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İBN MÂLİK et-TÂÎ Skip to content Ebû Abdillâh Cemâlüddîn Muhammed b. Abdillâh b. Mâlik et-Tâî el-Endelüsî el-Ceyyânî (ö. 672/1274)
el-Elfiyye adlı eseriyle tanınan gramer, sözlük ve kıraat âlimi.
600’de (1204) Kurtuba (Córdoba) civarındaki Ceyyân’da (Jaén) dünyaya geldi. Bazı kaynaklarda doğum tarihi olarak 598 (1202), 601 (1205) ve 602 (1206) yılları da verilmektedir. İspanya’nın fethinden sonra Kurtuba, İşbîliye (Sevilla) ve Mürsiye (Murcia) bölgelerine yerleşen Tay kabilesine mensup olduğu için Tâî nisbesiyle anılır. İbn Mâlik Ceyyân’da Sâbit b. Hıyâr, Ebû Rezîn el-Külâî, Ebü’l-Abbas Ahmed b. Nüvvâr ve Muhammed el-Merşânî gibi âlimlerden dil ve kıraat dersleri aldı. Bir süre Ebû Ali Şelevbîn’in dil derslerini dinledi. Endülüs’teki siyasî istikrarsızlık ve sosyal çalkantılar sebebiyle otuz yaşlarında Kuzey Afrika’ya göç eden İbn Mâlik daha sonra hacca gitti. Dönüşte Dımaşk’a uğradı ve burada muhaddis Ebü’l-Hasan Alemüddin es-Sehâvî, Ebü’l-Fazl Mükerrem ve Ebû Sâdık Hasan b. Sabbâh’ın derslerine katıldı. Bu sırada Dımaşk’ta bulunan dil âlimi Cemâleddin İbnü’l-Hâcib’den de istifade etti. Ardından gittiği Halep’te Ebü’l-Bekā İbn Yaîş ile öğrencisi İbn Amrûn’un derslerinde bulundu.
İbn Mâlik, öğrenimini tamamladıktan sonra Halep’te Sultâniyye ve Âdiliyye medreselerinde dil ve kıraat dersleri verdi. Bu dersleri gittiği Hama’da da sürdürdü. Bir müddet sonra Dımaşk’a dönerek buraya yerleşti. Endülüs’ten gelen âlimler gibi Mâlikî iken Şâfiî mezhebine geçen İbn Mâlik, hayatının sonuna kadar dil ve kıraat dersleri vermeye ve eser yazmaya devam etti. Birçok eserini şerheden ve İbnü’n-Nâzım diye tanınan oğlu Bedreddin Muhammed ile Bedreddin İbn Cemâa, fıkıh âlimi Ebû Zekeriyyâ en-Nevevî, hadis âlimi Ebü’l-Hüseyin Ali b. Muhammed el-Yûnînî ve şair Bahâeddin İbnü’n-Nehhâs öğrencileri arasında zikredilebilir. 12 Şâban 672’de (21 Şubat 1274) Dımaşk’ta vefat etti ve Kāsiyûn dağının eteklerindeki mezarlığa defnedildi. Öğrencisi Bahâeddin İbnü’n-Nehhâs el-Halebî ile Şerefeddin el-Hasnî onun hakkında mersiyeler kaleme almışlardır (Süyûtî, I, 134-137).
