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İBN ZÜMREK Skip to content Ebû Abdillâh Muhammed b. Yûsuf b. Muhammed b. Zümrek es-Sureyhî (es-Sarîhî) el-Gırnâtî (ö. 798/1395 [?])
Endülüslü vezir, kâtip ve şair.
14 Şevval 733’te (28 Haziran 1333) Gırnata’nın (Granada) kenar mahallelerinden Beyyâzîn’de (Albaicin) doğdu; yoksul bir ailenin çocuğudur. Dedelerinden birinin adı olan Zümrek kelimesini farklı şekillerde (Zemrek, Zümrük, Zimrik, Zemrec, Semrek) tesbit edenler olmuştur. Ancak Nasrî sultanlarından Nâsır-Lidînillâh III. Yûsuf tarafından derlenen el-Baḳıyye ve’l-müdrek min şiʿri İbn Zümrek adlı eserin başlığındaki “müdrek” ile “Zümrek” kelimeleri arasında tam seci bulunduğu düşünülerek söz konusu adın Zümrek şeklinde okunması daha uygun görülmüştür (Ahmed Selîm el-Hımsî, s. 82-84). İbn Zümrek ilk öğrenimini tamamladıktan sonra Gırnata’da dil, edebiyat ve dinî ilimleri tahsil etti. Ebû Abdullah Muhammed İbnü’l-Fehhâr, kadı ve şerif Ebü’l-Kāsım Muhammed el-Hüseynî (el-Hasenî) ve Ebû Saîd İbn Lüb’den sarf, nahiv, lugat ve belâgat okudu. Şiir ve nesirde devrin otoritesi kabul edilen Lisânüddin İbnü’l-Hatîb’den edebiyat ve şiir, Ebû Saîd İbn Lüb ve Ebû Ali Mansûr ez-Zevâvî ile Nefḥu’ṭ-ṭîb müellifi Ahmed b. Muhammed el-Makkarî’nin atası Ebû Abdullah Muhammed el-Makkarî’den fıkıh ve fıkıh usulü, Ebü’l-Berekât İbnü’l-Hâc el-Billifîkī ve İbn Beybeş el-Abderî ile Ebû Abdullah el-Levşî’den hadis, Fas’ın Tilimsân şehrinden gelerek Elhamra Sarayı’na imam olan fakih, sûfî ve hatip İbn Merzûk’tan hitabet ve belâgat dersleri aldı. Bu derslerin etkisiyle hocası İbn Merzûk’u ve onun şerhetmeye başladığı Kādî İyâz’ın eş-Şifâʾ adlı eserini öven bir methiye yazdı (İbnü’l-Hatîb, el-İḥâṭa , II, 301; Makkarî, Nefḥu’ṭ-ṭîb , VII, 165-166). Bu yıllarda Ebû Ca‘fer İbnü’z-Zeyyât el-Kelâî ile kardeşi Ebû Mehdî’nin mensup olduğu bir tarikata intisap etti (İbnü’l-Hatîb, el-İḥâṭa , II, 301). İbn Zümrek ile üstatları Ebü’l-Kāsım Muhammed el-Hüseynî ve Zâhid Ebû Abdullah el-Makkarî arasındaki yakın ilişkinin oluşmasında onun bu tasavvufî eğiliminin etkisi görülür. Şairin bu döneme ait bazı şiirlerinde rastlanan tasavvufî çeşni de bu yaşantının sonucudur.
