tenkit edilmiş, bazı Eş‘ariyye kelâmcıları tarafından da yer yer eleştirilmiştir. Kādî Abdülcebbâr sıfâtü’l-meânî teorisini eleştirirken Küllâbiyye’ye atıfta bulunmuş ve dolayısıyla onu tenkitlerine hedef almıştır (el-Muḥîṭ , s. 317). Dâvûd ez-Zâhirî’nin yanı sıra Selefiyye’den İbn Huzeyme ve özellikle İbn Teymiyye, İbn Küllâb’ı eleştirenlerin başında yer alır. İbn Teymiyye, Mu‘tezile’ye ve Şiî müellifi İbnü’l-Mutahhar el-Hillî’ye karşı İbn Küllâb’ı savunmakla birlikte kelâm yöntemini benimsediği, Allah’ın kudret ve iradesiyle dilediği zaman konuşan bir varlık olduğunu reddedip kelâm sıfatını zât ile kāim ezelî bir mâna olarak kabul ettiği için onu eleştirmiştir. Ona göre İncil’deki bilgiler Kur’an’dakinden farklı olduğu ve insanlara bildirilen ilâhî buyruklar zamanla değiştiği için kelâm sıfatını tek bir mâna olarak kabul etmek aklen ve naklen yanlıştır. Ayrıca bu görüş ashap ve tâbiînin inancına aykırı olup bid‘attır. Buna rağmen İbn Teymiyye, istivâ ve ulüv konusunda kelâmcılardan ayrılıp Selef’in görüşüne uyduğu için İbn Küllâb’ı Selefiyye’ye en yakın kelâmcı olarak değerlendirir (Minhâcü’s-sünne , I, 304; II, 246, 298-299, 490; III, 370; V, 277). Eş‘ariyye’den Ebü’l-Kāsım İbn Asâkir bid‘atçılıkla itham edilen İbn Küllâb’ı savunurken Tâceddin es-Sübkî emir, nehiy ve habere ilişkin ilâhî kelâmın hâdis olduğunu iddia ettiğinden Eş‘ariyye âlimlerince eleştirildiğini belirtir. Buna göre ilâhî kelâmın hepsi kadîm olmadığı takdirde nevi bulunmayan kadîm bir kelâm cinsinden bahsetmek gerekir ki bunun mâkul olmadığı açıktır (Ṭabaḳāt , II, 300). Bununla birlikte Seyfeddin el-Âmidî, İbn Küllâb’ın kelâm sıfatına bakışını bu konuda ileri sürülebilecek itirazları ortadan kaldırıcı mahiyette görür (Ġāyetü’l-merâm , s. 104).
İbn Küllâb’ın görüşlerini benimseyenlere Küllâbiyye adı verilmiştir. Eş‘ariyye teşekkül edip köklü bir Sünnî kelâm ekolü haline gelinceye kadar Ehl-i sünnet ilm-i kelâmını Basra, Bağdat ve Horasan yöresinde Küllâbiyye temsil etmiştir. Nitekim kaynakların Hâris el-Muhâsibî ile Ebü’l-Abbas el-Kalânisî’yi İbn Küllâb’ın görüşlerine tâbi olanlar arasında zikretmesi, ayrıca İbnü’n-Nedîm’in de Ebü’l-Hasan el-Eş‘arî’nin yanı sıra Kādıssünne Ebû Muhammed, Muhammed b. Abdurrahman el-Atavî, Ebü’l-Münzir Sellâm el-Kārî, Abdullah b. Dâvûd, Ebû Ali Hüseyin b. Ali el-Kerâbîsî gibi âlimleri Küllâbiyye’nin ricâli arasında sayması bunu göstermektedir (el-Fihrist , s. 230-231). Eş‘arî de İbn Küllâb’a mensup olanların bulunduğundan bahsederek farklılık arzeden bazı görüşlerini nakletmiş, ekseriyeti itibariyle Ehl-i sünnet’le aynı görüşleri paylaştığını belirttiği Küllâbiyye’nin daha çok ilâhî isim ve sıfatlarla ilgili ayrıntılarda ihtilâf ettiğini zikretmiştir. Bu ihtilâflar meânî sıfatları, sıfatların hâdis veya kadîm olması, zâtın aynı veya gayri olması gibi noktalarda toplanır (Maḳālât , s. 170, 172, 178, 298, 546-547). Hârizmî ise Küllâbiyye’yi Müşebbihe’nin fırkaları arasında gösterir (Mefâtîḥu’l-ʿulûm , s. 20). İbn Teymiyye de Küllâbiyye’nin Irak ve Horasan gruplarından oluştuğunu kabul eder (Neşşâr, I, 324). Kaynaklarda İbn Küllâb’ın Kitâbü’ṣ-Ṣıfât , Ḫalḳu’l-efʿâl ve er-Red ʿale’l-Muʿtezile adlı eserleri kaleme aldığı zikredilmektedir (Zehebî, XI, 176).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Hayyât, el-İntiṣâr , s. 82.
