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İBN MÜNKIZ Skip to content Ebü’l-Hâris (Ebü’l-Muzaffer) Müeyyidüddevle Necmüddîn Üsâme b. Mürşid b. Alî b. Mukalled b. Nasr b. Münkız eş-Şeyzerî el-Kinânî el-Kelbî (ö. 584/1188)
Münkızoğulları hânedanına mensup emîr, tarihçi ve edip.
27 Cemâziyelâhir 488’de (4 Temmuz 1095) babası Mürşid’in emîri bulunduğu Şeyzer’de doğdu. Babası ve daha sonra onun inzivaya çekilmesi üzerine yerini alan amcası Ebü’l-Asâkir Sultan tarafından, kendilerinin ardından emirlik makamına geçeceği düşüncesiyle iyi bir asker, idareci ve edip olarak yetiştirildi. Hocaları arasında Trablus Dârülilmi’nin başkanı Ebû Abdullah et-Tuleytılî, Ebü’l-Kāsım İbn Asâkir, Abdülkerîm b. Muhammed es-Sem‘ânî, Ebü’l-Hasan Ali es-Sinbisî gibi âlimler bulunmaktadır; İbn Habbûs ve İbnü’l-Hayyât et-Tağlibî gibi şairlerle de yakın ilişkileri vardı. Doğumundan dört yıl sonra Kudüs Haçlı istilâsına uğradı. Bu sebeple çocukluğundan itibaren Haçlılar’la yapılan savaşları yakından takip etme ve onları tanıma imkânı buldu. Amcası Ebü’l-Asâkir Sultan’ın bir oğlunun olması üzerine veliahtlığını iptal etmesine son derecede üzülen İbn Münkız 524’te (1130) Şeyzer’den ayrılıp Dımaşk’a gitti ve Haçlılar’a karşı savaştı; daha sonra da Musul Atabegi İmâdüddin Zengî’nin hizmetine girdi. Haçlı ve Bizans kuvvetlerinin 533’te (1138-39) Şeyzer’i kuşatmaları üzerine onlara karşı düzenlenen askerî harekâta katıldı. Tehlikenin bertaraf edilmesinden sonra şehre giren İbn Münkız, amcası Ebü’l-Asâkir Sultan’ın kendisini rakip gördüğünü anlayınca Dımaşk’a döndü ve Emîr Üner’in hizmetine girip oraya yerleşti. Daha sonra Dımaşklılar’la Haçlılar arasında yapılan savaşlara ve barış görüşmelerine katılarak büyük kahramanlık ve yararlıklar gösterdi. Fakat Üner’in Zengî aleyhine Haçlılar’la iş birliği yapmaya teşebbüs etmesi yüzünden 539 (1144-45) yılında Fâtımîler’in başşehri Kahire’ye gitti ve burada hem halife hem de vezirler nezdinde büyük itibar gördü. Mısır’da on yıl kalan İbn Münkız, siyasî mücadeleler ve saray entrikaları sebebiyle tekrar Dımaşk’a dönüp Nûreddin Mahmud Zengî’nin hizmetine girdi (549/1154). Bu sırada 4000 cilt tuttuğu söylenen kitapları zayi oldu. 552’de (1157) meydana gelen deprem sırasında Münkızoğulları’nın İbn Münkız dışındaki bütün fertleri öldü. Şeyzer’in sahipsiz kaldığını gören Nûreddin’in şehri ele geçirmesinden sonra İbn Münkız, muhtemelen oranın emirliğinde hak iddia etmesinden dolayı onunla ihtilâfa düştü ve Dımaşk’tan ayrılarak Hısnıkeyfâ (Hasankeyf) Artuklu Emîri Fahreddin Karaarslan’ın yanına gitti. Burada 570 (1174-75) yılına kadar Artuklular’ın hizmetinde huzurlu bir hayat yaşayan İbn Münkız edebiyat ve tarihe dair bazı eserlerini yazma fırsatı buldu. Nûreddin Mahmud’un ölümünden sonra Münkızî ailesiyle dost olan Selâhaddîn-i Eyyûbî’nin Suriye’ye gelmesi üzerine Hısnıkeyfâ’dan Dımaşk’a döndü. İbn Münkız’a büyük saygı gösteren Selâhaddin kendisine maaş bağladığı gibi ev ve arazi verdi. Böylece çok maceralı geçen uzun yıllardan sonra sakin ve huzurlu bir hayata kavuşan İbn Münkız 23 Ramazan 584’te (15 Kasım 1188) Dımaşk’ta vefat etti ve Cebelikāsiyûn Mezarlığı’na gömüldü. İbn