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İBN YÛNUS, Ebü’l-Hasan Skip to content Ebü’l-Hasen Alî b. Abdirrahmân b. Ahmed b. Yûnus es-Sadefî (ö. 399/1009)
Astronomi âlimi ve matematikçi.
Doğum tarihiyle ilgili bir kayıt bulunmamakta, ancak Fâtımîler’in Mısır’ı zaptederek 358’de (969) Kahire’yi kurdukları sırada gençlik çağında olduğu bilinmektedir. Fustat’ta yetişmiş ve hayatını orada geçirmiştir. Ünlü bir aileden gelir; büyük dedesi İmam Şâfiî’nin yakın arkadaşı, babası ise meşhur bir hadis âlimi ve tarihçidir. Naklî ilimlerde tanınmış bir aileye mensup olmasına rağmen aklî ilimlere, özellikle astronomi ve matematiğe ilgi duyan İbn Yûnus’un tahsili ve hocaları hakkında bilgi yoktur. Kişiliği üzerine açıklama yapan kaynaklar, onun astronominin yanı sıra astrolojiyle de yoğun şekilde uğraştığını, vaktinin çoğunu astrolojik kehanetlerle geçirdiğini ve şiir yazdığını kaydetmektedir. Müsebbihî Târîḫu Mıṣr adlı eserinde İbn Yûnus’un dalgınlığı, toplum tarafından tuhaf karşılanan kıyafeti ve davranışlarıyla ilgi çektiğini belirterek 399 Şevvalinde (Haziran 1009) Fustat’ta âniden vefat ettiğini, evinin civarına gömüldüğünü, kitaplarının da kadir bilmez oğlu tarafından tartıyla satıldığını kaydeder (İbn Hallikân, III, 429-431; İbnü’l-İmâd, III, 156-157). Babasının da onu daima bir “müneccim ve sâhir” olarak gördüğü, hatta kendisinden hadis rivayet edilemeyeceğini söylediği bilinmektedir (İbn Hacer, IV, 232-233),
Dönemlerinde yaşadığı Fâtımî halifeleri Azîz-Billâh ile Hâkim-Biemrillâh’ın astronomiye olan ilgileri, İbn Yûnus’un onların destek ve himayelerini kazanmasına yol açmıştır. İlmî şahsiyeti ve ortaya koyduğu başarı, Azîz-Billâh’ın teşvikiyle başlayıp 365-393 (976-1003) yılları arasında kesintisiz sürdürdüğü gözlem ve incelemelerin sonunda kaleme aldığı ve Azîz-Billâh’ın 996 yılında ölümü üzerine tahta çıkan Hâkim-Biemrillâh’a ithaf ettiği ez-Zîcü’l-Ḥâkimiyyü’l-kebîr ’den (ez-Zîcü’l-kebîrü’l-Ḥâkimî ) hareketle belirlenebilmektedir (İbn Hallikân, III, 429; krş. Sayılı, s. 154).
İslâm dünyasında hazırlanmış en kapsamlı astronomi cetvellerinden biri olan ez-Zîcü’l-Ḥâkimî İslâm astronomisinin standart konularıyla uğraşmakta, ancak öteki zîclerden hem müellifin hem de seleflerinin yaptığı gözlemlerin listesini vermekle ayrılmaktadır. Ancak İbn Yûnus, gözlem kayıtlarındaki titiz tutumuna rağmen kendi gözlemlerinde ne tür astronomi aletleri kullandığına dair yeterli açıklama yapmamıştır. Meselâ Fustat’ın enlemini tayin ederken ve gün dönümlerinde güneşin meridyen yüksekliği yardımıyla ekliptik eğimini hesaplarken halife tarafından sağlanan bir aletten faydalandığını söylemekte, fakat hakkında, her dakikalık yayı gösteren derecelendirilmiş bir ölçeğin bulunduğundan başka bilgi vermemektedir. Bu alet muhtemelen büyük bir meridyen halkası idi; yaptığı atıflardan, basit gözlemler için kullandığı öteki aletlerin de bir usturlapla bir gnomon olduğu sonucu çıkarılabilir. Bazı popüler eserlerde onun çok iyi donatılmış bir rasathânede çalıştığı belirtilmekteyse de bilim tarihi verilerine göre o dönemde tam donanımlı bir rasathânenin mevcut olmadığı ve Hâkim-Biemrillâh’ın Kahire’de başarısızlıkla sonuçlanan bir rasathâne kurma girişiminin de İbn Yûnus’un ölümünden sonraki yıllara rastladığı bilinmektedir. İbn Yûnus’un gözlemlerini nerede yaptığı hakkında klasik kaynakların ısrarla belirttiği husus, Hâkim’in Kahire