Öğrenimini tamamladıktan sonra Endülüs ve Mağrib’de yaygın olan seyahat geleneğine uyarak Fas’a giden İbn Zümrek, burada Şerif Ebû Abdullah Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Alvînî et-Tilimsânî’den aklî ilimleri öğrendi (a.g.e. , II, 303; Makkarî, Nefḥu’ṭ-ṭîb , VII, 147). Ebü’l-Hüseyin İbnü’t-Tilimsânî’den de hadis rivayet etti. Daha sonra Gırnata’ya dönerek sarf, nahiv, lugat, belâgat, ahbâr, tefsir ve fıkıh dersleri vermeye başladı. Fas Merînî Sultanı Ebü’l-Hasan Ali’nin yakın dostu olan hocası İbn Merzûk vasıtasıyla, o sıralarda sultanın Gırnata’ya iltica etmiş olan oğlu Emîr Ebû Sâlim İbrâhim ile tanıştı. Bir süre sonra onun özel kâtibi oldu. Gırnata Nasrî (Benî Ahmer) hükümdarlarından Ganî-Billâh zamanında hocası Vezir Lisânüddin İbnü’l-Hatîb’in aracılığıyla kâtip olarak tayin edildi. Zekâsı, hoş sohbeti, siyasî dehası ve methiyeleriyle V. Muhammed’in gözüne giren İbn Zümrek, sultanın ölümüne (793/1391) kadar otuz yedi yıl boyunca onun yanında yer aldı. V. Muhammed, 760 (1359) yılında kardeşi Ebü’l-Velîd II. İsmâil tarafından tahttan indirilince Fas Merînî Sultanı Ebû Sâlim İbrâhim’e sığındı. Birçok devlet erkânı ve âlimle birlikte İbn Zümrek de sultanın maiyetinde Fas’a gitti. Vezir İbnü’l-Hatîb, Fas’ta onlardan ayrılıp Mağrib’in çeşitli şehirlerini dolaşırken İbn Zümrek sultanın yanından ayrılmadı. Sohbetleriyle yalnızlığını gidererek onunla daha sıcak ve güçlü dostluk kurma imkânı buldu. Bu arada Gırnata’da iken bir süre kâtipliğini yaptığı yeni Merînî sultanı Ebû Sâlim İbrâhim ve hocası İbn Merzûk ile de ilişkilerini güçlendirdi. Sultan Ebû Sâlim’in kendisine gösterdiği yakınlığa bir methiye yazarak karşılık verdi (İbnü’l-Hatîb, el-İḥâṭa , II, 227-230; Makkarî, Nefḥu’ṭ-ṭîb , IV, 683-684). Fas’ta sürgünde iken tahtını gasbeden kardeşi II. İsmâil’i adamları vasıtasıyla öldürten (761/1360) V. Muhammed, onun yerine geçen VI. Muhammed’in (Gālib-Billâh) 763’te (1362) Gırnata’yı terketmesi üzerine yeniden tahtına kavuştu. İbnü’l-Hatîb’i başvezir, İbn Zümrek’i de sır kâtibi olarak tayin etti (a.g.e. , IV, 692). İbn Zümrek, bu tarihten itibaren “reis” ve “fakih” unvanlarıyla anılmaya başlandı ve sultan katındaki itibarı arttı. Elhamra Sarayı’nın resmî şairi sıfatını alan şair, V. Muhammed için methiyeler yazmaya devam etti. Sultan, Elhamra Sarayı’nın duvarlarını süsleyen kitâbelerin çoğuna İbn Zümrek’in bu şiirlerinden seçmelerin nakşedilmesini emretti. Bu kitâbelerin bir kısmı zamanımıza ulaşmıştır (Alcantara, s. 121-122; Palencia, s. 141).
İbn Zümrek ile Vezîr İbnü’l-Hatîb arasındaki dostluk Şâban 770’e (Mart 1369) kadar devam etti. Vezir İbnü’l-Hatîb’in, V. Muhammed’i tahttan indirme planları içinde olduğu şâyiası sultanı kuşkulandırdı. İbn Zümrek de sultanın nüfuzuna boyun eğerek onun safında yer aldı. İbnü’l-Hatîb, düşmanlarının körüklemesiyle bu şâyianın kurbanı olacağını hissedince Fas’a kaçarak Merînî Sultanı Ebü’l-Fâris I. Abdülazîz’e sığındı (773/1371). Bu olaydan sonra söylentilerin gerçek olduğuna inanan V. Muhammed onun yerine İbn Zümrek’i vezir tayin etti. Eski vezirini ele geçirip cezalandırmak için de onun iade edilmesini istedi. Bu isteğinin sonuçsuz kalması üzerine Merînî prensleri arasındaki taht mücadelelerini körüklemeye başladı. Neticede İbnü’l-Hatîb’in yakalanmasını temin etmek şartıyla Merînî prenslerinden Ebü’l-Abbas Ahmed b. Ebû Sâlim’e yardım ederek onun Merînî tahtını ele geçirmesini sağladı (775/1373). İbnü’l-Hatîb’in yakalanması üzerine Gırnata’dan Fas’a giden İbn Zümrek’in başkanlığındaki bir mahkeme heyeti bazı eserlerinde küfür, ilhâd ve zındıklık ifadeleri bulunduğu iddiasıyla onun zindana atılmasına karar verdi. İbnü’l-Hatîb bir süre sonra İbn Zümrek’in adamları tarafından boğularak öldürüldü (Cemâziyelevvel 776 / Ekim 1374). Hocası ve dostu İbnü’l-Hatîb’i ortadan kaldırdıktan sonra Gırnata emirliğinde ikinci adam konumuna yükselen İbn Zümrek hayatının bundan sonraki döneminde başvezir, saray şairi ve resmî elçi olarak görevlerini sürdürdü.
