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İBN TOLUN, Şemseddin Skip to content Ebü’l-Fazl (Ebû Abdillâh) Şemsüddîn Muhammed b. Alî b. Ahmed b. Tolun ed-Dımaşkī (ö. 953/1546)
Tarihçiliğiyle meşhur olan âlim ve şair.
IX. (XV.) yüzyılın son çeyreğinde Dımaşk’ın Sâlihiye semtinde doğdu; ticaretle ve bazı fertleri ilimle uğraşan bir Türk ailesine mensuptur. Dedelerinden Humâreveyh bir memlüktür; annesinin ise İbn Tolun’un kendi ifadesinden Anadolulu bir kadın olduğu ve Anadolu halkının dilini çok iyi konuştuğu öğrenilmektedir (el-Fülkü’l-meşḥûn , s. 27). İlk derslerini babası ile, müftülük ve Dımaşk Dârüladli’nde kadılık yapan amcası Cemâleddin Yûsuf’tan aldı, ayrıca dedesiyle onun anne bir kardeşi Burhâneddin b. Kındîl’den faydalandı. Yedi yaşında hıfzını tamamladı. Küçük yaşta babasını kaybedince Yûnusiye Hankahı’na yerleştirildi. Çeşitli medreselere devam ederek Arap dili ve edebiyatı, fıkıh ve usulü, hadis usulü, kıraat ve mantığa dair bazı temel metinleri ezberledi.
İbn Tolun İslâmî ilimler başta olmak üzere tarih, tıp, hendese, matematik, mûsiki ve edebiyat gibi zamanında okutulan ilimlerin tamamında, bizzat açıkladığına göre otuz sekiz ilim dalında öğrenim gördü ve ayrıca hat meşketti. Gerek hocalarının gerekse onlardan okuduğu ve isimlerini saydığı kitapların sayısı büyük bir yekün tutmaktadır (a.g.e. , s. 28-55). Ders aldığı âlimler arasında Nâsırüddin İbn Züreyḳ, Takıyyüddin İbn Kādî Aclûn, Necmeddin İbn Müflih, Burhâneddin İbn Avn, Şemseddin İbn Ramazan, Celâleddin ed-Devvânî, Ebü’l-Feth el-Mizzî, amcası Cemâleddin İbn Tolun, İbnü’l-Mibred, Süyûtî, Nuaymî ve kendisinden tıp kitaplarını okuduğu Şemseddin İbn Mekkî onun üzerinde en etkili olanlardır. Özellikle İbn Abdülhâdî ve Nuaymî’den çok etkilenmiş, Dımaşk’ın tarihi, coğrafyası ve topografyası hakkında yazdığı kitaplarda bunların eserlerinden büyük ölçüde faydalanmıştır. İbn Tolun, ayrıca Sâlihiye’de İslâmî ilimlerde âlimlik mertebesine ulaşmış kadınlardan Ümmü Abdürrezzâk Hatice bint Abdülkerîm, Ümmü’l-Hasan Fâtıma bint Halîl ve Bintü’l-Kādî İmâdüddin Ebû Bekir’in de öğrencisi olmuştur. Onun her hocasından bir veya birkaç icâzet aldığı, bunların tamamını bir cilt halinde bir araya getirdiği ve bunu Yavuz Sultan Selim’in vefatı üzerine Şam Valisi Canbirdi Gazâlî tarafından çıkarılan isyan sırasında kaybettiği bilinmektedir (a.g.e. , s. 53). Yetiştirdiği öğrencilerin başında Şehâbeddin et-Tîbî, Alâeddin İbnü’l-İmâd, Necmeddin el-Behnesî, İsmâil en-Nablusî ve Zeynüddin İbn Sultân gibi âlimler sayılabilir.
İbn Tolun genç yaşından itibaren, Memlükler’in idaresinde bulunan Dımaşk’ın pek çok medrese, cami, hankah ve zâviyesinde kalfalık, muîdlik, murakıplık, mubassırlık, kütüphane memurluğu, imam-hatiplik ve müderrislik gibi görevler yaptı (a.g.e. , s. 59-69). Osmanlılar’ın bölgeye hâkim olmasından (1516) sonra yeni inşa edilen Selimiye Camii’nde Kur’an okumakla görevlendirildi ve bu görevini ölümüne kadar sürdürdü; 1524 yılında da Ömeriyye Medresesi’nde Hanefî fıkhı okutmaya başladı. Ancak daha sonraları teklif edilen Emeviyye Camii hatipliğini ve Dımaşk Hanefî müftülüğünü yaşının ilerlediğini söyleyerek kabul etmedi. 10 Cemâziyelevvel 953 (9 Temmuz 1546) tarihinde yetmiş yaşının üzerinde iken vefat etti.
