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İBN KUNFÜZ Skip to content Ebü’l-Abbâs Ahmed b. Hasen b. Alî el-Kustantînî (ö. 810/1407)
Mâlikî fakihi ve tarihçi.
740 (1340) yılı civarında Cezayir’in büyük şehirlerinden Kostantîne’de (Kosantîne) doğdu. Kültürlü ve varlıklı bir aileye mensuptur. Altıncı kuşaktan dedesi Kunfüz’e nisbetle İbn Kunfüz (İbn Kunfûd, İbn Kunfüd) lakabıyla anılır. Dedesi ve ondan sonra babasının Kostantîne Camii hatipliği yapmış olmaları sebebiyle İbnü’l-Hatîb diye de bilinir. Babasının adı bazı kaynaklarda Hüseyin diye geçerse de bizzat kendisi Hasan olarak kaydeder (Şerefü’ṭ-ṭâlib , s. 81). İlk öğrenimini, el-Mesnûn fî aḥkâmi’ṭ-ṭâʿûn ve el-Mesâʾilü’l-müsaṭṭara fi’n-nevâzili’l-fıḳhiyye adlı eserlerin müellifi olan babasından, Medyeniyye şeyhlerinden ve günümüzde mevcut ez-Zâviyetü’l-Mellâriyye’nin kurucusu olan anne tarafından dedesi Ebû Ya‘kūb Yûsuf b. Ya‘kūb el-Mellârî ile Ebû Ali Hasan b. Ebü’l-Kāsım b. Bâdîs’ten gördü. 759’da (1358) ilim yolculuğuna çıkarak Mağrib-i Aksâ’ya gitti; Fas, Merakeş, Tilimsân, Selâ ve Sebte (Ceuta) gibi şehirlerde tahsiline devam etti. Bölgede kaldığı on sekiz yıl boyunca Şerîf el-Gırnâtî diye tanınan Ebü’l-Kāsım Muhammed b. Ahmed es-Sebtî, Ebû Zeyd Abdurrahman b. Süleyman el-Lecâî, Ebû İmrân Mûsâ b. Muhammed el-Abdûsî, Ebü’l-Abbas Ahmed b. Kāsım el-Kabbâb, Ebû Muhammed Abdullah el-Vânegīlî ed-Darîr, Ebü’l-Abbas İbn Âşir el-Endelüsî, Lisânüddin İbnü’l-Hatîb el-Gırnâtî, Şerîf et-Tilimsânî ve Ebû Abdullah İbn Merzûk el-Ced gibi âlimlerden ders aldı. Kendisinden de İbn Merzûk el-Hafîd gibi pek çok kimse istifade etti. Bu sırada bazı eserlerini kaleme aldı ve 769’da (1368) Dükkâle’de (Dekkâle) kadılık yaptı.
Mağrib’de kıtlığın hüküm sürdüğü 776 (1374) yılında memleketine dönen İbn Kunfüz bir yıl kaldıktan sonra tekrar seyahate çıkarak Tunus’a gitti. İbn Arefe el-Vergammî, Ebü’l-Hasan Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Batarnî ve Ebû Mehdî Îsâ el-Gubrînî’den fıkıh tahsil etti. Burada ne kadar kaldığı bilinmemekle birlikte kendisi İbn Arefe ile 802’de (1400) karşılaştığını kaydetmektedir (el-Vefeyât , s. 379). Ancak bu tarihe kadar Tunus’ta sürekli kalmadığı, zaman zaman memleketine gidip geldiği anlaşılmaktadır. Zira Ünsü’l-faḳīr ve ʿizzü’l-ḥaḳīr ’in başında eserini 787’de (1385) Kostantîne’de yazmaya başladığını belirttiği gibi verdiği bir fetvanın sonunda da 792’de (1390) Kostantîne’de yazıldığı kaydı bulunmaktadır (Venşerîsî, el-Miʿyârü’l-muʿrib , V, 54).