İbn Zümrek’in uzun süren vezirliği sırasında devlet erkânına karşı takındığı cüretkâr, zalim ve küçümseyici tavırlar kendisinden nefret edilmesine yol açtı. V. Muhammed ölünce yerine geçen oğlu II. Yûsuf tarafından azledilerek Mürsiye (Murcia) zindanında hapsedildi. Yirmi ay kadar zindanda kaldıktan sonra Ramazan 794’te (Ağustos 1392) görevine iade edildi. Birkaç ay sonra vefat eden II. Yûsuf’un yerine sultan olan oğlu VII. Muhammed de İbn Zümrek’i bu olumsuz davranışları yüzünden azletti. Onun bu sıralarda Elhamra Saray Camii ile Mâleka’da (Malaga) verdiği bilhassa tefsir ve fıkıh derslerinin büyük ilgi gördüğü, Gālib-Billâh VII. Muhammed’in de birçok dersini takip ettiği belirtilmektedir (İbnü’l-Hatîb, el-İḥâṭa , I, 222; Makkarî, Nefḥu’ṭ-ṭîb , V, 168). Azlinden bir yıl sonra vezirlik görevine iade edilen İbn Zümrek, devlet erkânına karşı yine sert ve zalimce davranışlarda bulunmaya devam edince sultanın emri üzerine iki oğlu ile birlikte öldürüldü. Bu olayın ne zaman meydana geldiği kesin olarak belli değildir. Bu hususta 790 (1388), 791, 795 (1393) ve 796 tarihleri kaydedilirse de İbn Zümrek’in divanında onun 797 (1394-95) yılında hayatta olduğu belirtilmektedir (Dîvânü İbn Zümrek el-Endelüsî , s. 60). Dolayısıyla söz konusu hadisenin 798’de (1395) cereyan etmiş olması kuvvetle muhtemeldir. İbn Zümrek’in öldürülmesinde İbnü’l-Hatîb’in yakınlarının etkisi olduğu anlaşılmaktadır (Makkarî, Nefḥu’ṭ-ṭîb , III, 99; IV, 693). Nasrî prenslerinden III. Yûsuf, İbn Zümrek’in ölümü üzerine bir mersiye kaleme almıştır (a.g.e. , VIII, 164). İbn Zümrek’in öğrencilerine dair kaynaklarda herhangi bir bilgi bulunmamaktadır. Ancak Gırnatalı fıkıh usulü âlimi İbrâhim b. Mûsâ eş-Şâtıbî (ö. 790/1388) el-İfâdât ve’l-inşâdât adlı eserinde, kitabın beyân ilmine dair olan kısmının “arkadaşımız” dediği İbn Zümrek’ten tuttuğu notlardan oluştuğunu söyler.
İbn Zümrek hakkında ilk kaynak Lisânüddin İbnü’l-Hatîb’in eserleridir. İbnü’l-Hatîb, henüz araları iyi iken telifini tamamladığı el-İḥâṭa ’sında onu övmüş, Fas’a kaçtıktan sonra kendisine karşı tavır değiştiren öğrencileri Kadı Ahmed b. Ferkûn, Kadı Ebü’l-Hasan en-Nübâhî ve İbn Zümrek hakkında önceden yazdıklarını gözden geçirerek yeniden kaleme aldığı el-Ketîbetü’l-kâmine ’sinde ona “yalan ve entrikadan yaratılmış, düzenbaz” gibi ağır hakaretlerde bulunmuştur. Bununla birlikte şairliğini, özellikle uzun kasidelerdeki başarısını kabul etmiş ve şiirlerinden birçok parçayı örnek olarak nakletmiştir. İbnü’l-Hatîb’in oğlu Ali b. Lisânüddin de babasının el-İḥâṭa ’sına yaptığı ilâvede İbn Zümrek’e duyduğu hıncı yansıtmış, onun hakkında babasının söylediği müsbet vasıfların tam aksini söylemiştir.