yakınındaki Mukattam dağında bazı astronomi aletleriyle donatılmış bir kasrının bulunduğu ve İbn Yûnus’un da Zühre (Venüs) gezegenini gözlemek için buraya gittiği şeklindedir (İbn Hallikân, III, 420; İbnü’l-İmâd, III, 157). Onun bu hususta zikrettiği yerler ise Karâfe’deki İbn Nasr el-Mağribî Camii ile Fustat yakınlarındaki büyük dedesi Yûnus’un evidir; zîcinin Leiden nüshasına düşülmüş bir not da gözlemlerini Birketülhabeş mevkiinde yaptığını belirtmektedir. O devirde bilindiği kadarıyla Kahire’de Fâtımî halifelerinin kurduğu bir rasathânenin bulunmayışı, gözlemleri gerçekten donanımlı bir rasathâneyi gerektiren İbn Yûnus’un özel bir rasathâneye sahip olup olmadığı sorusunu akla getirmektedir; ancak eldeki bilgilerle bu konuda bir hükme varmak mümkün değildir (Sayılı, s. 148-152).
İbn Yûnus, ez-Zîcü’l-Ḥâkimî ’nin mukaddimesinde Yahyâ b. Ebû Mansûr el-Müneccim’in kendisinden yaklaşık iki yüzyıl önce Bağdat’ta Halife Me’mûn için hazırladığı ez-Zîcü’l-mümteḥan ’ı (Sezgin, VI, 136-137) Mısır coğrafî bölgesi için uyarlama niyetinde olduğunu söylemektedir. Zîcin mukaddimesinden ve dört, beş, altıncı bölümlerinden anlaşıldığı kadarıyla İbn Yûnus, ez-Zîcü’l-mümteḥan ’ın yanı sıra Habeş el-Hâsib, Bettânî ve Neyrîzî’nin zîclerini de incelemiştir; ancak Habeş el-Hâsib’e nisbet ettiği gözlemler ez-Zîcü’l-mümteḥan ’ın mevcut nüshalarında bulunmamaktadır. Eserde bunların yanı sıra Bağdatlı ünlü aile Benî Amâcûr ile Ahmed b. Muhammed en-Nihâvendî, İbnü’l-Ademî, Benî Mûsâ, Ebû Ma‘şer el-Belhî, İbnü’l-A‘lem, Abdurrahman es-Sûfî ve Muhammed es-Semerkandî gibi astronomların zîclerinden de yapılmış iktibaslar yer almaktadır. İbn Yûnus’un gerçekleştirip tanımladığı gözlemler, gezegenlerin birbirleri ve ekliptiğe en yakın noktada bulunan Aslan takım yıldızındaki Regulus yıldızı ile kavuşumları, güneş ve ay tutulmalarıyla ekinoksun belirlenmesi, ekliptiğin eğiminin ölçülmesi ve ayın en büyük enlemine dair ölçümler üzerinedir (DSB , XIV, 575-576).
Seksen bir bölümden oluşan zîcin en uzun kısmını teşkil eden ilk bölümünde İslâm, Kıptî, Süryânî ve Fars takvimleri, tarihleri birbirine çevirme kılavuzuyla birlikte verilmektedir ki bu tür tablolara müslümanların hazırladığı zîclerde pek rastlanmaz. Gezegen boylamları hakkındaki 7 ve 9. bölümler, ortalama hareket ve “ta‘dîl” (equation) cetvellerinden gerçek boylamı hesaplamaya yöneliktir. Fakat bu cetvellerin dayandığı teori tamamıyla Batlamyusçu bir karakter taşır. Ay ve gezegen enlemleri üzerine olan 38. bölümde İbn Yûnus’un en büyük ay enlemini 5° 3′ olarak hesapladığı görülür. Ancak bu konuyla ilgili ölçümleri tekrar tekrar yaptığını ve daima aynı değeri bulduğunu kaydettiği halde bu ölçümleri nasıl yaptığından hiç söz etmemektedir. Bu çerçevede Benî Amâcûr’un en büyük ay enleminin sabit olmadığı şeklindeki fikrini isabetli bulmamıştır. Netice itibariyle Venüs dışındaki gezegenlerin enlem tablolarında el-Mecisṭî’ye dayanmış, Venüs’ün enlemi konusunda da Batlamyus’a nisbet edilen ve İslâm dünyasında el-Ḳānûn fî ʿilmi’n-nücûm ve ḥisâbühâ ve ḳısmeti eczâʾihâ ve taʿdîlihâ (Tabulae manuales) adıyla bilinen eseri esas almıştır. Regulus yıldızının Aslan burcundaki konumunu 15° 55′, sabit yıldızların hareketinin değerini ise 70 ¼ Fars yılında (365 gün) 1° olarak tesbit etmiştir ki bulduğu sonuç doğrudur ve bu konuda hem Hipparkhos’a hem de kendi gözlemlerine dayandığı anlaşılmaktadır.