İbn Kunfüz Hafsîler’in yönetimindeki Kostantîne’de kadılık, müftülük ve hatiplik yaptı. Vefatına kadar bu görevler yanında öğretim ve telif faaliyetlerini de yürüttü. Kaynakların çoğunda vefat tarihi 810 (1407) olarak verilmekle birlikte Ebû Abdullah Muhammed b. Ahmed ez-Zerkeşî 12 Rebîülevvel 809’da (27 Ağustos 1406) öldüğünü belirtir (Abbas b. İbrâhim, II, 225).
Başta fıkıh olmak üzere tarih, biyografi, matematik ve astronomi gibi çeşitli dallarda kendini yetiştiren İbn Kunfüz, Mâlikî olduğu halde şer‘î delillerden kıyası kabul etmediğini gösteren bir şiiri nakledilmektedir (İbnü’l-Kādî, Dürretü’l-ḥicâl , I, 123; Abbas b. İbrâhim, II, 225). Bu şiiri yazmasında, kıyası ve taklidi reddeden Muvahhidî hareketine ilgi duymasının ve ayrıca kendisini önemli görevlere getiren Hafsîler’in bu harekete olan yakınlığının önemli rolü bulunmalıdır.
İbn Kunfüz, günümüzde özellikle matematikçiliğiyle de gündeme gelerek çeşitli araştırmalara konu olmuş, Y. Guergour, Les écrits mathématiques d’Ibn Qunfudh al-Qasanṭīnī adıyla bir doktora tezi hazırlamıştır (Cezayir 1990). İbn Kunfüz’ün matematiğe dair eserlerinde kökler ve cebir denklemlerini ifadede kullandığı semboller ve polinominalleri gösterme biçimi dikkat çeken hususlar olarak gösterilir. Yakın zamanda yapılan araştırmaların ortaya koyduğu üzere bu sembolizm her ne kadar XII. yüzyıl sonları yahut XIII. yüzyıl başlarından itibaren kullanılmaya başlanmışsa da İbn Kunfüz’ün öğrencileri tarafından yaygınlaştırılmış ve zamanla bütün Mağrib-i Aksâ’da yapılan matematik çalışmalarında esas alınmıştır. Onun eserlerinde kayda değer bir başka husus da kendisinden önce İbn Bedr’in yaptığı gibi sıfıra eşit denklem üzerinde işlem yapması ve burada sembolleri kullanma biçimiyle cebire bir yenilik getirmiş olmasıdır (Guergour, s. 428-429).
Eserleri. İbn Kunfüz fıkıh, fıkıh usulü, tarih, biyografi, astronomi, astroloji, tıp, matematik, mantık, aruz ve nahiv alanlarında 807 (1405) yılına kadar yazdığı yirmi yedi eserin adını Şerefü’ṭ-ṭâlib fî esne’l-meṭâlib adlı kitabının sonunda verdiği bir listede sıralamıştır. Bu listede yer almayan dört eseri muhtemelen daha sonra yazmıştır. Onun başlıca eserleri şunlardır:
1. el-Vefeyât . İbn Kunfüz’ün İbn Ferah el-İşbîlî’nin (ö. 699/1300) el-Ḳaṣîdetü’l-ġazeliyye fî elḳābi’l-ḥadîs̱ (Manẓûmetü İbn Feraḥ, Ġarâmî ṣaḥîḥ) adlı hadis usulüne dair yirmi beyitlik manzumesini şerhettiği Şerefü’ṭ-ṭâlib fî esne’l-meṭâlib ’e (yazmaları için bk. Şerefü’ṭ-ṭâlib [nşr. Muhammed Haccî], neşredenin girişi, s. 4) zeyil olarak yazdığı bu eserin çeşitli neşirleri yapılmıştır (nşr. Mevlevî Muhammed Hidâyet Hüseyin, Kalküta 1911; nşr. Henri Pérès, Kahire 1939; Âdil Nüveyhiz, Beyrut 1971; Şerefü’ṭ-ṭâlib fî esne’l-meṭâlib adıyla nşr. Muhammed Haccî, Rabat 1396/1976 [Elfü sene mine’l-vefeyât fî s̱elâs̱eti kütüb içinde]; nşr. Muhammed Haccî, Beyrut 1417/1996 [I-II, Mevsûʿatü aʿlâmi’l-Maġrib içinde]). İbnü’l-Kādî el-Miknâsî esere, Laḳṭü’l-ferâʾid adıyla 700-1009 (1300-1600) yıllarını içeren bir zeyil yazmış ve bu iki eser Ahmed b. Yahyâ el-Venşerîsî’nin 701-912 (1301-1506) yılları arasını ihtiva eden Vefeyât ’ı ile birlikte Muhammed Haccî tarafından Elfü sene mine’l-vefeyât fî s̱elâs̱eti kütüb adıyla yayımlanmıştır (Rabat 1396/1976). Vezir Muhammed b. Ali (Îsâ) el-Kaştâlî el-Kâtib, İbn Kunfüz’ün kitabını el-Memdûd ve’l-maḳṣûr min s̱ena’s-Sulṭân el-Manṣûr adıyla nazma çekmiş ve 1000 (1591) yılına kadar getirmiştir.