Methiye, mevlidiye ve müveşşah türü şiirleri, bilhassa uzun kasideleriyle Endülüs edebiyatının büyük şairleri arasında yer alan İbn Zümrek’in şiirleri Nasrî sultanlarından Nâsır-Lidînillâh lakabıyla tanınan III. Yûsuf İbnü’l-Ahmer tarafından derlenerek el-Baḳıyye ve’l-müdrek min şiʿri İbn Zümrek adıyla bir divanda toplanmıştır. Son yıllara kadar kayıp olduğu sanılan bu divanı Muhammed Tevfîk en-Neyfer adlı Tunuslu bir üniversite öğrencisi dedesi Muhammed en-Neyfer’in özel kütüphanesinde bulmuş ve yeterlik tezi olarak neşre hazırlayıp (1971) daha sonra da yayımlamıştır (Tunus 1984). 4584 beyit ihtiva eden divanda 345 kaside yer almaktadır. Kasidelerin başında yazılış tarihleri ve sebepleriyle kime takdim edildiklerine dair bilgi bulunmaktadır. Bu bilgiler divanı derleyen tarafından kaleme alınmış olmalıdır. Şairin çeşitli eserlerde dağınık halde bulunan diğer şiirleri de Tevfîk en-Neyfer tarafından divanın sonuna eklenmiştir. İbn Zümrek’in günümüze ulaşan şiirleri 7500 beyti aşmaktadır (Dîvânü İbn Zümrek el-Endelüsî , s. 63).
Divanı dışında İbn Zümrek’in en çok şiirini ihtiva eden eser Makkarî’nin Ezhârü’r-riyâż ’ı olup eserde şairin on beş müveşşahı ve 2481 beyti bulunmaktadır. Birçoğu Hz. Peygamber’in methine, ayrıca at ve cihad tasvirlerine dair olması sebebiyle İbn Zümrek’in şiirlerine geniş yer verdiğini söyleyen Makkarî bunları Tilimsân’da gördüğü divandan seçmiş olduğunu belirtir (Ezhârü’r-riyâż , II, 11, 21). Makkarî’nin Nefḥu’ṭ-ṭîb ’inde ve Lisânüddin İbnü’l-Hatîb’in başta el-İḥâṭa ’sı olmak üzere diğer eserlerinde de İbn Zümrek’in şiirlerine dair bol miktarda örnek bulunmaktadır. Bu şiirlerde Endülüs müslümanlarının sosyal ve kültürel durumu, örf ve âdetleri hakkında orijinal bilgiler yer alır.
İbn Zümrek’in övgü, tasvir ve gazel temalarında yoğunlaşan şiirleri klasik tarzdadır. Neo-klasik dönem kasidelerinin özelliklerini yansıtan kasidelerinde genellikle uzun bir nesîbden sonra övgüye geçilir. Ancak Hz. Peygamber’in methine dair kasidelerle dinî bayramlar münasebetiyle nazmedilmiş kasidelerde nesîb kısmı bulunmaz. İbn Zümrek’in şiirlerinde çok sayıda klişe ifade ve tekrar bulunduğu görülür. Bunun sebebi, III. (IX.) yüzyıldan itibaren saray şairleri arasında gelenek halini alan irticâlen şiir söyleme zarureti ve şairin çok sayıda şiir yazmasıdır. Bilinen on beş müveşşahı ile Endülüs müveşşah şairlerinin önde gelenlerinden olan İbn Zümrek’in bu tür şiirleri, biçim yönünden kasideye yakın olup geleneğin aksine son beyitleri halk dilinden alınmıştır. Tasvir, gazel, özlem, kutlama ve hamriyyât konularında yoğunlaşan bu şiirler, ritim ve müzikalite bakımından diğer şiirlerine göre daha edebî ve orijinaldir.
İbn Zümrek, V. (XI.) yüzyıldan itibaren Mağrib ve Endülüs’te başlayıp yaygınlaşan mevlidiye türünde kasideler de yazmıştır. Hz. Peygamber’in doğum yıl dönümü münasebetiyle sultan saraylarında düzenlenen kutlamalarda saray şairleri tarafından yazılıp okunan bu tür kasidelerde Resûl-i Ekrem övülür ve onun bazı mûcizeleri anlatılır. Bu şiirlerin geleneksel övgü kasidelerinden bir farkı da yoğun bir duygu ile nazmedilmiş olmasıdır. VIII. (XIV.) yüzyılda Gırnata krallarının Elhamra Sarayı’nda düzenlediği mevlid kutlamaları ve bu vesileyle nazmedilmiş mevlidiyeler konusunda V. Muhammed döneminin önemli bir yeri vardır. Bu dönemde Elhamra Sarayı’nda okunmuş çok sayıda mevlidiyeden on birinin zamanımıza ulaştığı bilinmektedir. Bunlardan altısı İbn Zümrek’e aittir. 76-110 beyit arasında değişen bu kasidelerin dördü 765, 767, 768, 769 (veya 770) yıllarındaki mevlid kutlamalarında okunmuştur. İbn Zümrek’in bu tür kasideleri Ahmed Selmî tarafından derlenerek Les maulīdiyyāt d’Ibn Zumruk adıyla yayımlanmıştır (Hespéris , XLIII [Paris 1956], s. 335-435).