İbn Yûnus tarafından kullanılan trigonometrik fonksiyonlar açılardan çok yayların fonksiyonlarıdır ve İslâm astronomi çalışmalarında standart olduğu üzere 60’lık yarı çap için hesap edilmiştir. Zîcin 10. bölümü 60’lık sisteme göre dört rakamla gösterilen her 0,10°’lik yay için bir sinüs cetveli ihtiva etmekte, nâdiren dördüncü rakamda iki az veya iki fazlalık hatalara rastlanmaktadır. 1°’nin sinüsü 1, 2, 49, 43, 28 olarak belirlenmiş, daha sonra bu değer 1, 2, 49, 43, 4 olarak değiştirilmiştir ki 1° için sinüsün doğru değeri beşinci rakamdaki -7’lik bir farkla 1, 2, 49, 43, 11’dir. İbn Yûnus, her ne kadar 11. bölümde her 10°’lik yay için 60’lık üç rakamın kotanjant cetvelini vermişse de bu işlemin avantajlarını her defasında kullanmamıştır. Bütün zîc boyunca uyguladığı metotların çoğu sinüslerin kosinüslere bölümünü öngörmektedir. “Zıl” (gölge) adını verdiği kotanjant fonksiyonunu da kullanmış, fakat bunu yalnız bir yükselti yayını konu ettiği zaman yapmıştır.
Zîcin 12-54. bölümlerini oluşturan sferik astronomide İbn Yûnus’un en karmaşık problemlere dahi ehliyetle nüfuz ettiği ve bu konuda çok yüksek bir uzmanlık seviyesi tutturduğu görülmektedir. Her ne kadar sembollerle ifade etmeden sadece tasvirî şekilde ortaya koyduğu yüzlerce formüle nasıl ulaştığını açıklamamışsa da bunların çoğunu Iraklı ve İranlı müslüman bilginlerin geliştirdikleri sferik trigonometrinin kurallarını uygulamadan, daha çok “ortogonal izdüşüm” ve “çizim analemması” metotlarıyla türetmiş olduğu kabul edilebilir. İbn Yûnus, zaman ölçümü ve güneşin yüksekliğinden izdüşüm metoduyla güneş azimutunu belirleme konularında da yoğunlaşmış, ayrıca kıble ve belirli azimutlar için yapılan güneşin yüksekliğine dair ölçümleri cetvel haline koymuş, bu arada kıblenin tayiniyle ilgili meselelere başka müslüman astronomların getirdikleri geometrik çözümleri de özetlemiştir. 26, 27 ve 35. bölümlerde açıkladığı güneş saatine ilişkin teorisi de uzmanca ve girifttir; ayrıca bu teoriden kendisinin hem yatay hem dikey saatlerle ilgili çalışmalar yaptığı anlaşılmaktadır. Zîcin 77-81. bölümleri ise astrolojiyle ilgilidir.