2. Vesîletü’l-İslâm bi’n-nebî ʿaleyhi’ṣ-ṣalâtü ve’s-selâm . Siyere dair muhtasar bir kitaptır (nşr. Süleyman es-Sîd, Beyrut 1404/1984).
3. Ünsü’l-faḳīr ve ʿizzü’l-ḥaḳīr . Mağrib-i Aksâ’da yaptığı seyahatleri, sûfî Ebû Medyen ile onun öğrencileri ve burada karşılaştığı ilim ve tasavvuf ehlinin biyografileriyle ilgili olup bu eserin girişinde velînin özellikleri konusunda bilgi vermiştir. Kitap ayrıca müellifin döneminde gerek memleketinde gerekse Mağrib’de meydana gelen bazı önemli olayları da içerir (nşr. Muhammed el-Fâsî – Adolphe Faure, Rabat 1965).
4. el-Fârisiyye fî mebâdiʾi’d-devleti’l-Ḥafṣiyye . Doğu Cezayir’de hüküm süren Hafsîler Devleti’nin tarihini anlatan eser, 1394-1434 yılları arasında hükümdarlık yapan Ebû Fâris el-Merînî’ye ithaf edilmiştir. Çeşitli neşirleri yapılan eserin (Paris 1263/1847; nşr. R. Brunschvig, Tunus 1351/1932; nşr. H. Pérès, Cezayir 1939; nşr. Muhammed eş-Şâzelî en-Neyfer – Abdülmecîd et-Türkî, Tunus 1968) bazı kısımları Auguste Cherbonneau tarafından Fransızca tercümesi ve açıklamalarıyla birlikte Journal Asiatique ’te yayımlanmıştır (“Histoire de la dynastie des Benī-Ḥafṣ, par Abou’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad el-Kātib”, seri 4, XII [1848], s. 237-258; “Extrait de la Farésiade, ouvrage d’Abou’l-ʿAbbās Aḥmad el-Kātib”, seri 4, XIII [1849], s. 185-211; “La Farésiade ou commencement de la dynastie des Benī-Ḥafṣ”, seri 4, XVII [1851], s. 51-84).
5. Ḥaṭṭu’n-niḳāb ʿan vücûhi aʿmâli’l-ḥisâb . İbnü’l-Bennâ’nın Telḫîṣu aʿmâli’l-ḥisâb adlı eserinin şerhidir (Rabat, el-Hizânetü’l-âmme, nr. 531, 2429; Temgrût Dârü’l-kütübi’n-Nâsıriyye, nr. 831/3).
6. et-Telḫîṣ (et-Temḥîṣ) fî şerḥi’t-Telḫîṣ . Bir önceki eserin muhtasarıdır (Dârü’l-kütübi’n-Nâsıriyye, nr. 1753/4).
7. Mebâdiʾü’s-sâlikîn fî şerḥi Recezi İbn Yâsemîn . İbn Yâsemîn’in cebire dair eserinin şerhi olup Y. Guergour tarafından neşredilmiştir (Dirâse ʿan İbn Kunfüẕ ve taḥḳīḳi şerḥihî li-Urcûzeti İbn Yâsemîn el-cebriyye , Cezayir 1986).
8. Teysîrü’l-meṭâlib fî taʿdîli’l-kevâkib (Rabat, el-Hizânetü’l-âmme, nr. 512; Rabat, el-Hizânetü’l-melekiyye, nr. 5262).