İslâm tarihinin en velûd âlimlerinden biri olan İbn Tolun bu yönüyle hocalarından Süyûtî’ye benzer; dinî ilimlerden tıp ve astronomiye kadar öğrenim gördüğü pek çok ilim dalında eser vermiştir. Ancak bunların çoğunu asıl temayüz ettiği tarih ve hadis alanlarında yazdığı görülür. Bizzat kendisi el-Fülkü’l-meşḥûn ’da 726 kitap ve risâlesinin adını saymakta, onun üzerine çalışan araştırmacılar ise bu listeyi başka kaynaklardan derledikleri yeni isimlerle daha da zenginleştirmektedir. Fakat çoğu risâle hacminde olan bu eserlerin büyük kısmı günümüze ulaşmamış veya istifade edilemeyecek şekilde intikal etmiştir. İbn Tolun’un ayrıca çok sayıda şiir yazdığı ve bunları üç ayrı divanda topladığı bilinmektedir. Mevcut kitapları arasında özellikle Şam tarihiyle ilgili olanlar İslâm tarihi ve medeniyeti açısından çok önemlidir. Bu eserlerinde o zamanki medrese, cami, hankah ve zâviyelerle buralarda verilen eğitim üzerine geniş açıklamalarda bulunmuştur.
Eserleri. 1. İʿlâmü’l-verâ bi-men vülliye nâʾiben mine’l-Etrâk bi-Dımaşḳi’ş-Şâmi’l-kübrâ . Dımaşk’ta görev yapan Memlük ve Osmanlı valilerini tanıtan eser, Suriye’de Osmanlı hâkimiyetinin ilk yılları hakkında Memlükler döneminde yetişen tarihçiler tarafından yazılmış az sayıdaki kitaptan biri olması itibariyle önemli bir kaynaktır. Önce M. Henri Laoust tarafından Fransızca tercümesi (Les gouverneurs de Damas sous les Mamlouks et les premiers Ottomans [658-1156/1260-1742] , Damas 1952), ardından Muhammed Ahmed Dehmân tarafından aslı (Dımaşk 1383/1964) yayımlanan kitapta valiler tanıtılırken Dımaşk halkı ve kabileleri, önemli olaylar, yerleşim merkezleri, dağlar ve nehirler hakkında da bilgi verilmiştir. Eser, Memlükler döneminde kullanılan siyasî ve idarî terimleri de ihtiva etmektedir.
2. el-Lemaʿâtü’l-berḳıyye fi’n-nüketi’t-târîḫiyye . Kırk dört kıssadan oluşmaktadır. İlk defa Mektebetü’l-kudsî ve’l-büdeyr müessesesinin aynen neşrettiği eseri (Dımaşk 1348/1929) daha sonra Muhammed Hayr Ramazan Yûsuf tahkikli olarak yayımlamıştır (Beyrut 1994).
3. Müfâkehetü’l-ḫillân fî ḥavâdis̱i’z-zamân . 1479-1520 yılları arasında meydana gelen olayları anlatan kitabın birinci bölümü Memlükler’in son dönemini, ikinci bölümü Osmanlılar’ın Suriye ve Mısır’ı fethini ve buralardaki ilk yıllarını ele almaktadır. Bu geçiş safhası hakkında yazılan nâdir eserlerden olan kitap yıl yıl Suriye-Mısır’la ilgili bütün olaylar hakkında bilgi vermektedir. Richard Hartmann tarafından bazı bölümleri Das Tübinger Fragment der Chronik des Ibn Tolun adıyla Almanca’ya tercüme edilen eseri (Berlin 1926) M. Mustafa Hilmî (I-II, Kahire 1962-1964) ve Halîl el-Mansûr (Beyrut 1998) neşretmiştir.
4. eş-Şüẕûrü’ẕ-ẕehebiyye fî terâcimi’l-eʾimmeti’l-İs̱nâʿaşeriyye ʿinde’l-İmâmiyye . Selâhaddin el-Müneccid tarafından el-Eʾimmetü’l-İs̱nâʿaşer adıyla yayımlanmıştır (Beyrut 1958).
