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İBN ZEYDÛN Skip to content Ebü’l-Velîd Ahmed b. Abdillâh b. Ahmed b. Gālib el-Mahzûmî el-Endelüsî (ö. 463/1071)
Şair, edip ve vezir.
394 (1004) yılında Kurtuba’da (Córdoba) doğdu. Müslümanların İspanya’yı fethi sırasında oraya giden Benî Mahzûm Arapları’ndandır. Hem baba hem de anne tarafından Endülüs Emevî Devleti’nde yüksek düzeyde görevler almış seçkin bir aileye mensuptur. Anne tarafından dedesi Ebû Bekir Muhammed vezirlik ve kadılık görevlerinde bulunmuş, babası Kurtuba’da kadılık ve Kurtuba yönetiminde danışmanlık yapmıştır. İbn Zeydûn önce babasından, on bir yaşında iken onun ölümünden sonra anne tarafından dedesiyle İbn Zekvân ve Ebû Bekir Müslim b. Ahmed el-Kurtubî gibi hocalardan öğrenim gördü. Arap dili ve edebiyatı, tefsir, hadis ve fıkıh okudu; tarih ve coğrafya ile meşgul oldu.
İbn Zeydûn, 422’de (1031) Endülüs Emevî Devleti’nin çöküşünden sonra ülkede meydana gelen siyasî olaylar sırasında ve Kurtuba’daki ayaklanmalarda Cehver ailesini destekledi. Feth b. Hâkān el-Kaysî’nin kendisi için kullandığı “Kurtuba ayaklanmasının lideri ve Cehverî Devleti’nin kuruluşunun öncüsü” ifadesinden (Ḳalâʾidü’l-ʿiḳyân , s. 70) onun bu olaylarda önemli rol oynadığı anlaşılmaktadır. Ayaklanmalar sonucunda Kurtuba, Ebü’l-Hazm Cehver’in hâkimiyeti altına girince İbn Zeydûn yeni yönetimde vezir olarak görev aldı ve kısa bir süre sonra Ebü’l-Hazm’ın en yakın adamlarından biri oldu. Kurtuba yönetimiyle komşu yönetimler arasında Ebü’l-Hazm’ın elçisi olarak görev yaptı. Bu durum diğer bazı vezirlerin kıskançlığına yol açtı. Kendisine rakip olan vezir Ebû Âmir İbn Abdûs, İbn Zeydûn’un sık sık Endülüs Emevî halifelerinden Müstekfî-Billâh’ın kızı Vellâde’nin evine gitmesinin ardında Emevîler’i tekrar iş başına getirmeyi amaçlayan bir komplo hazırlığı bulunduğunu iddia etti. Bu iftira üzerine hapsedilen İbn Zeydûn hapisten hükümdara hitaben şiirler ve risâleler yazdı. Ancak hükümdarın affına mazhar olamayacağını anlayınca Ebü’l-Hazm’ın oğlu Ebü’l-Velîd’in yardımıyla hapisten kaçarak İşbîliye’ye (Sevilla) gitti. Burada Emîr Mu‘tazıd-Billâh el-Abbâdî tarafından iyi karşılandı. İşbîliye’de bir süre kalan İbn Zeydûn sevgilisi Vellâde’nin, ayrıca Kurtuba’daki dostlarının hasretine dayanamayarak gizlice şehir yakınındaki Zehrâ’ya döndü. Buradan Kurtuba’daki dostlarına mektuplar yazarak Emîr Ebü’l-Hazm b. Cehver nezdinde şefaatçi olmalarını istedi. Dostlarının girişimleri sonucunda affedilerek Kurtuba’ya döndü. Birkaç ay sonra da Ebü’l-Hazm öldü. Yerine geçen oğlu Ebü’l-Velîd Cehver ile olan dostluğu sayesinde eski itibarına kavuşan İbn Zeydûn vezir olarak tayin edildi. Bir müddet Endülüs’ün diğer yönetimleriyle Kurtuba yönetimi arasında Ebü’l-Velîd’in elçiliğini yaptı. Ancak yine bir iftira üzerine tekrar Kurtuba’yı terketmek zorunda