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İBN TOLUN CAMİİ Skip to content Kahire’de IX. yüzyıla ait cami.
Abbâsîler döneminde Mısır’a vali olarak tayin edilen, daha sonra halifenin eyaletler üzerindeki nüfuzu azalmaya başlayınca bağımsız bir Türk devleti kuran Ahmed b. Tolun tarafından inşa ettirilmiştir. Kahire’nin yanı başında Fustat’ın kuzeydoğusunda yeni kurulan ve Katâi‘ adı verilen merkezde Cebelyeşkür adlı tepe üzerinde bir ulucami şeklinde yaptırılan bina günümüzde Mısır’da esas biçimini koruyan en eski camidir. Arapça kaynaklarda Câmiu (Mescidü) İbn Tûlûn, Türkçe eserlerde Tolunoğlu Camii diye de anılır. İbadet mekânındaki pâyelerden birinin üzerinde yer alan orijinal kitâbe vakfiye metnini ihtiva etmekte ve düz kûfî ile yazılmış olarak binanın tamamlanma tarihini (265/879) vermektedir. Yapıya ait diğer bir kitâbe ise Kahire İslâm Sanatları Müzesi’nde bulunmaktadır. Makrîzî caminin bu tarihten üç yıl önce yapılmaya başlandığını belirtir. Daha sonra 470’te (1077) Fâtımî Halifesi Müstansır-Billâh ve 696’da (1296-97) Memlük Sultanı Lâçin tarafından camide önemli tamirat yapılmıştır.
Tamamen tuğla ile inşa edilmiş olan İbn Tolun Camii, mimarisi ve tezyinatının büyük bir kısmı ile Abbâsî geleneğini ve özellikle Sâmerrâ üslûbunu devam ettirir. Yapı, etrafı duvarlarla çevrili 161,5 × 162,25 m. ölçülerinde bir dış avlunun kıble yönünde yer almaktadır. Cami, ortada yaklaşık 92,00 × 92,00 m. ölçüsünde kare bir avlu ve bu avluyu çevreleyen neflerden meydana gelmiştir. Kıble yönündeki harim kısmında mihraba paralel beş nef, diğer üç yönde ise avluya paralel ikişer neften oluşan revaklar vardır. Üzerleri ahşap tavanla örtülü olan revaklarda, köşeleri taş örgülü sütunlarla yumuşatılmış dikdörtgen pâyeler sivri kemerlerle birbirine bağlanmıştır. Sütunçelerin çan biçimli başlıkları değişik kompozisyonlara sahiptir. Kemerlerin içleri ve yan yüzeyleri çeşitli kompozisyonlarda oyulmuş alçı süslemelerle zenginleştirilmiştir. Caminin ahşap tavan silmesi üzerinde sade bir kûfî ile çeşitli âyetler yazılıdır. Cami ve dış avlu duvarlarının üstü değişik geçmeli bir mazgal dizisiyle sonuçlanmaktadır. İçeride asıl mihrabın önü mukarnaslarla geçişi sağlanan onaltıgen kasnaklı ahşap bir kubbe ile örtülmüştür. Tek nefi kesen bu kubbe Memlük Sultanı Lâçin zamanında yapılan onarımda ilâve edilmiştir.
Kıble yönünde dört kapısı bulunan cami doğu ve batıda yedişer, kuzeyde ise beş kapı ile dış avluya, dış avlu da bir kapı ile kıble yönüne, doğu ve batıda altışar, kuzeyde yedi kapı ile dışa açılmaktadır. Bu kapılardan, cami hariminde kıble duvarına yakın ikişer kapı ile dış avlu duvarının köşelerindeki ikişer kapı dışında diğer on beş kapı karşılıklı olarak yerleştirilmiştir (Fattal, plan 2). Cami dışında Dârülimâre (el-Meydân) adı verilen saray yer almaktaydı ve İbn Tolun da mihrabın yanındaki bir kapı ile doğrudan ibadet mekânına girebilmekteydi.
Cami duvarının üst kısmında sütunçelerle çevrili sivri kemerli pencereler açılmıştır. Dış duvardaki pencerelerin arasında istiridye kabuğu biçiminde dolguları olan sağır nişler yer alır. Aynı düzen Amr b. Âs Camii’nin duvarlarında da görülmekte ve IX. yüzyıla ait bir eklemeye atfedilmektedir. Keppel A. Cameron Creswell bu pencerelerden yalnızca, sade geometrik tasarıma sahip dördünü Tolunoğulları devrine ait kabul ederken daha karmaşık geometrik şemalar sergileyen diğerlerini Fâtımî ve Memlük devirlerine tarihlemektedir. Pencerelerin duvardaki yerleşimlerinde revaklar dikkate alınmadığından her kemerin ekseninde bir pencere bulunmamaktadır. Revaklardaki kemerli pencereler taşınan ağırlığı azaltmak ve ışık sağlamak gibi iki görevi yerine getirmektedir.