Zîcin günümüze ulaşan 300 varak civarındaki bölümlerinin yazma nüshaları Leiden ve Oxford’da bulunmaktadır (1-22. bölümler Leiden Universitätsbibliothek, Codicum, Or. 143’te, 21-44. bölümler Oxford Bodleian Library, nr. 331’de; ayrıca 1-57. ve 77-81. bölümlerin bazı ilâvelerle yapılmış bir özeti de Bibliothèque Nationale, Ar., nr. 2496’da kayıtlıdır). 1804’te Armand Pierre Caussin de Perceval, Leiden nüshasını esas alarak İbn Yûnus’un gözlem raporlarını orijinal metin ve Fransızca tercüme halinde neşretmiştir (“Le livre de la grand table Hakémite”, Notices et extraits des manuscrits de la Bibliothèque Nationale , VII [Paris 1804], s. 16-240). J. J. Sédillot da Leiden yazmasını çevirmiş, ancak bu çalışma basılmamış, J. B. Delambre tarafından Paris yazması ile birlikte özet bir yayın haline getirilmiştir (Histoire de l’astronomie du moyen âge , Paris 1819; New York-London 1965). Karl Schoy, önce Annalen der Hydrographie und maritimen Meteorologie dergisinde zîcin sferik astronomi ve güneş saati teorisiyle ilgili bölümlerinin tahlil ve tercümesini ihtiva eden bir dizi makale (sy. 48 [1920], s. 97-111; sy. 49 [1921], s. 124-133; sy. 50 [1922], s. 3-20, 265-271), arkasından da başka bir makale ile (ISIS , V [1923], s. 364-399) Gnomonik der araber (Berlin-Leipzig 1923) ve Über den Gnomonschatten und die Schattentafeln der arabischen Astronomie (Hannover 1923) adlı kitapları yayımlamıştır. Eserdeki sferik astronomi üzerine David A. King de Yale Üniversitesi’nde bir doktora tezi hazırlamıştır (1972, The Astronomical Works of Ibn Yūnus ). S. Newcomb, İbn Yûnus’un otuz ay tutulmasıyla ilgili gözlem verilerini esas alan bir çalışma yapmış (“Researches on the Motion of the Moon, part I.”, Washington Observations for 1875 [Washington 1878]), R. Newton, zîcdeki öteki gözlem kayıtlarını Ancient Astronomical Observation and the Acceleration of the Earth and Moon (Baltimore 1970) adlı çalışmasında kullanmıştır.
İbn Yûnus, ez-Zîcü’l-Ḥâkimî ’nin 10. bölümünde eserin bir özetini çıkardığını söylemekteyse de bu çalışma günümüze ulaşmamıştır. Ayrıca XIII. yüzyılda Yemenli astronomi âlimi Ebü’l-Ukūl’ün tertip ettiği Muḫtâr adlı zîcin de (British Museum, nr. 768 [Or., nr. 3624]) İbn Yûnus’un, ez-Zîcü’l-Ḥâkimî ’den önce hazırlamış olduğu anlaşılan ve yine günümüze ulaşmayan bir başka zîcine dayandığı sanılmaktadır. İslâm dünyasında ez-Zîcü’l-Ḥâkimî ’ye dayanan başka zîcler de hazırlanmıştır. Bunların en önemlileri, her ikisi de XIII. yüzyılda Merâga Rasathânesi’nde düzenlenmiş olan Nasîrüddîn-i Tûsî ile Muhyiddin el-Mağribî’nin zîcleridir. Yine aynı yüzyılda Mısır’da da Muṣṭalaḥ adlı bir zîc meydana getirilmiştir (Bibliothèque Nationale, Ar., nr. 2513, 2520).
İbn Yûnus’un ez-Zîcü’l-Ḥâkimî ’den başka günümüze ulaşan veya sadece adları bilinen diğer eserleri de şunlardır:
1. Kitâbü Ġāyeti’l-intifâʿ fî maʿrifeti’d-dâʾir ve fażlihî ve’s-semt min ḳıbeli’l-irtifâʿ . Bu isim, İbn Yûnus’un mîkāt (zaman ölçümü) ilmiyle ilgili cetvellerinin de yer aldığı külliyata sonradan verilmiştir. Ancak XIX. yüzyıla kadar Kahire’de kullanılan bu cetvellerin hangilerinin İbn Yûnus’a ait olduğunu kestirmek zordur; zira bazılarının XIII. yüzyılda yaşamış astronom Maksî tarafından hazırlandığı bilinmektedir (Dublin Chester Beatty Library, nr. 3673; Dârü’l-kütübi’l-Mısriyye, Mîkāt, nr. 108; külliyatın çeşitli bölümlerine ait diğer yazmalar için bk. Sezgin, VI, 231; ayrıca bk. DSB , XIV, 579-580).
2. Kitâbü’l-Ceyb . Sinüs cetvelleri hakkında olup mevcut iki nüshasından biri Berlin’de (Staatsbibliothek, nr. 5752/1), diğeri Dımaşk Dârü’l-kütübi’z-Zâhiriyye’de (nr. 3109) kayıtlı bulunmaktadır.