Hallikân onun Yezîd nehri kıyısındaki kabrini ziyarete gittiğini söyler (Vefeyât , I, 199). Cesaret ve cömertliğiyle tanınan İbn Münkız, asker ve devlet adamlığının yanında çok verimli bir müellif olarak da şöhrete sahipti; şiirleriyle meşhur edip ve şairlerin takdirini kazanmıştı. Divanının bir kısmını kendisinden okuyan İmâdüddin el-İsfahânî ondan övgüyle söz eder. Selâhaddîn-i Eyyûbî de devrin emîrlerinin edibi ve ediplerinin emîri denilen İbn Münkız’ın siyasî ve askerî tecrübelerinden faydalanmak için seferleri ve icraatıyla ilgili konularda fikrini alırdı.
Eserleri. 1. Kitâbü’l-İʿtibâr . Günümüze ulaşan en ünlü eseridir. İbn Münkız bu kitabıyla Arap edebiyatında yeni bir çığır açmıştır. O güne kadar İslâm dünyasında ediplerin kendi biyografilerini yazma geleneği mevcut olmadığı halde edebî nesrin en güzel örneklerinden biri olan Kitâbü’l-İʿtibâr müellifin gençlik ve olgunluk dönemindeki hâtıralarını ihtiva eder ki bir asilzadenin nasıl yetiştirildiğini göstermesi bakımından dikkat çekicidir. Ayrıca bölgenin o dönemdeki kültürel, siyasî, içtimaî ve iktisadî hayatı, Haçlılar ve müslümanlarla aralarındaki ilişkiler, ahlâk ve namus anlayışı, avlanma usulleri, tedavi yöntemleri, savaşlar, savaşlarda kullanılan araç gereçler gibi konularda önemli bilgiler verir. İbn Münkız anlattıklarının birçoğuna şahit olmuş veya bizzat olayların içinde yaşamıştır. Ancak zaman zaman hâfıza yanılması sebebiyle olaylarda ve kronolojide hatalara düştüğü görülmektedir. Kitâbü’l-İʿtibâr ’ı Arap dili ve edebiyatı açısından inceleyen Darko Tanaskovič, İbn Münkız’ın edebî dille halk dili arasında başarılı bir irtibat kurduğunu kaydeder ve eserin bu yönüyle dilciler için taşıdığı öneme dikkat çeker (bk. bibl.). Kitâbü’l-İʿtibâr ’ın neşirleri Hartwig Derenbourg (Paris 1886-1893; Frankfurt 1994), Philip Khuri Hitti (Princeton 1930; Bağdad 1965; Kahire, ts.; Beyrut 1981), Abdülkerîm el-Eşkar (Dımaşk 1980) ve Kāsım es-Sâmerrâî (Riyad 1407/1987) tarafından yapılmıştır. Rubin Mass, eserden seçtiği bazı kısımları Muntaḫabāt min Kitāb al-Iʿtibār li-Usāma Ibn Munqiḏ adı altında İbrânîce çevirisiyle birlikte yayımlamıştır (Jerusalem 1943). Kitabın bu neşirlerden başka çeşitli dillere yapılmış tercümeleri de bulunmaktadır. Fransızca: Hartwig Derenbourg, Souvenirs historiques et récits de chesse (Paris 1895); André Miquel, Des enseignements de la vie: Souvenirs d’un gentilhomme syrien du temps des Croisades (Paris 1983). Almanca: Georg Schumann, Usāma Ibn Munḳidh. Memoiren eines syrischen Emirs aus der Zeit der Kreuzzüge (Innsbruck 1905); Holger Preißler, Die Erlebnisse des syrischen Ritters Usāma Ibn Munqidh (Leipzig 1981; Münih 1985). İngilizce: Philip Khuri Hitti, An Arab-Syrian Gentleman and Warrior in the Period of the Crusades: Memoirs of Usāmah Ibn-Munqidh (New York 1929; Beyrut 1964; Princeton 1987; London 1987); George R. Potter, The Autobiography of Ousama (London 1929). Türkçe: Yusuf Ziya Cömert, İbretler Kitabı (İstanbul 1992). Rusça: M. Salier, Usāma b. Munqid, Kniga nazidania (Petersburg 1922; Moskova 1958). Eser ayrıca Darko Tanaskovič tarafından Sırpça’ya da tercüme edilmiştir (Belgrad 1984).