Arap dilinin inceliklerine vâkıf olmak hususunda büyük gayret sarfeden İbn Mâlik şöhreti Sîbeveyhi’yi aşmış büyük bir dil âlimidir. Arap dili ve grameri yanında lugat ve kıraat ilminde de otorite sayılırdı. Gramer ve lugata dair meselelerde zikrettiği örnek beyitler âlimlerin takdirini kazanmıştır. Gramer meselelerinde Kur’an’dan sonra hadisleri ilk defa yoğun ve sistemli bir şekilde örnek olarak kullanması Arap gramerinde yeni bir çığırın açılmasına vesile olmuştur (Tâhâ Muhsin, XXXV/1 [1984], s. 236-237). İbn Mâlik’ten önce gramer kuralları anlatılırken Kur’an’dan ve 150 (767) yılından önce yazılan şiirlerden örnek veriliyor, hadisler örnek olarak kullanılmıyordu. Öte yandan İbn Mâlik, karmaşık gramer meselelerini sade bir dille anlatarak Arap gramerinin öğretiminde büyük kolaylık sağlamıştır. Aynı zamanda şair olan İbn Mâlik, gramer ve lugata dair çok sayıda didaktik manzume kaleme almıştır. Basra ve Kûfe dil mekteplerinden etkilenmekle birlikte bunlara bağlı kalmamış, zaman zaman birine veya her ikisine muhalefet ettiği gibi bazan iki mektebin görüşlerini uzlaştırmış, bazan her ikisinde de olmayan görüşler ileri sürmüştür.
Eserleri. A) Gramer. 1. Teshîlü’l-Fevâʾid ve tekmîlü’l-Maḳāṣıd . Müellifin el-Fevâʾid ve el-Maḳāṣıd adlı eserlerinin sade bir dille genişletilmiş şeklidir (nşr. M. Kâmil Berekât, Kahire 1387/1967). Eser üzerine başta müellifin şerhi olmak üzere otuz kadar şerh yazılmıştır. Bunların en meşhuru İbn Akīl’in el-Müsâʿid ʿalâ Teshîli’l-Fevâʾid ’idir (nşr. M. Kâmil Berekât, I-II, Mekke 1980). Abdülfettâh Ebü’l-Fütûh İbrâhim, el-Mesâʾilü’l-ḫilâfiyye ve ʿalâḳatühâ bi’l-lehecâti’l-ʿArabiyye fî Kitâbi’t-Teshîl li’bn Mâlik adlı kitabında (Kahire 1990) eserdeki ihtilâflı meselelerin Arap lehçeleriyle ilgisini incelemiştir.
2. Şerḥu’t-Teshîl . Bir önceki eserin şerhidir (nşr. Abdurrahman es-Seyyid – Muhammed el-Mahtûn, I-IV, Kahire 1410/1990).
3. el-Kâfiyetü’ş-Şâfiye . İbnü’l-Hâcib’in el-Kâfiye ve eş-Şâfiye adlı eserlerinden etkilenerek kaleme alınmış 2757 (veya 2790) beyitlik bir urcûzedir (Kahire 1332/1914).
4. Şerḥu’l-Kâfiyeti’ş-Şâfiye (el-Vâfiye fî şerḥi’l-Kâfiye) (nşr. Abdülmün‘im Ahmed Herîdî, I-V, Mekke 1402/1982).
5. el-Elfiyye (el-Ḫulâṣatü’l-elfiyye, el-Ḫulâṣa ). el-Kâfiyetü’ş-Şâfiye ’nin özetidir. İbn Mu‘tî’nin ed-Dürretü’l-elfiyye fî ʿilmi’l-ʿArabiyye adlı eserinden esinlenilerek nazmedilen eser Silvestre de Sacy tarafından Fransızca’ya çevrilerek metniyle birlikte yayımlanmış (Paris-London 1833), Enrico Vitto tarafından İtalyanca’ya çevrilip şerhedilmiştir (Beyrut 1898). el-Elfiyye ’nin çok sayıda neşri (Bulak 1251, 1306; Tahran 1288; Kahire 1290; Beyrut 1888) ve elliye yakın şerhi mevcuttur.
6. Lâmiyyetü’l-efʿâl (el-Miftâḥ fî ebniyeti’l-efʿâl) . el-Elfiyye ’nin sarf kısmının zeyli olup 114 beyitten ibarettir (nşr. A. H. A. Kellgren, Petersbourg 1864; el-Elfiyye ile birlikte Fransızca tercümesi ve neşri A. Goguyer, Beyrut 1888; nşr. W. Volck, Leipzig 1866). Kahire (1273), Fas (1317) ve Tunus (1329) neşirleri de bulunan eser, müellifin oğlu Bedreddin Muhammed tarafından Şerḥu Lâmiyyeti’l-efʿâl adıyla şerhedilmiştir (nşr. Kellgren, Helsingfors 1854; nşr. Kellgren – Volck, Petersbourg 1864; eserin diğer neşir ve şerhleri için bk. Brockelmann, GAL , I, 362; Suppl. , I, 526).