5. es̱-S̱aġrü’l-Bessâm fî ẕikri men vülliye ḳażâʾe’ş-Şâm . Fetihten müellifin zamanına kadar Dımaşk’ta kadılık yapan fakihlerin hal tercümelerini ihtiva eden eseri Selâhaddin el-Müneccid Ḳuḍâtü Dımaşḳ adıyla neşretmiştir (Dımaşk 1956).
6. el-ʿUḳūdü’d-Dürriyye fi’l-ümerâʾi’l-Mıṣriyye (nşr. Selâhaddin el-Müneccid, Beyrut 1965).
7. el-Fülkü’l-meşḥûn fî aḥvâli Muḥammed b. Ṭolûn . Müellif tahsil hayatını anlatırken devam ettiği medreseler, ders aldığı âlimler ve okuduğu kitaplar hakkında geniş bilgi verdiğinden eser aynı zamanda devrindeki geleneksel eğitim konusunda zengin bir kaynak sayılır. Önce aynen basılan eser (Dımaşk 1348), daha sonra Muhammed Hayr Ramazan Yûsuf’un tahkikiyle yayımlanmıştır (Beyrut 1416/1996).
8. Beṣtu Sâmiʿi’l-mesâmir fî aḫbâri Mecnûn Benî ʿÂmir (nşr. Abdülmüteâl es-Saîdî, Kahire, ts.; M. İbrâhim Sâlim, Kahire 1996).
9. et-Temettuʿ bi’l-iḳrân beyne terâcimi’ş-şüyûḫ ve’l-aḳrân . IX (XV) ve X. (XVI.) yüzyıl âlimlerinin biyografisine dairdir (Dımaşk, ts.). İbn Tolun bu eserine bir de zeyil yazmıştır. Ẕeḫâʾirü’l-ḳaṣr fî terâcimi nübelâʾi’l-ʿaṣr adını taşıyan bu zeylin bir nüshası Îsâ İskender el-Me’lûf tarafından tanıtılmıştır (Mecelletü’l-Mecmaʿi’l-ʿilmiyyi’l-ʿArabî , Şubat 1923, s. 33-42).
10. Ġāyetü’t-tibyân fî tercemeti’ş-Şeyḫ Arslan . Şeyh Esed b. Ya‘kūb’un biyografisidir. Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’nde bir nüshası bulunan risâle (Esad Efendi, nr. 1590) Dımaşk’ta yayımlanmıştır (ts.).
11. Ḳaydü’ş-şerîd min aḫbâri Yezîd . Önceki âlimlerin Yezîd b. Muâviye hakkındaki görüşlerini ihtiva eder (nşr. Fâtıma Mustafa Âmir, Kahire 1976; Muhammed Zeynühüm Muhammed Azeb, Kahire 1406/1986).
12. el-Meʿazze fîmâ ḳīle fi’l-Mizze . Şam’ın Mizze semtinin tarihi olup önemli şahsiyetleri, camileri ve mezarlıkları hakkında bilgi verir. İlk neşri tahkiksiz olarak yapılan eser (Dımaşk 1348) Muhammed Ömer Hammâde tarafından yeniden yayımlanmıştır (Dımaşk 1983).
13. el-Ḳalâʾidü’l-cevheriyye fî târîḫi’ṣ-Ṣâliḥiyye (nşr. Muhammed Ahmed Dehmân, Dımaşk 1368-1375). İbn Tolun bu çalışmasını hazırlarken Sâlihiyeli iki tarihçi Ziyâeddin el-Makdisî ve İbn Abdülhâdî’nin kitaplarıyla Abdülkādir en-Nuaymî’nin ed-Dâris fî târîḫi’l-medâris ’inden ve İbn Receb’in Ṭabaḳātü’l-Ḥanâbile ’sinden büyük ölçüde faydalanmıştır.
14. Ḳurretü’l-ʿuyûn fî aḫbâri Bâbi Ceyrûn . Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’nde bir nüshası bulunan eser (Reşid Efendi, nr. 640/3, vr. 108-113) Selâhaddin el-Müneccid tarafından Mecelletü’l-Mecmaʿi’l-ʿilmiyyi’l-ʿArabî ’de yayımlanmıştır (XXXIX/2, [Dımaşk 1964], s. 276-294).
15. eş-Şemʿatü’l-muḍıyye fî aḫbâri’l-ḳalʿati’d-Dımaşḳıyye (Dımaşk 1348/1929).