kaldı. Dâniye (Denia) ve Batalyevs (Badajoz) gibi şehirlerde dolaştıktan sonra İşbîliye Hükümdarı Mu‘tazıd-Billâh el-Abbâdî’nin sarayına kabul edildi (441/1049). Sarayda hızla yükselen İbn Zeydûn, vezirliğin yanı sıra hükümdarın özel temsilciliği görevini de üstlendi. Mu‘tazıd-Billâh tarafından kendisine “zü’l-vizâreteyn” lakabı verildi, bir müddet sonra da başvezirliğe yükseltilerek devlet yönetimini fiilen eline geçirdi. Mu‘tazıd-Billâh ölünce (461/1069) yerine geçen oğlu Mu‘temid-Alellah döneminde de yerini koruyan İbn Zeydûn’un, Mu‘temid-Alellah’ın hükümdarlığının ilk yıllarında Kurtuba’yı İşbîliye’ye katmasında büyük rolü olduğu kabul edilmektedir.
Mu‘temid’in edebiyat hocası olan İbn Zeydûn onun dostluğunu kazanmıştı. Ancak hükümdarın çocukluk arkadaşı şair ve vezir İbn Ammâr, İbn Zeydûn’un işgal ettiği yere kendisi gelmek istiyordu. İbn Ammâr, Kurtuba ele geçirilip Abbâdîler’in başşehri olunca İşbîliye’de ortaya çıkan bir kargaşayı bahane ederek İbn Zeydûn’u buradan uzaklaştırmayı düşündü. Kargaşayı bastırmakla görevlendirilen Mu‘temid-Alellah’ın oğlu Sirâcüddevle’nin yanında İbn Zeydûn’un da görevlendirilmesini sağladı. İbn Zeydûn, rahatsızlığı ve yaşlılığı sebebiyle böyle bir görevden affını istediyse de bu isteği kabul edilmedi. Bunun üzerine İşbîliye’ye gidince rahatsızlığı daha da arttı. Birkaç gün sonra 15 Receb 463’te (18 Nisan 1071) orada vefat etti.
Devlet adamlığının yanı sıra iyi bir şair olan İbn Zeydûn genel olarak çağının şiir geleneğine bağlı kalmıştır. Bununla birlikte yeni şiirin eski şiirden kopmaması gerektiğini de söylemiştir. Şiirleri neo-klasik bir tarzda olduğu için kendisine “Batı’nın Buhtürî’si” lakabı verilmiştir. Kulağa hoş gelen kelimeleri ve bunlara uygun vezni seçmeye özen gösteren şairin şiirlerinde tabiat tasvirleri ağır basar. Ayrıca kuş isimleriyle örülü bir sembolizm (mutayyerât) olarak ortaya çıkan muamma türü şiirlerine de rastlanır. Aşk şiirlerinde usta olan şair aynı yeteneği mersiyelerinde de göstermiştir. Kısa şiirleri son derece güzel ve çarpıcıdır. Methiyeleri ve dinî şiirleri ise başarısız sayılır.
İbn Zeydûn’un aşk şiirlerinin en tanınmış olanı, hapisten kaçıp İşbîliye’ye gittiğinde sevgilisi Vellâde için yazdığı elli beyitlik kasidesidir. Bu kasidede şair çevresinde gördüğü güzelliklerin, acısını unutturduğunu ifade eder (kaside Rahmi Er tarafından Türkçe’ye çevrilmiştir; bk. “İbn Zeydûn”, DDl. , IV/1 [1985], s. 186-193). İbn Zeydûn’un büyük bir beğeni kazanan bu kasidesine nazîreler yazılmıştır. Safiyyüddin el-Hillî, Selâhaddin es-Safedî ve Ahmed Şevkī ona nazîre yazan şairler arasında zikredilebilir. İbn Zeydûn, nesir alanındaki ününü daha çok Endülüs’te kabul gören tarzdan farklı olarak kaleme aldığı risâlelerine borçludur. Bu risâlelerde genellikle tarihî şahsiyetlere ve olaylara, eski Arap mesellerine yer vermiştir.