2. Dîvânü’ş-şiʿr (Dîvânü Üsâme b. Münḳıẕ) . Altı bölüm halinde (gazel, vasf, müleh, medih, edep, risâ) düzenlenen eser yaşanan gerçek hayatla ilgili şiirlerden oluşur. Sadece bir bölümü günümüze ulaşmış olan eser Hartwig Derenbourg (Ousāma b. Munkidh, I. La vie d’Ousama , Paris 1889-1893) ve Ahmed Ahmed Bedevî – Hâmid Abdülmecîd (Kahire 1953; Beyrut 1403/1983) tarafından neşredilmiştir.
3. el-Bedîʿ fî naḳdi’ş-şiʿr (nşr. Ahmed Ahmed Bedevî – Hâmid Abdülmecîd, Kahire 1380/1960; Beyrut 1407/1987).
4. Kitâbü’l-ʿAṣâ . Başta Hz. Mûsâ’nınki olmak üzere meşhur kişilerin asâlarına dair hikâye ve şiirleri, sâlih-âbid kişilerin menkıbelerini ve kendi hayatıyla ilgili bazı olayları ihtiva eder (nşr. M. le Marquis, Paris 1893; nşr. Abdüsselâm Muhammed Hârûn, Kahire 1370/1951, 1392/1973; nşr. Hasan Abbas, İskenderiye 1978; Kahire 1981).
5. Kitâbü’l-Menâzil ve’d-diyâr . 568’de (1172) Hısnıkeyfâ’da tamamlanan eser, Şeyzer ve diğer bazı şehirlerde meydana gelen depremlerle diğer bazı konular hakkında olup eserde şiirlere de yer verilmiştir (nşr. Enes Halidov, Moskova 1961 [tıpkıbasım]; nşr. Şuayb el-Arnaût, Dımaşk 1385/1965; Kahire 1992; nşr. Mustafa Hicâzî, Kahire 1968).
6. Kitâbü Lübâbi’l-âdâb (Kitâbü Lâmiyyeti’l-âdâb) . Siyaset, cömertlik, cesaret, edebiyat, belâgat, hikmet, gençlik ve ihtiyarlık gibi birçok konuyu ele alan edebî bir eserdir. İlk defa bir bölümü el-Muḳteṭaf dergisinde yayımlanmış (Kahire 1908) daha sonra Ahmed Muhammed Şâkir tarafından tam neşri yapılmıştır (Kahire 1354/1935).
7. Telḫîṣu Menâḳıbi’l-ʿÖmereyn li’bni’l-Cevzî . İbnü’l-Cevzî’nin, Hz. Ömer ve Emevî Halifesi Ömer b. Abdülazîz hakkındaki Menâḳıbü ʿÖmer b. el-Ḫaṭṭâb ve Sîretü ve menâḳıbü ʿÖmer b. ʿAbdilʿazîz adlı iki eserinin senetlerini kısmen hazfederek ortaya koyduğu çalışmadır. Her iki eser müstakil olarak yayımlanmıştır (nşr. Zeyneb İbrâhim el-Kārût, Menâḳıbü Emîri’l-müʾminîn ʿÖmer b. el-Ḫaṭṭâb , Beyrut 1407/1987; nşr. Naîm Zerzûr, Sîretü ve menâḳıbü ʿÖmer b. ʿAbdilʿazîz , Beyrut 1404/1984).