Avlunun ortasındaki kubbeli şadırvan Sultan Lâçin tarafından XIII. yüzyılın sonlarında ilâve edilmiştir. Aslında ortada tezyinî nitelikte bir çeşme olan fevvâre bulunmakta, fevvârenin kubbesini taşıyan on sütun çevresinde on altı sütun daha sıralanmaktaydı. Bütün sütunlar mermerden yapılmıştı ve yaldızlıydı. Abdest muslukları ise helâların ve hastaların tedavi edildiği bir kliniğin de bulunduğu dış avluda yer alıyordu. Dört tarafı açık, kareye yakın dikdörtgen planlı ve üzeri kubbe ile örtülmüş olan şadırvandaki kitâbe şeridinde abdestle ilgili âyet yazılıdır.
İbn Tolun Camii’nde değişik tarihlerde yapılmış altı mihrap mevcuttur. Bunlardan ikisi kıble duvarında, diğerleri ise mihrap eksenindeki pâyelerde bulunmaktadır. Kıble duvarının ortasında yer alan ana mihrap daha büyük olup diğerlerinden farklı olarak iki yanda kademeli yerleştirilmiş dört mermer sütunla köşeleri yumuşatılmış sivri kemerli derin bir niş şeklinde ele alınmıştır. Sütunlar ve başlıklar camideki yegâne devşirme malzeme olup Bizans parçalarıdır. Mihraptaki alçı silmeler ve kabaralar orijinaldir. Nişin iç tezyinatı Sultan Lâçin tarafından yenilenmiştir. Bu tezyinat üst kısımda boyalı ahşaptan, bunun altında cam mozaikle yapılmış bir kelime-i şehâdet ve en altta renkli mermer levhalardan ibarettir. Kıble duvarında solda yer alan küçük mihrap, süslemesi ve nesih kitâbesiyle erken Memlük dönemi özelliği göstermekte olup büyük bir ihtimalle Sultan Lâçin tarafından yaptırılmıştır. Kıble duvarına paralel üçüncü nefte eksendeki iki pâye üzerinde yer alan iki mihrap, yapıdaki diğer üç mihraba göre daha erken tarihli örnekler olup X. yüzyıla tarihlenmektedir. Sâmerrâ üslûbundaki alçı süslemelerinde rûmîler işlenmiştir. Sağdaki mihrap içinde zincirden sarkan geometrik kompozisyonlu bir madalyon, soldaki mihrapta ise köşeleri sütunçelerle yumuşatılmış sivri kemerli düz bir niş bulunmaktadır. İbn Tolun Camii’ne ait en dikkate değer mihrap, Fâtımî Halifesi Müstansır-Billâh’ın veziri Efdal Şâhin Şah tarafından yaptırılmıştır. Kıble duvarına paralel beşinci nefte sağdaki pâye üzerinde yer alan bu mihrapta halifeye dair mâlûmat içeren süslü kûfî bir kitâbe ve çok gösterişli alçı tezyinat vardır. Yapı içinde bugün mevcut olan mihrap kopya olup orijinali Kahire İslâm Sanatları Müzesi’ndedir. Aynı nefte soldaki pâye üzerinde bulunan diğer mihrap ise iyi korunmamış olmakla beraber Sultan Lâçin’den söz eden kitâbesiyle 1296’da ele alındığı anlaşılmaktadır.
Camide yer alan ahşap minber Sultan Lâçin zamanında yenilenmiş olup devrinin en güzel örneklerinden biridir. Geometrik ajurlu korkuluk kısmı üstte bir, altta iki sıra bitkisel süslemeli bordürle sınırlanmıştır. Minberin yan aynaları tamamen kapalı olup sekiz kollu yıldızlardan gelişen geometrik kompozisyona sahiptir. Yüzeyde oluşan her bir geometrik şekil girift bitkisel, özellikle de rûmîli ve palmetli desenlerle dolgulanmıştır. Sivri kemerli kapı açıklığı üzerinde bitkisel dolgulu bir süsleme vardır. İki satırlık bir kitâbe üzerinde uçları palmet şeklinde sonuçlanan mukarnaslı bir tepelik yer almaktadır. Dört ahşap direğe oturan köşk kısmı, kapı üzerindeki gibi uçları palmet şeklinde sonuçlanan mukarnaslı bir tepeliğe sahip olup üstte ince uzun kasnaklı, armudî şekilli bir kubbecikle son bulmaktadır. Mihrap ekseninde mihraba paralel ikinci sıra pâyelerin arasında geç dönemde ilâve edilmiş, dört mermer sütun üzerine oturtulan ahşap bir müezzin mahfili görülmektedir. Camide bulunan orijinal kapı kanatlarında Sâmerrâ üslûbunda eğri kesim tekniğiyle yapılmış süslemeler vardır.