16. Ḍarbü’l-ḥûṭa ʿalâ cemîʿi’l-Ġūṭa . Şam’ın Gūta bölgesindeki yetmiş köyle buralarda yetişen âlimler hakkında bilgi veren risâleyi önce Seyyid Habîb el-Ḫizânetü’ş-Şarḳıyye ’de (I/39 [1936]), daha sonra Muhammed Esad Talas Mecelletü’l-Mecmaʿi’l-ʿilmiyyi’l-ʿArabî ’de (XXI/3-4 [Dımaşk 1946], s. 149-161; XXI/5-6, s. 236-247; XXI/7-8, s. 338-351) neşretmiştir.
17. Fessü’l-ḫavâtim fîmâ ḳīle fi’l-velâʾim . Ziyafet âdâbıyla ilgilidir (nşr. Nizâr Abâza, Dımaşk 1987).
18. Tebyîżü’ṭ-ṭırs bimâ verede fi’s-semer leyâli’l-ʿurs (Dımaşk 1348).
19. Teşyîdü’l-iḫtiyâr li-taḥrîmi’ṭ-ṭabl ve’l-mizmâr (nşr. Mecdî Fethî es-Seyyid, Tanta 1993).
20. el-Erbaʿûne fî fażli’r-raḥmeti ve’r-râḥimîn (nşr. Seyyid Ebû Âmme, Tanta 1992).
21. et-Taḥrîrü’l-müressaḫ fî aḥvâli’l-Berzaḫ (nşr. Ebû Abdurrahman el-Mısrî el-Eserî, Tanta 1991).
22. Mürşidü’l-muḥtâr ilâ ḫaṣâʾiṣi’l-Muḫtâr . Hz. Peygamber’in hususiyetlerine dairdir (nşr. Bahâ’ Muhammed eş-Şâhid, Riyad, ts. [Mektebetü’l-İmâm eş-Şâfiî]).
23. İʿlâmü’s-sâʾilîn ʿan kütübi seyyidi’l-mürselîn . Resûl-i Ekrem’in yirmi altı mektubunu ihtiva eder. İlk olarak Dımaşk’ta basılan eser (1348/1929), Muhammed el-Arnaût ve Abdülkādir el-Arnaût tarafından yeniden yayımlanmıştır (Beyrut 1983).
24. eş-Şeẕretü fi’l-eḥâdîs̱i’l-müştehire (nşr. Kemal Zağlûl, Beyrut 1413).
25. et-Teveccühü’l-cemîl li-esrâri âyâtin mine’t-Tenzîl . Mustafa Ya‘kūb eseri yüksek lisans tezi olarak hazırlayıp neşretmiştir (Mekke 1405).
26. el-Mesâʾilü’l-müleḳḳabât fî ʿilmi’n-naḥv . Tahkikini Abdülfettâh es-Seyyid Selîm’in yaptığı eseri Mecelletü âlemi’l-kütüb bölümler halinde neşretmiştir (Riyad 1991-1992).
27. el-Menhelü’r-reviy fi’ṭ-ṭıbbi’n-nebevî (nşr. Şeyh Züheyr Osman el-Cuayd, Beyrut 1996).
28. Naḳdü’ṭ-ṭâlib li-zeġali’l-menâṣıb . Resmî kurumlar ve kamu görevleri hakkındadır (nşr. Muhammed Ahmed Dehmân – Hâlid Muhammed Dehmân, Beyrut 1412/1992).
29. Risâle fî tefsîri ḳavlihî Teʿâlâ “İnne İbrâhîme kâne Ḥanîfâ” (nşr. Muhammed Hayr Ramazan Yûsuf, Beyrut 1997).
30. el-Berḳu’s-Sâmî fî taʿdâdi menâzili’l-ḥacci’ş-Şâmî (nşr. Hamed el-Câsir, Mecelletü’l-ʿArab , XXVII [1396/1976], s. 869-905).
31. Tuḥfetü’ṭ-ṭâlibîn (nşr. Câbir es-Seyyid Mübârek, el-Mevrid , XVII/4 [1409/1988], s. 229 vd.).
32. Ḍavʾü’s-sirâc fîmâ ḳīle fi’n-nessâc . O dönemde Dımaşk’ta dokunan kumaşlar hakkında bilgi veren risâle Leylâ Sebbâğ tarafından yayımlanmıştır (Dımaşk 1978).
33. Kitâbü’l-Ġurefi’l-ʿaliyye fî terâcimi müteʾaḫḫiri’l-Ḥanefiyye . Abdülkādir el-Kureşî el-Hanefî’nin el-Cevâhirü’l-muḍıyye fî ṭabaḳāti’l-Ḥanefiyye ’sine zeyil olarak kaleme alınmıştır (Süleymaniye Ktp., Şehid Ali Paşa, nr. 1924).