7. ʿUmdetü’l-ḥâfıẓ ve ʿUddetü’l-lâfıẓ . Nahve dair bir risâle olup müellifi tarafından şerhedilmiştir (nşr. Abdülmün‘im Ahmed Herîdî, I-II, Kahire 1975; I-V, Dımaşk 1402; nşr. Adnân Abdurrahman ed-Dûrî, I-II, Bağdad 1397/1977). Müellif ayrıca esere İkmâlü’l-ʿUmde adıyla bir tetimme yazdığı gibi bunu da şerhetmiştir.
8. Şevâhidü’t-tavżîḥ ve’t-taṣḥîḥ li-müşkilâti’l-Câmiʿi’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ (Allahâbâd 1319/1911; nşr. M. F. Abdülbâkī, Kahire 1957; nşr. Tâhâ Muhsin, Bağdad 1405/1985).
9. el-Fevâʾidü’l-maḥviyye fi’l-maḳāṣıdi’n-naḥviyye (nşr. Vedâd bint Yahyâ Lâl, Mekke 1406).
10. Mesʾeletü teẕkîri “ḳarîb” fî ḳavlihî teʿâlâ “İnne raḥmetallāhi ḳarîbün mine’l-muḥsinîn” (nşr. Abdülfettâh el-Hamuz, el-İklîl , VII/1 [San‘a 1989], s. 211-229; nşr. M. Vecîh Tikrîtî, MMLAÜr. , XVIII/46 [Amman 1419/1998], s. 211-233).
11. Îcâzü’t-taʿrîf fî ʿilmi’t-taṣrîf (Süleymaniye Ktp., Şehid Ali Paşa, nr. 616; Lâleli, nr. 3073/2).
12. Taṣrîfü İbn Mâlik (et-Taʿrîf bi-żarûriyyi’t-taṣrîf) (Dârü’l-kütübi’l-Mısriyye, nr. SYD, 160/1; Süleymaniye Ktp., Şehid Ali Paşa, nr. 2334/3).
13. Tenbîhâtü İbn Mâlik . ʿUmdetü’l-ḥâfıẓ adlı eseri üzerine düştüğü notlardan ibarettir (Ezher Ktp., nr. 137/4).
14. Şerḥu Taḥrîri’l-ḫaṣâṣa fî teysîri’l-Ḫulâṣa . Müellifin el-Elfiyye ’si üzerine kaleme aldığı bir eserdir.
15. el-Minhâcü’l-celî fî şerḥi Ḳānûni’l-Cezûlî . Ebû Mûsâ Îsâ b. Abdülazîz el-Cezûlî’nin el-Muḳaddime (el-Muḳaddimetü’l-Cezûliyye, el-Ḳānûn ve el-İʿtimâd) adıyla tanınan gramere dair eserinin şerhidir (Süleymaniye Ktp., Lâleli, nr. 3450).
B) Lugat. 1. Ẕikru meʿânî ebniyeti’l-esmâʾi’l-mevcûde fi’l-Mufaṣṣal . Zemahşerî’nin el-Mufaṣṣal ’ında geçen isimlerin anlamlarını açıklayan bir eserdir (nşr. M. Vecîh Tikrîtî, MMLAÜr. , XI [Amman 1987], s. 191-214; nşr. Abdülilâh Nebhân, MMMA , XXXIII/1 [Küveyt 1989], s. 122-146).