Eserleri. 1. Dîvân . Kâmil Kîlânî ve Abdurrahman Halîfe (Kahire 1932), Muhammed Seyyid Kîlânî (Kahire 1956), Ali Abdülazîm (Kahire 1957), Kerem Bustânî (Beyrut 1384/1964), Hannâ el-Fâhûrî (Beyrut 1410/1990) ve Yûsuf Ferhât (Beyrut 1411/1991) tarafından yayımlanmış, Mahmûd Subh da bu divandan seçtiği bazı şiirleri İspanyolca’ya tercüme ederek Arapça metinleriyle birlikte neşretmiştir (Ibn Zaydun Poesias , Madrid 1979).
2. er-Risâletü’l-hezliyye . İbn Zeydûn bu risâlesini, Vezir İbn Abdûs’a hitaben sevgilisi Vellâde’nin ağzından alaycı bir dille kaleme almıştır. Bazı sosyal olaylara yer vermesi veya telmihte bulunması sebebiyle tarihî bakımdan olduğu kadar Arap filolojisi açısından da oldukça önemlidir. Bundan dolayı eser bazı eski kaynaklarda nakledilmiştir (Nüveyrî, VII, 271-290). Risâlede Câhiz’in Risâletü’t-terbîʿ ve’t-tedvîr ’inin etkisi açıkça görülmektedir. Eser, İbn Nübâte el-Mısrî tarafından Serḥu’l-ʿuyûn fî şerḥi Risâleti İbn Zeydûn adıyla şerhedilmiştir (İstanbul 1275; Kahire 1278, 1290, 1377/1957). Muhammed Ebü’l-Fazl İbrâhim’in tahkik ederek yayımladığı bu şerhi (Kahire 1383/1964) Karahalilzâde Mehmed Saîd Tercüme-i Serhu’l-uyûn fî şerhi Risâleti İbn Zeydûn adıyla Türkçe’ye çevirmiştir (İstanbul 1257). Eser ayrıca Muhammed Fevzî Mustafa tarafından S̱elâs̱ü resâʾil fi’l-hicâʾ içinde (Küveyt 1401/1981) ve Johann Jacob Reiske tarafından Latince tercümesiyle birlikte (Leipzig 1755) yayımlanmıştır.
3. er-Risâletü’l-ciddiyye . İbn Zeydûn, hapisteyken Ebü’l-Hazm Cehver’e hitaben yazdığı bu risâlede kendisinin affedilmesini istemektedir. Risâle, şairin edebî gücünü göstermesi açısından olduğu kadar Câhiliye devrinde ve İslâmî dönemde meydana gelmiş bazı olaylara yer vermesi bakımından da önemlidir. Eser, Selâhaddin es-Safedî tarafından Tamâmü’l-mütûn fî Şerḥi Risâleti İbn Zeydûn adıyla şerhedilmiş, bu şerhi Muhammed Reşîd es-Saffâr (Bağdat 1327/1909) ve Muhammed Ebü’l-Fazl İbrâhim (Kahire 1389/1969) yayımlamıştır. Risâle, Besthorn tarafından Latince çevirisiyle birlikte 1889’da Kopenhag’da da basılmıştır.
4. er-Risâletü’l-Bekriyye . İbn Zeydûn, hapisteyken hocası Ebû Bekir Müslim b. Ahmed’e hitaben yazdığı bu risâlesinde Ebü’l-Hazm Cehver nezdinde affı için aracılık yapmasını istemektedir.