34. el-İşârât ilâ emâkini’z-ziyârât (İÜ Ktp., AY, nr. 1451, 6309, vr. 1a -21a ).
35. ʿUnvânü’r-resâʾil fî maʿrifeti’l-evâʾil (İskenderiye el-Mektebetü’l-belediyye, nr. 2208, müellif hattı).
Müellifin ayrıca bir cilt içinde toplanmış, tek bir müstensihin kaleminden çıktığı anlaşılan altı risâlesi daha bulunmaktadır (İÜ Ktp., AY., nr. 3755): Risâletü’l-Faḫḫi ve’l-ʿuṣfûr , Risâletü’n-niḥle fîmâ verede fi’n-naḥle , Risâletü’l-mülḥa fîmâ verede fî aṣli’s-sübḥa , Risâletü’l-ḳışri’l-ḥanek fîmâ verede fi’s-semek , Risâletü’t-taʿrîf li-fenni’t-taṣḥîf , Risâletü’l-Ḳarâḳīşi’l-Ḫalîl fîmâ verede fi’l-fîl (eserlerinin bir listesi için bk. Mürşidü’l-muḥtâr , neşredenin girişi, s. 14-25; Selâhaddin el-Müneccid, s. 291-298).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Şemseddin İbn Tolun, el-Ḳalâʾidü’l-cevheriyye fî târîḫi’ṣ-Ṣâliḥiyye (nşr. Muhammed Ahmed Dehmân), Dımaşk 1401/1980, neşredenin girişi, I, 15-36.
a.mlf., Naḳdü’ṭ-ṭâlib li-zeġali’l-menâṣıb (nşr. Muhammed Ahmed Dehmân – Hâlid Muhammed Dehmân), Beyrut 1412/1992, neşredenin girişi, s. 7-18.
a.mlf., Mürşidü’l-muḥtâr ilâ ḫaṣâʾiṣi’l-Muḫtâr (nşr. Bahâ’ Muhammed eş-Şâhid), Riyad, ts. (Mektebetü’l-İmâm eş-Şâfiî), neşredenin girişi, s. 9-25.
a.mlf., el-Fülkü’l-meşḥûn fî aḥvâli Muḥammed b. Ṭolûn (nşr. Muhammed Hayr Ramazan Yûsuf), Beyrut 1416/1996.
Gazzî, el-Kevâkibü’s-sâʾire , II, 52-54.
İbnü’l-İmâd, Şeẕerât , VIII, 298-299.
Brockelmann, GAL , II, 481-482; Suppl. , II, 494-495.
H. Laoust, Les gouverneurs de Damas sous les Mamlouks et les premiers Ottomans , Damas 1952, s. VII-XVI.
Selâhaddin el-Müneccid, Muʿcemü’l-müʾerriḫîne’d-Dımaşḳıyyîn , Beyrut 1398/1978, s. 290-298.
Abdülhay el-Kettânî, Fihrisü’l-fehâris , I, 355-357; II, 289.
C. Zeydân, Âdâb , III, 292.
Ziriklî, el-Aʿlâm (Fethullah) , VI, 291.
Ömer Ferruh, Meʿâlimü’l-edebi’l-ʿArabî fi’l-ʿaṣri’l-ḥadîs̱ , Beyrut 1985, I, 289-305.
Şâkir Mustafa, et-Târîḫu’l-ʿArabî ve’l-müʾerriḫûn , Beyrut 1993, IV, 128-136.
Sâlihiyye, el-Muʿcemü’ş-şâmil , III, 528-532.
Ramazan Şeşen, Müslümanlarda Tarih-Coğrafya Yazıcılığı , İstanbul 1998, s. 341-342.
Îsâ İskender el-Me’lûf, “Ẕeḫâʾirü’l-ḳaṣr fî terâcimi nübelâʾi’l-ʿaṣr”, MMİADm. , III (1923), s. 33-42.
Ahmed eş-Şerebâsî, “İbn Ṭolûn”, Risâletü’l-İslâm , IV/2, Kahire 1952, s. 203-206.
W. M. Brinner, “Ibn Ṭūlūn”, EI2 (Fr.) , III, 982-983.
Muhammed Ali Lisânî Fişârekî, “İbn Ṭolûn”, DMBİ , IV, 148-152.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1999 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 20. cildinde, 415-416 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.