2. Tuḥfetü’l-mevdûd fi’l-maḳṣûr ve’l-memdûd . 164 beyitlik bir manzume olup (nşr. İbrâhim b. Nâsîf el-Yâzicî, Kahire 1315; nşr. Ahmed b. Emîn eş-Şinkītî, Kahire 1329/1911, el-İʿlâm bi-müs̱elles̱i’l-kelâm ile birlikte; nşr. İmâdüddin Ahmed Haydar, el-Muʿtemed , I/1 [Beyrut 1987], s. 37-65; I/2, s. 23-39) müellifi tarafından şerhedilmiştir.
3. Şerḥu’n-Naẓmi’l-evcez fîmâ yühmez ve mâ lâ yühmez . Ḳaṣîde fi’l-mehmûẕ ve ġayrihâ adlı manzumesinin şerhidir (nşr. Ali Hüseyin el-Bevvâb, Riyad 1405/1984).
4. Risâle (Manẓûme) fîmâ verede mine’l-efʿâl bi’l-vâv ve’l-yâʾ (Kahire 1278, 1310).
5. Vifâḳu’l-mefhûm fi’ḫtilâfi’l-meḳūl ve’l-mersûm (el-Vifâḳ fi’l-ibdâl) . Bir harfi ibdâl gereği farklı olduğu halde aynı anlamı ifade eden kelimelere dairdir (nşr. Bedrüzzamân M. Şefî‘ en-Nîbâlî, Medine 1409/1989).
6. el-İʿlâm bi-müs̱elles̱i’l-kelâm . İlk harfinin üç değişik harekesine göre farklı anlamlara gelen kelimelerle ilgili 2704 (veya 2755) beyitlik urcûzedir. İbn Mâlik’in Halep’te nazmedip Selâhaddîn-i Eyyûbî’nin torunu el-Melikü’n-Nâsır’a takdim ettiği eser Ahmed b. Emîn eş-Şinkītî (Kahire 1329, Tuḥfetü’l-mevdûd ile birlikte) ve Sa‘d b. Hamdân el-Gāmidî (Cidde 1404/1984) tarafından neşredilmiştir.
7. İkmâlü’l-İʿlâm bi-tes̱lîs̱i’l-kelâm . Bir önceki eserin mensur şeklidir (nşr. Sa‘d b. Hamdân el-Gāmidî, I-II, Cidde 1404/1984).
8. el-Elfâẓü’l-muḫtelife fi’l-meʿâni’l-müʾtelife (nşr. Muhammed Hasan Avvâd, Beyrut 1411/1991; nşr. Necât Hasan Abdullah, Mekke 1991).
9. el-İʿtiḍâd fi’l-farḳ beyne’ẓ-ẓâʾ ve’ḍ-ḍâd . Altmış iki beyitlik bir manzumedir. Müellifin şerhiyle birlikte Hüseyin Tural ve Tâhâ Muhsin tarafından neşredilen esere (Necef 1391/1972) yine müellifi tarafından iki zeyil yazılmıştır (Brockelmann, GAL Suppl. , I, 526).
10. el-İʿtimâd fî neẓâʾiri’ẓ-ẓâʾ ve’ḍ-ḍâd . Otuz üç benzer kelimenin anlamlarını inceleyen bir risâledir (nşr. Hâtim Sâlih ed-Dâmin, MMİIr. , XXXI/3 [Bağdad 1980], s. 331-379; Beyrut 1404/1984).
11. Fâʾitü neẓâʾiri’ẓ-ẓâʾ ve’ḍ-ḍâd . Bir önceki eserin zeylidir (nşr. Hâtim Sâlih ed-Dâmin, Beyrut 1404/1984). Müellifin lugata dair Vifâḳu’l-istiʿmâl fi’l-iʿcâm ve’l-ihmâl ile Ḳaṣîde fi’l-mehmûẕ ve ġayrihâ (Süleymaniye Ktp., Şehid Ali Paşa, nr. 2677) adlı iki eseri daha bulunmaktadır.