Onun şiirlerinin önemli bir kısmını Ganî-Billâh V. Muhammed için nazmettiği kasideler oluşturur. Sultanın yaklaşık otuz yedi yıllık saltanatı boyunca Elhamra Sarayı’nda düzenlenen mevlid, bayram, doğum, sünnet kutlamaları, tebrik ve tâziye gibi çeşitli münasebetlerle İbn Zümrek onun için altmış altı kaside kaleme almıştır. 68-146 beyit arasında değişen bayram kasideleri müstakil divan teşkil edecek bir hacme sahiptir. “el-Ganiyyât” adı verilen bu şiirler devrin tarihine, Elhamra Sarayı’nda yaşanan geleneklere ve Merînîler’le ilişkilere dair değerli malzeme ihtiva etmektedir.
Endülüs şairleri arasında yine bir gelenek halini alan bahçe, çiçek, gece, mehtap gibi tabiat tasvirleri İbn Zümrek’te de yüksek düzeydedir. Onun başka şairlerde pek rastlanmayan sabah tasvirleriyle karanfil tasvirleri orijinal bulunmuştur. Özellikle Elhamra Sarayı’nın köşkleri, bahçe, çiçek ve fıskıyeleri, sarayda düzenlenen çeşitli tören, şenlik ve kutlamalara ilişkin tasvirleri beğeniyle karşılanmış ve bunların birçoğu V. Muhammed’in emriyle sarayın duvarlarına kitâbe olarak nakşedilmiştir. Bundan dolayı İbn Zümrek “Elhamra şairi” olarak da tanınır (Gomez, Cinco poetas , s. 169). Genellikle methiyeleri ve müveşşahları içinde yer alan tasvir parçalarında cihad, savaş ve savaş aletleriyle av, at yarışı tasvirleri ve hamriyyât temalarının yoğunluğu hissedilmektedir.
İbn Zümrek, kasidelerinin girizgâhında yer alan gazellerinde muhayyel sevgililere dair platonik bir aşk terennüm ederek geleneksel kalıpların dışına çıkmıştır. Tasavvufî şiirler de nazmeden İbn Zümrek bu şiirlerinde Allah’a tâzim, Hz. Peygamber’i medih, cihad gibi konuları işlemiş, bu vesileyle Kur’an’dan bol miktarda iktibas yapmıştır. Az sayıdaki mersiyelerinde tâziyeden çok ölen kişinin erdemlerinin sayıldığı övgü karakteri ağır basar. Methiyelerinin sonunda yer alan fahriyelerinde de sadece sanatı ve şiirleriyle övündüğü görülür. Genellikle şiirlerinde lafız sanatlarından cinasın, mâna sanatlarından ise istiare ve tevriyelerin bulunduğu görülür.
İbn Zümrek’in resmî ve özel mektuplarından sadece birkaçı zamanımıza ulaşmıştır. Lisânüddin İbnü’l-Hatîb ile İbn Haldûn’a yazdığı bu mektupların (İbn Haldûn, et-Taʿrîf , s. 290-298; Makkarî, Nefḥu’ṭ-ṭîb , VII, 458-460) baş tarafında yer alan övgü ve tâzim kısmı sanatlı, talep kısmı ise düz nesirle ifade edilmiştir. Zorlama secilerin yer aldığı mektupları şiirleri kadar başarılı değildir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbn Zümrek, Les maulīdiyyāt d’Ibn Zumruk (nşr. Ahmed Selmî, “Le genre des poèmes de nativité (maulīdiyya-s) dans le royaume de Grenade et au Maroc du XIIIe siècle au XVIIIe siècle”, Hespéris , XLIII içinde), Paris 1956, s. 335-435.
İbn Hâtime, Dîvân (nşr. M. Rıdvân ed-Dâye), Dımaşk 1399/1978, neşredenin girişi, s. 8, 17, 19, 24-25, 33, 36, 37, 42, 48.