3. Kitâbü’l-Meyl . Güneşin deklinasyon cetvelleri hakkındadır (Berlin Staatsbibliothek, nr. 5752/2).
4. Kitâbü’t-Taʿdîli’l-muḥkem . Güneş ve aya ait ekuasyon (tâdil) cetvelleridir. Ay cetvellerinin tamamı Kahire Dârü’l-kütübi’l-Mısriyye’de kayıtlıdır (Mîkāt, nr. 29); ayrıca Gotha Forschungsbibliothek ile (nr. A 1410/2) British Museum’da da (Or. 3624) eserin bazı bölümleri bulunmaktadır.
5. Risâle fî ṭarîḳi istiḫrâci ḫaṭṭi nıṣfi’n-nehâr . Pratik astronomiyle ilgili olup tek nüshası Ambrosiana’da (nr. 281 E) kayıtlıdır (Sezgin, VI, 231).
6. Kitâbü Bulûġi’l-ümniyye fîmâ yeteʿallaḳ bi-ṭulûʿi’ş-Şiʿra’l-yemâniyye . İbn Yûnus’un, ayın zodyağın herhangi bir burcunda iken Sirius yıldızının doğuşundan çıkarılabilecek gizli anlamlar ve kehanetler hakkında kaleme aldığı ünlü astrolojik eseridir (Manchester John Rylands Library, nr. 927 [916]; Gotha Forschungsbibliothek, nr. A 1459; Dârü’l-kütübi’l-Mısriyye, Mecâmî‘, nr. 289).
7. ʿAmelü s̱üreyyâ yûḳadü fîha’s̱nâ ʿaşera ḳandîlen feküllemâ meżat sâʿatün mine’l-leyl ṭafiʿa minhâ ḳandîlün . On iki kandilli avize saati üzerine yazılan ve Luvîs Şeyho tarafından el-Meşriḳ ’ta yayımlanan bu risâle (Sezgin, VI, 231) İbn Yûnus’a nisbet edilmektedir; ancak Yûnus el-Usturlâbî’ye ait olma ihtimali de vardır (DSB , XIV, 580). Bu saat düzeneğinde güneş batımıyla bütün lambalar yakılmakta ve on iki saat süreyle her saat başı birinin yağı tükenip sönmektedir (Kennedy – Ukashah, LX [1969], s. 543-545).
8. Kitâbü’ẓ-Ẓıl . Kotanjant cetvellerine dairdir. İbn Yûnus’a namaz vakitleri hakkında bir şiir de nisbet edilmektedir (Dârü’l-kütübi’l-Mısriyye, Mîkāt, nr. 181).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Sâid el-Endelüsî, Ṭabaḳātü’l-ümem , Beyrut 1985, s. 149-150.
İbnü’l-Kıftî, İḫbârü’l-ʿulemâʾ (Lippert) , s. 230-231.
İbn Hallikân, Vefeyât , III, 420, 429-431.
İbn Hacer, Lisânü’l-Mîzân , Beyrut 1390/1971, IV, 232-233.
İbnü’l-İmâd, Şeẕerât , III, 156-157.
Suter, Die Mathematiker , s. 77-78.
Brockelmann, GAL , I, 255-256; Suppl. , I, 400-401.
Aydın Sayılı, The Observatory in Islam , Ankara 1960, s. 130-156.
Sezgin, GAS , VI, 136-137, 228-231; VII, 173.
David A. King, “Ibn Yūnus”, DSB , XIV, 574-580.
a.mlf., “Ibn Yūnus’ Very Useful Tables for Reckoning Time by the Sun”, Archive for History of Exact Sciences , X, Heidelberg 1973, s. 342-394.
a.mlf., “Ibn Yūnus on Lunar Crescent Visibility”, Journal for the History of Astronomy , XIX/3, Cambridge 1988, s. 155-168.
a.mlf., “Ibn Yūnus”, Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicinein Non-Western Cultures , Dordrecht 1997, s. 438-439.
Ziriklî, el-Aʿlâm (Fethullah) , IV, 298.
İzmirli İsmail Hakkı, “İbn Yûnus ve İbnü’l-Heysem”, DİFM , I/4 (1926), s. 45-48.
E. S. Kennedy – W. Ukashah, “The Chandelier Clock of Ibn Yūnis”, ISIS , LX (1969), s. 543-545.
B. R. Goldstein, “Ibn Yūnus”, EI2 (İng.) , III, 969-970.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1999 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 20. cildinde, 450-452 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.