İbn Mâlik’in kaynaklarda geçen ve birçoğunun yazma nüshası mevcut olan diğer eserleri de şunlardır: el-Ḳaṣîdetü’d-Dâliyyetü’l-Mâlikiyye fi’l-ḳırâʾât , el-Ḳaṣîdetü’l-Lâmiyye fi’l-ḳırâʾât , el-Muḳaddimetü’l-Esediyye (oğlu Takıyyüddin el-Esed için yazdığı nahiv özü), en-Nüketü’n-naḥviyye ʿalâ Muḳaddimeti İbni’l-Hâcib , el-Muvaṣṣal fî naẓmi’l-Mufaṣṣal (li’z-Zemaḫşerî) , Sebkü’l-manẓûm ve fekkü’l-maḫtûm (bir önceki manzumenin mensur hali olmalıdır), Żavâbiṭu Ẓâʾâti’l-Ḳurʾân , el-Farḳ beyne’ẓ-ẓâʾ ve’ḍ-ḍâd , Ḳaṣîde fi’l-esmâʾi’l-Müʾennes̱e , Mesâʾil fi’n-naḥv , el-İrşâd fi’l-farḳ beyne’ẓ-ẓâʾ ve’ḍ-ḍâd , Tuḥfetü’l-iḥẓâʾ fi’l-farḳ beyne’ḍ-ḍâd ve’ẓ-ẓâʾ , Risâle fi’l-iştiḳāḳ , Urcûze fî cümleti’l-ḳasem , Risâle fî baʿżı’ṣ-ṣıyaġ ve meʿânîhâ , eş-Şâfiye şerḥu’l-Vâfiye , S̱ülâs̱iyyâtü’l-efʿâl , Fetâvâ fi’l-ʿArabiyye , Urcûze fi’t-tâʾ ve’ṣ-ṣâd , el-Lâmiyye fî naẓîreti Bânet Süʿâd , Maḳṣadü’s-sâlik (İbn Mâlik’in eserleri için bk. Brockelmann, GAL , I, 298; Suppl. , I, 521-527; el-Elfâẓü’l-muḫtelife , neşredenin girişi, s. 58-86; Vifâḳu’l-mefhûm , neşredenin girişi, s. 8-19; Şerḥu ʿUmde , neşredenin girişi, I, 43-45). Bazı kaynaklarda İbn Mâlik’e nisbet edilen Kitâbü’l-ʿArûż oğlu Bedreddin İbn Mâlik’e aittir. Yine ona izâfe edilen Naẓmü’l-Kifâye fi’l-luġa adlı eser de İbnü’l-Ecdâbî’nin Kifâyetü’l-müteḥaffıẓ ’ının Muhammed el-Hûyî tarafından manzum hale getirilmiş şeklidir.
İbn Mâlik hakkında kaleme alınmış başlıca eserler şunlardır: Abdülmün‘im Ahmed Herîdî, İbn Mâlik ve es̱erühû fi’n-naḥv (Kahire 1968); G. Gānim el-Yenbûavî, İbn Mâlik el-luġavî (Mekke 1399/1979); Muhammed Âdem ez-Zâkî, Es̱erü İbn Mâlik fi’d-dirâsâti’ṣ-ṣarfiyye (Mekke 1400/1980); Fehmî Hasan en-Nemîr, Mesâʾilü’n-naḥvi’l-ḫilâfiyye beyne’z-Zemaḫşerî ve İbn Mâlik (Kahire 1985); Besyûnî Sa‘d Ahmed Leben, Mesâʾil müteḍâribe ʿinde İbn Mâlik (Kahire 1989).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbn Mâlik et-Tâî, Vifâḳu’l-mefhûm fi’ḫtilâfi’l-meḳūl ve’l-mersûm (nşr. Bedrüzzamân Muhammed Şefî‘ en-Nîbâlî), Medine 1409/1989, neşredenin girişi, s. 7-40.
a.mlf., Şerḥu’t-Teshîl (nşr. Abdurrahman es-Seyyid – Muhammed Bedevî el-Mahtûn), Kahire 1410/1990, neşredenin girişi, I, 10-70.
a.mlf., İkmâlü’l-İʿlâm bi-tes̱lîs̱i’l-kelâm (nşr. Sa‘d b. Hamdân el-Gāmidî), Cidde 1404/1984, neşredenin girişi, I, 9-106.