İbn Tolun Camii’nin minaresi, dış avlunun kuzeyinde mihrap ekseninden hafifçe sola kaymış olarak yer alır. Taşla inşa edilmiş olan minare bu malzemesiyle tuğla yapıdan farklıdır. Geniş kare kaide üzerinde yükselen minarenin merdivenleri dıştan dolanmaktadır. Memlük dönemine ait üst kısmı ise “mebhare” (buhurdan) denilen türde silindirik gövdeli ve dilimli kubbecikle örtülüdür. Sâmerrâ’daki dıştan merdivenli minarelere benzeyen ve bu haliyle orijinal olan minare bir köprü ile camiye bağlanmaktadır. Bu köprü ve minare cephelerindeki kemerler Endülüs tarzındadır. Bunlar muhtemelen Sultan Lâçin tarafından yaptırılan tamir sırasında ele alınmıştır. Sultan Lâçin İslâm fıkhındaki dört mezhebin eğitimini, hatta tıp eğitimini de camiye sokmuştu. Ayrıca bir sıbyan mektebiyle bir sebil yaptırmışsa da bunlar günümüze ulaşmamıştır.
İbn Tolun Camii’nin tezyinatı, Bizans hâkimiyetinden kalan tesirlerin yanı sıra Sâmerrâ üslûbunun etkilerini de kuvvetli bir şekilde gösterir. Orijinal olarak teşhis edilen pencere şebekeleri Şam’da Emeviyye Camii’ndeki şebekelere benzemektedir. Bunlarda görülen daire esaslı geometrik şemalar geç klasik Bizans geleneğinin tipik şemalarıdır. Avlu etrafındaki kemerlerde yer alan çok çeşitli tasarımlar, Sâmerrâ üslûbunda bitkisel dolgulara sahip olmalarına rağmen Bizans geleneğine de bağlanır. Kemerleri çevreleyen alçı şeritlerin de ahşap kapılarda görülen ve Sâmerrâ üslûbu olarak bilinen eğri kesim tekniğinde süslemeleri vardır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Makrîzî, el-Ḫıṭaṭ , II, 265.
Ahmed Yûsuf, Câmiʿu İbn Ṭolûn , Kahire 1917.
Hasan Abdülvehhâb, Târîḫu’l-mesâcidi’l-es̱eriyye , Kahire 1946, s. 32 vd.
K. A. C. Creswell, Early Muslim Architecture , Baltimore 1958, s. 302-316.
a.mlf., “Some Newly Discovered Tulunide Ornamet”, Burlington Magazine , XXXV (1919), s. 180-188.
A. Fattal, Ibn Tulun’s Mosque in Cairo , Beyrut 1960.
Max-Pol Fouchet, L’art de Byzance et de l’Islam , Bruxelles 1979, s. 303-306, 327-328, 398.
Suâd Mâhir Muhammed, Mesâcidü Mıṣr ve evliyâʾühe’ṣ-ṣâliḥûn , Kahire 1981, I, 135-151.
Kâmil İsmâil, Dirâsât es̱eriyye: Mescidü Aḥmed b. Ṭolûn , Kahire, ts. (Mektebetü’l-Enceli’l-Mısriyye).
Oktay Aslanapa, Türk Sanatı , İstanbul 1984, s. 94-95.
Architecture of the Islamic World (ed. George Michell), London 1984, s. 223.
Suut Kemal Yetkin, İslâm Ülkelerinde Sanat , İstanbul 1984, s. 31-32.
D. Behrens-Abouseif, The Minarets of Cairo , Kahire 1987, s. 50-54.
a.mlf., Islamic Architecture in Cairo: An Introduction , Leiden 1989, s. 51-57.
Nûşîn Duht Nefîsî, “İbn Ṭolûn”, DMBİ , IV, 152-158.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1999 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 20. cildinde, 416-418 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.