İbn Münkız’ın kaynaklarda adı geçen diğer eserleri de şunlardır: et-Târîḫu’l-Bedrî , Feżâʾilü’l-ḫulefâʾi’r-râşidîn , Kitâbü Târîḫi Âli Münḳıẕ , Târîḫu’l-İslâm , Aḫbârü’n-nisâʾ , Kitâbü’t-Teʾessî ve’t-tesellî , Kitâbü’ş-Şeyb ve’ş-şebâb , Aḫbârü’l-büldân , Târîḫu’l-ḳılâʿ ve’l-ḥuṣûn , Ezhârü’l-enhâr , en-Nevm ve’l-aḥlâm , Resâʾilü’s-sâʾil , Ẕeylü Yetîmeti’d-dehr , Mekârimü’l-aḫlâḳ , Kitâbü’l-Ḳażâ .
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbn Münkız, An Arab-Syrian Gentleman and Warrior in the Period of the Crusades: Memoirs of Usāmah Ibn-Munqidh (trc. Philip K. Hitti), Princeton 1987, tercüme edenin önsözü, s. 3-21.
İmâdüddin el-İsfahânî, Ḫarîdetü’l-ḳaṣr (nşr. Şükrî Faysal), Dımaşk 1375/1955, I, 498-547.
Yâkūt, Muʿcemü’l-üdebâʾ , V, 208.
İbnü’l-Adîm, Buġyetü’ṭ-ṭaleb (Zekkâr) , bk. İndeks.
İbn Hallikân, Vefeyât , I, 195-199.
Zehebî, Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , XXI, 165-167.
Safedî, el-Vâfî , VIII, 378-382.
İbn Kesîr, el-Bidâye , XII, 331-332.
M. Şemseddin [Günaltay], İslâm’da Târih ve Müverrihler , İstanbul 1339-42, s. 130-138.
Cl. Cahen, La Syrie du nord , Paris 1940, s. 44-46.
Brockelmann, GAL , I, 389-391; Suppl. , I, 552-553.
N. Elisséeff, Nūr ad-Dīn , Damas 1967, I, 20-22.
Coşkun Alptekin, The Reign of Zangi , Erzurum 1978, s. 4.
a.mlf., Dimaşk Atabegliği (Tog-teginliler) , İstanbul 1985, s. XIX.
Baron Carra de Vaux, Müfekkirü’l-İslâm (trc. Âdil Züaytir), Kahire 1979, s. 129-141.
Ahmed Ramazan Ahmed, er-Riḥle ve’r-raḥḥâletü’l-müslimûn , Cidde, ts., s. 251-265.
Şâkir Mustafa, et-Târîḫu’l-ʿArabî ve’l-müʾerriḫûn , Beyrut 1980, II, 243-245.
Abdurrahman Hamîde, Aʿlâmü’l-coġrâfiyyîne’l-ʿArab ve muḳteṭafât min âs̱ârihim , Dımaşk 1416/1995, s. 378-387.
Tâhir en-Na‘sânî el-Hamenî, Üsâme b. Münḳıẕ , Hama, ts.
Ramazan Şeşen, Müslümanlarda Tarih-Coğrafya Yazıcılığı , İstanbul 1998, s. 119-120.
a.mlf., “Üsâme”, İA , XIII, 119-121.
I. Schen, “Usama Ibn Munqidh’s Memoirs: Some Further Light on Muslim Middle Arabic”, JSS , XVI (1972), s. 218-224.
Darko Tanaskovič, “Autobiografija Usame Ibn Munkıza-Jedinstveni Jezički Spomenik”, POF , XXVI (1976), s. 233-269.
Ign. Kratschkovsky, “Usāma b. Murs̲h̲id”, EI (İng.), VIII, 1047-1048.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1999 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 20. cildinde, 221-222 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.