August Cour, İbn Zeydûn’un divanının sonuna yukarıdaki üç risâlesiyle er-Risâletü’l-Ġaviyye , er-Risâletü’l-Muẓafferiyye ve er-Risâletü’l-ʿAbbâdiyye ’sini de ekleyerek Dîvânü şiʿrihî ve resâʾilüh adıyla neşretmiş (Cezayir 1920), daha sonra Ebû Bekir Muhammed Alîm bu eseri şerhederek yayımlamıştır (Ümmüdürman 1345/1926). Eserin ilmî neşrini ise Ali Abdülazîm gerçekleştirmiştir (Kahire 1957). Kaynaklarda İbn Zeydûn’un et-Tebyîn fî ḫulefâʾi Benî Ümeyye fi’l-Endelüs adlı bir eseri bulunduğu da kaydedilmektedir (Makkarî, III, 182; Brockelmann, GAL Suppl. , I, 485).
İbn Zeydûn’un hayatı, sanatı ve eserleri hakkında çok sayıda çalışma yapılmış olup bunların başlıcaları şunlardır: Mustafa İnânî, Kitâbü İẓhâri’l-meknûn mine’r-Risâleti’l-ciddiyye li’bn Zeydûn (Kahire 1927); Şevkī Dayf, İbn Zeydûn (Kahire 1953); Ali Abdülazîm, İbn Zeydûn ʿaṣruhû ve ḥayâtühû ve edebüh (Kahire 1955); Ebü’l-Kāsım Muhammed Kirrû, Şevḳī ve İbn Zeydûn fî Nûniyyeteyhimâ (Tunus 1956); Nedîm Mar‘aşlî, İbn Zeydûn (Beyrut 1961); Sîd Ebû Dîb, İbn Zeydûn eş-şâʿir en-nâs̱ir (Tripoli 1969); Abbas el-Cerrârî, Fenniyyetü’t-taʿbîr fî şiʿri İbn Zeydûn (Dârülbeyzâ 1977); Tayyib Aşşâş et-Tûnisî, İbn Zeydûn (Tunus 1980); Abdürrezzâk el-Hilâlî, Vellâde ve es̱eruhâ fî ḥayâti İbn Zeydûn (Bağdat, ts.); Fâtıma es-Sıddîk, er-Rabṭ beyne’l-cümel fî dîvâni İbn Zeydûn (Tunus 1985); Abdurrahman Ali el-Haccî, İbn Zeydûn es-Sefîrü’l-vasîṭ (Küveyt 1987); Abdüllatîf Şerâre, Ebü’l-Velîd İbn Zeydûn dirâse ve Muḫtârât (Beyrut 1988); Abdülmecîd el-Hür, İbn Zeydûn şâʿirü’l-ʿışḳ ve’l-ḥanîn (Beyrut 1993); Abdülazîz b. Nâsır Abdurrahman, İbn Zeydûn ḥayâtühû ve edebüh (Riyad 1994).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbn Zeydûn, Dîvân (nşr. Hannâ el-Fâhûrî), Beyrut 1410/1990, neşredenin girişi, s. 5-20; a.e. (nşr. Yûsuf Ferhât), Beyrut 1411/1991, neşredenin girişi, s. 7-17.
Dîvânü İbn Zeydûn ve resâʾilüh (nşr. Ali Abdülazîm), Kahire 1957, neşredenin girişi, s. 9-116.
Humeydî, Ceẕvetü’l-muḳtebis (nşr. Muhammed b. Tâvît et-Tancî), Kahire 1372/1952, s. 121-122, 130-131, 379.
Feth b. Hâkān el-Kaysî, Maṭmaḥu’l-enfüs ve mesraḥu’t-teʾennüs fî müleḥi ehli’l-Endelüs , İstanbul 1302, s. 60-61.
a.mlf., Ḳalâʾidü’l-ʿiḳyân , Kahire 1283, s. 14-18, 70-83.
İbn Bessâm eş-Şenterînî, eẕ-Ẕaḫîre , I, 336-428.