a.mlf., el-Elfâẓü’l-muḫtelife fi’l-meʿâni’l-müʾtelife (nşr. Muhammed Hasan Avvâd), Beyrut 1411/1991, neşredenin girişi, s. 9-98; a.e. (nşr. Necât Hasan Abdullah), Mekke 1991, neşredenin girişi, s. 7-20.
a.mlf., Şerḥu ʿUmdeti’l-ḥâfıẓ ve ʿuddeti’l-lâfıẓ (nşr. Adnân Abdurrahman ed-Dûrî), Bağdad 1397/1977, neşredenin girişi, I, 17-73.
a.mlf., Şevâhidü’t-tavżîḥ ve’t-taṣḥîḥ li-müşkilâti’l-Câmiʿi’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ (nşr. Tâhâ Muhsin), Bağdad 1405/1985, neşredenin girişi, s. 10-44.
a.mlf., el-İʿtiḍâd fi’l-farḳ beyne’ẓ-ẓâʾ ve’ḍ-ḍâd (nşr. Hüseyin Tural – Tâhâ Muhsin), Necef 1391/1972, neşredenlerin girişi, s. 13-24.
a.mlf., Şerḥu’l-Kâfiyeti’ş-Şâfiye (nşr. Abdülmün‘im Ahmed Herîdî), Mekke 1402/1982, neşredenin girişi, I, 5-152.
Kütübî, Fevâtü’l-Vefeyât , II, 284-285.
Safedî, el-Vâfî , III, 359-364.
Sübkî, Ṭabaḳāt , s. 67-68.
İbnü’l-Cezerî, Ġāyetü’n-Nihâye , II, 180-181.
İbn Tağrîberdî, en-Nücûmü’z-zâhire , VII, 243-244.
Süyûtî, Buġyetü’l-vuʿât , I, 130-137.
Taşköprizâde, Miftâḥu’s-saʿâde , I, 136-138.
Makkarî, Nefḥu’ṭ-ṭîb , II, 222-233.
Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 119, 144, 151-155, 205, 405-407, 412; II, 978, 1166, 1170, 1301, 1369, 1536, 1774, 1798, 1800, 1960.
İbnü’l-İmâd, Şeẕerât , V, 339.
Serkîs, Muʿcem , I, 232-234.
Brockelmann, GAL , I, 359-363; Suppl. , I, 521-527.
Hediyyetü’l-ʿârifîn , II, 130.
C. Zeydân, Âdâb (Dayf) , III, 151-152.
Şevkī Dayf, el-Medârisü’n-naḥviyye , Kahire 1968, s. 309-317.
Ömer Ferruh, Târîḫu’l-edeb , VI, 260-270.
Abdülâl Sâlim Mekrem, el-Medresetü’n-naḥviyye fî Mıṣr ve’ş-Şâm fi’l-ḳarneyni’s-sâbiʿ ve’s̱-s̱âmin mine’l-hicre , Beyrut 1410/1990, s. 146-274.
Abdülmün‘im Ahmed Herîdî, “Teʿârużü’l-ârâʾ fî naḥvi İbn Mâlik”, Mecelletü’l-baḥs̱i’l-ʿilmî ve’t-türâs̱i’l-İslâmî , IV, Mekke 1401/1981, s. 181-193.
Tâhâ Muhsin, “el-İstişhâdü’n-naḥvî fî kitâbi Şevâhidi’t-Tavżîḥ ve’t-taṣḥîḥ li’bn Mâlik”, MMİIr. , XXXV/1 (1984), s. 231-250.
Moh. Ben Cheneb, “İbn Mâlik”, İA , V/2, s. 767-768.
H. Fleisch, “Ibn Mālik”, EI2 (İng.) , III, 861-862.
İnâyetullah Fâtihî Nejâd, “İbn Mâlik”, DMBİ , IV, 567-571.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1999 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 20. cildinde, 169-171 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.