Eş‘arî, Maḳālât (Ritter) , s. 169-170, 172, 173, 178-180, 182, 217, 298, 357, 368, 370, 444, 512, 514, 517, 546-547, 584-585, 587, 601-602, 604.
İbnü’n-Nedîm, el-Fihrist (Teceddüd) , s. 230-231.
Hârizmî, Mefâtîḥu’l-ʿulûm , Kahire 1342, s. 20.
İbn Fûrek, Mücerredü’l-Maḳālât , s. 12, 28, 45, 328, 330, 333.
Kādî Abdülcebbâr, el-Muḥîṭ , s. 317.
a.mlf., el-Muḫtaṣar fî uṣûli’d-dîn (Resâʾilü’l-ʿadl ve’t-tevḥîd içinde, nşr. Muhammed İmâre), Kahire 1971, I, 182-183.
Bağdâdî, Uṣûlü’d-dîn , s. 89, 90, 97, 104, 109, 113, 123, 222, 254, 309.
İbn Hazm, el-Faṣl (Umeyre) , V, 77.
Şehristânî, el-Milel (Kîlânî) , I, 93.
İbn Asâkir, Tebyînü keẕibi’l-müfterî , s. 406.
Âmidî, Ġāyetü’l-merâm , s. 104, 114.
İbn Teymiyye, en-Nübüvvât , Beyrut 1405/1985, s. 65, 66.
a.mlf., Muvâfaḳatü ṣaḥîḥi’l-menḳūl , Beyrut 1405/1985, I, 311-312, 367, 369.
a.mlf., Minhâcü’s-sünne (nşr. M. Reşâd Sâlim), Riyad 1406/1986, I, 237, 304, 311-312, 313, 315, 396, 423-424; II, 137, 222, 246, 298-299, 326-327, 490, 498; III, 159, 293, 370; V, 277, 278, 360; VIII, 9; a.e. , Kahire 1321, I, 237.
Zehebî, Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , XI, 74-176.
Sübkî, Ṭabaḳāt , II, 299-300.
İbn Hacer, Lisânü’l-Mîzân , III, 290-291.
Ebû Azbe, er-Ravżatü’l-behiyye , Haydarâbâd 1322, s. 75.
İzmirli, Yeni İlm-i Kelâm , I, 77.
Ali Sâmî en-Neşşâr, Neşʾetü’l-fikri’l-felsefî fi’l-İslâm , İskenderiye 1966, I, 299-324.
W. Montgomery Watt, İslâm Düşüncesinin Teşekkül Devri (trc. E. Ruhi Fığlalı), Ankara 1981, s. 357-361.
A. S. Tritton, İslâm Kelâmı (trc. Mehmet Dağ), Ankara 1983, s. 110.
İbrâhim Medkûr, Fi’l-Felsefeti’l-İslâmiyye , Kahire 1983, II, 32.
M. Şemseddin, “Mütekellimîn ve Atom Nazariyesi”, DİFM , I/1 (1341/1925), s. 75-76.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1999 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 20. cildinde, 156-157 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.