Dabbî, Buġyetü’l-mültemis , s. 174-175.
İbn Dihye el-Kelbî, el-Muṭrib (nşr. İbrâhim el-Ebyârî v.dğr.), Kahire 1954, s. 164-168.
Abdülvâhid el-Merrâküşî, el-Muʿcib fî telḫîṣi aḫbâri’l-Maġrib (nşr. R. Dozy), Leiden 1881, s. 74-77.
İbnü’l-Ebbâr, İʿtâbü’l-küttâb , Dımaşk 1380/1961, s. 207-214.
İbn Hallikân, Vefeyât , I, 139-141.
İbn Saîd el-Mağribî, el-Muġrib , I, 63-69.
Nüveyrî, Nihâyetü’l-ereb , VII, 271-290.
Safedî, el-Vâfî , VII, 87-94.
Makkarî, Nefḥu’ṭ-ṭîb , I, 627-634, 668-670; III, 182, 271-287, 565-566; IV, 99-100, 205-212, 264-271.
A. Cour, Un poète arabe d’Andalousie: Ibn Zaïdoun , Constantine 1920.
a.mlf., “Une lettre inédite d’Ibn Zaidūn à Abū Bekr ben Al Aftās de Badajoz”, Cinquantenaire Fac. Lettres , Alger 1932, s. 191-215.
a.mlf., “İbn Zeydûn”, İA , V/2, s. 837-838.
Ahmed Dayf, Belâġatü’l-ʿArab fi’l-Endelüs , Kahire 1342/1924, s. 60-89.
Brockelmann, GAL , I, 324-325; Suppl. , I, 485.
A. R. Nykl, Hispano-Arabic Poetry , Baltimore 1946, s. 106-120.
Şevkī Dayf, İbn Zeydûn , Kahire 1953.
a.mlf., Fi’t-Türâs̱ ve’ş-şiʿr , Kahire 1987, s. 137-152.
Ahmed Emîn, Ẓuhrü’l-İslâm , Kahire 1966, III, 215-218.
Butrus el-Bustânî, Üdebâʾü’l-ʿArab , Beyrut 1979, III, 114-146.
Abdülvehhâb b. Mansûr, Aʿlâmü’l-Maġribi’l-ʿArabî , Rabat 1403/1983, III, 119-142.
Mustafa eş-Şek‘a, el-Edebü’l-Endelüsî , Beyrut 1983, s. 181-212.
Ömer Ferruh, Târîḫu’l-edeb , IV, 589-602.
Mahmud Sobh, “Influencia de al-Mutanabbī en Ibn Zaydūn”, Actas de las II Jornadas de cultura Arabe e Islámica (1980) , Madrid 1985, s. 527-552.
Abdurrahman Ali el-Haccî, İbn Zeydûn: es-Sefîrü’l-vasîṭ , Küveyt 1987.
Abdüllatîf Şerâre, Ebü’l-Velîd İbn Zeydûn , Beyrut 1988, tür.yer.
Seyyid Abdülazîz Sâlim, Buḥûs̱ İslâmiyye fi’t-târîḫ ve’l-ḥaḍâre ve’l-âs̱âr , Beyrut 1992, II, 535-573.
Muhammed Abdülmün‘im Hafâcî, el-Edebü’l-Endelüsî , Beyrut 1412/1992, s. 470-501, 618-630.
The Legacy of Muslim Spain (ed. Salma Khadra Jayyusi), Leiden 1992, s. 343-351.
Ahmed el-İskenderî, “İbn Zeydûn”, MMİADm. , XI/9-10 (1931), s. 513-527, 577-593.
Rahmi Er, “İbn Zaydûn”, DDl. , IV/1 (1985), s. 175-194.
G. Lecomte, “Ibn Zaydūn”, EI2 (İng.) , III, 973-974.
Mihrân Erzende, “İbn Zeydûn”, DMBİ , III, 643-649.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1999 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 20. cildinde, 464-466 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.