9. Taḥṣîlü’l-menâḳıb ve tekmîlü’l-meʿârib . Bir önceki eserin şerhidir (Rabat, el-Hizânetü’l-âmme, nr. 512).
10. Şerḥu’l-Manẓûmeti’l-ḥisâbiyye fi’l-ḳażâye’n-nücûmiyye (Şerḥu Urcûzeti’l-Ḳayrevânî) . Ebü’l-Hasan Ali b. Ebü’r-Ricâl el-Kayrevânî’nin astrolojiye dair eserinin şerhidir. İbn Kunfüz eserin girişinde, kendisi astrolojinin doğruluğuna inanmadığı halde bu eserin astrolojinin kurallarının çoğunu ihtiva ettiği için astrologlarca kabul edilen ilmî metoda göre manzumeyi şerhetmeye karar verdiğini belirtir. Birçok nüshası bulunan eserin (Sezgin, VII, 188) Türkiye kütüphanelerinde dört nüshasının varlığı bilinmektedir (Süleymaniye Ktp., Esad Efendi, nr. 1996, Lâleli, nr. 2737, Hacı Mahmud Efendi, nr. 4263; Emel Esin Ktp., nr. 217).
11. el-Ḳunfüẕiyye fî ibṭâli’d-delâleti’l-felekiyye (Ziriklî eserin Dımaşk’ta bir nüshasının mevcut olduğunu belirtir; bk. el-Aʿlâm, I, 117).
12. Tuḥfetü’l-vârid fi’ḫtiṣâṣi’ş-şeref min ḳıbeli’l-vâlid (Brockelmann, GAL Suppl. , II, 341).
13. Ṭabaḳātü ʿulemâʾi Ḳosanṭîne (Âdil Nüveyhiz, bir nüshası Kostantîne’de özel bir kütüphanede, diğer bir nüshası Cezayir şehrinde bulunan eseri neşre hazırlamakta olduğunu belirtmektedir, el-Vefeyât , neşredenin girişi, s. 17).
14. Fetvâ . Paylaşıma elverişli bir malın sahiplerinden gaip bulunan ortağın payının kadı tarafından satılmasıyla ilgili olup 792 (1390) yılında Kostantîne’de verilen bu fetvanın tamamı Venşerîsî tarafından nakledilmiştir (el-Miʿyârü’l-muʿrib , V, 49-54).
İbn Kunfüz’ün bizzat kendisi tarafından zikredilen diğer eserleri de şunlardır: Taḳrîbü’d-delâle fî şerḥi’r-Risâle (İbn Ebû Zeyd’in er-Risâle ’sinin şerhi olup dört cilttir); el-Lübâb fi’ḫtiṣâri’l-Cellâb ; Muʿâvenetü’r-râʾiż fî mebâdi’l-ferâʾiż (Şerḥu’l-Urcûzeti’t-Tilmisâniyye fi’l-ferâʾiż) ; Îżâḥu’l-meʿânî fî beyâni’l-mebânî (Ebû Abdullah Muhammed b. Abdurrahman el-Merrâküşî’nin mantık ilmine dair manzum eserinin şerhidir); Telḫîṣu’l-ʿamel fî şerḥi’l-Cümel (Hunecî’nin el-Cümel fi’l-manṭıḳ adlı eserinin şerhidir); Envârü’s-saʿâde fî uṣûli’l-ʿibâde (“İslâm beş temel üzerine kurulmuştur” meâlindeki hadisin şerhi olup beş temelden her biri hakkında kırk hadis ve kırk mesele zikredilmiştir); Hidâyetü’s-sâlik fî beyâni Elfiyyeti İbn Mâlik ; el-Mesâfetü’s-seniyye fi’ḫtiṣâri’r-Rihleti’l-ʿAbderiyye ; Sirâcü’s̱-s̱iḳāt fî ʿilmi’l-evḳāt ; Teshîlü’l-ʿibâre fî taʿdîli’s-seyyâre ; Ünsü’l-ḥabîb ʿinde ʿaczi’ṭ-ṭabîb ; Viḳāyetü’l-müvaḳḳit ve nikâyetü’l-münekkit ; Basṭü’r-rumûzü’l-ḫafiyye fî şerḥi ʿArûżi’l-Ḫazreciyye ; el-İbrâhîmiyye fî mebâdi’l-ʿArabiyye ; Tefhîmü’ṭ-ṭâlib mesâʾili uṣûli İbni’l-Ḥâcib ; ʿAlâmetü’n-necâḥ fî mebâdiʾi’l-ıṣṭılâḥ ; Buġyetü’l-fâriż li-mine’l-ḥisâb ve’l-ferâʾiż ; Taḳyîdât fî mesâʾile muḫtelifât . Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn ’da (I, 63) İbn Kunfüz’e Urcûze fi’ṭ-ṭıb adında manzum bir eser nisbet edilerek bunun 712 (1312) yılında yazıldığı belirtilirse de tarih bakımından eserin müellife ait olması mümkün değildir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbn Kunfüz, el-Vefeyât (nşr. Âdil Nüveyhiz), Beyrut 1971, s. 379; ayrıca bk. neşredenin girişi, s. 6-19; a.e.: Şerefü’ṭ-ṭâlib fî esne’l-meṭâlib (nşr. Muhammed Haccî, Elfü sene mine’l-vefeyât fî s̱elâs̱eti kütüb içinde), Rabat 1396/1976, s. 81, 83-89, 91-93; ayrıca bk. neşredenin girişi, s. 4.
Sehâvî, eḍ-Ḍavʾü’l-lâmiʿ , I, 279.
Venşerîsî, Vefeyât (Elfü sene mine’l-vefeyât içinde, nşr. Muhammed Haccî), Rabat 1396/1976, s. 136.
a.mlf., el-Miʿyârü’l-muʿrib (nşr. Muhammed Haccî), Beyrut 1401/1981, V, 49-54.
İbnü’l-Kādî, Laḳṭü’l-ferâʾid (nşr. Muhammed Haccî, Elfü sene mine’l-vefeyât içinde), Rabat 1396/1976, s. 236.
a.mlf., Ceẕvetü’l-iḳtibâs , Rabat 1973-74, I, 123, 124, 154-155; II, 424.
a.mlf., Dürretü’l-ḥicâl , I, 121-123.
Rûdânî, Ṣılatü’l-ḫalef bi-mevṣûli’s-selef (nşr. Muhammed Haccî), Beyrut 1408/1988, s. 182.
Selâvî, el-İstiḳṣâ , IV, 83.
Brockelmann, GAL , II, 241; Suppl. , I, 401; II, 341, 364.
Îżâḥu’l-meknûn , I, 133, 189, 262, 310; II, 153, 706, 713.
Hediyyetü’l-ʿârifîn , I, 117; II, 269.
Sezgin, GAS , VII, 187-188.
Abbas b. İbrâhim, el-İʿlâm , II, 224-225.
M. Âbid el-Fâsî, Fihrisü maḫṭûṭâti Ḫizâneti’l-Ḳaraviyyîn , Dârülbeyzâ 1400/1980, II, 210-211.
Hifnâvî, Taʿrîfü’l-ḫalef bi-ricâli’s-selef , Beyrut 1402/1982, I, 32-37.
Abdülhay el-Kettânî, Fihrisü’l-fehâris , II, 323.
Ziriklî, el-Aʿlâm (Fethullah) , I, 117.
Muhammed el-Menûnî, Delîlü maḫṭûṭâti Dâri’l-kütübi’n-Nâṣıriyye bi-Temgrût , Muhammediye 1405/1985, s. 64, 109.
H. Suter, Beiträge zur Geschichte der Mathematik und Astronomie im Islam (ed. Fuat Sezgin), Frankfurt 1986, I, 170-171.
M. Hadj-Sadok, “Ibn Ḳunfud̲h̲”, EI2 (İng.) , III, 843-844.
Hasan Yûsufî Eşkûrî, “İbn Ḳunfüẕ”, DMBİ , IV, 488-490.
Y. Guergour, “Ibn Qunfudh”, Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures (ed. Helaine Selin), Dordrecht 1997, s. 428-429.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1999 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 20. cildinde, 143-144 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.