İbnü’l-Hatîb, el-İḥâṭa , I, 222; II, 221, 227-230, 300-314.
a.mlf., el-Ketîbetü’l-kâmine (nşr. İhsan Abbas), Beyrut 1983, s. 282-288.
a.mlf., el-Lemḥatü’l-bedriyye fi’d-devleti’n-Naṣriyye , Beyrut 1400/1980, s. 126, 130; ayrıca bk. neşredenin girişi, s. 10.
a.mlf., Müşâhedât (nşr. Ahmed Muhtâr el-Abbâdî), İskenderiye 1983, s. 143.
a.mlf., Aʿmâlü’l-aʿlâm (nşr. E. Lévi-Provençal), Beyrut 1956, s. 78-80.
İbrâhim b. Mûsâ eş-Şâtıbî, el-İfâdât ve’l-inşâdât (nşr. Muhammed Ebü’l-Ecfân), Beyrut 1406/1986, s. 157-158.
İbnü’l-Ahmer, Nes̱îru ferâʾidi’l-cümân (nşr. M. Rıdvân ed-Dâye), Beyrut 1967, s. 327-329.
a.mlf., Meşâhîrü’ş-şuʿarâʾ (nşr. M. Rıdvân ed-Dâye), Beyrut 1406/1986, s. 151-154.
İbn Haldûn, el-ʿİber , VII, 444, 457-460.
a.mlf., et-Taʿrîf , Kahire 1979, s. 263-265, 268-274, 290-298.
İbn Hacer, ed-Dürerü’l-kâmine , IV, 312-313.
İbnü’l-Kādî, Ceẕvetü’l-iḳtibâs , Rabat 1973, I, 132.
Ahmed Bâbâ et-Tinbüktî, Neylü’l-ibtihâc (İbn Ferhûn, ed-Dîbâcü’l-müẕheb içinde), Kahire 1329, s. 282-283.
Makkarî, Ezhârü’r-riyâż (nşr. Mustafa es-Sekkā v.dğr.), Kahire 1358/1939, I, 59-60; II, 7-206; ayrıca bk. tür.yer.
a.mlf., Nefḥu’ṭ-ṭîb , III, 99; IV, 683-684, 692, 693; V, 134-135, 168; VII, 147, 165-166, 458-460; VIII, 164, 170.
E. Lafuenta y Alcantara, Inscripciones arabes de Granada , Madrid 1859, s. 121-122.
E. G. Gomez, “Ibn Zamrak, el-Poeta de la Alhambra”, Cinco poetas musulmanes , Madrid-Boenas Aires 1944, s. 169-271.
a.mlf., eş-Şiʿrü’l-Endelüsî (trc. M. Abdülhâdî Şuayra), Kahire 1951, s. 70; a.e. (trc. Hüseyin Mûnis), Kahire 1952, s. 32, 38, 40.
a.mlf., Maʿa şuʿarâʾi’l-Endelüs ve’l-Mütenebbî (trc. Tâhir Ahmed Mekkî), Kahire 1406/1985, s. 160-242.
Brockelmann, GAL , II, 336; Suppl. , II, 370.
A. R. Nykl, Hispano-Arabic Poetry , Baltimore 1946, s. 366-370.
M. Abdullah İnân, el-Âs̱ârü’l-Endelüsiyyetü’l-bâḳıye , Kahire 1381/1961, s. 198, 199, 202, 203.
a.mlf., İbn Ḫaldûn , Kahire 1991, s. 59-60.
E. Lévi-Provençal, Muḥâḍarât (trc. M. Abdülhâdî Şuayra), Kahire 1951, s. 70.
A. G. Palencia, Târîḫu’l-fikri’l-Endelüsî (trc. Hüseyin Mûnis), Kahire 1955, s. 139-141.
J. T. Monroe, Hispano-Arabic Poetry , London 1974, s. 346.
R. Blachère, Analecta , Damas 1975, s. 499-520.
a.mlf., “el-Vezîrü’ş-şâʿir İbn Zümrük ve ârâʾüh” (trc. Muhammed el-Uceymî), Ḥavliyyâtü’l-Câmiʿati’t-Tûnisiyye , XXV, Tunus 1986, s. 131-156; (aslı: “Le Vizir-Poète Ibn Zumruk et son œuvre”, Annales de l’Institut d’études orientales , II, Algier 1936, s. 292-312).
Şevkī Dayf, el-Fen ve meẕâhibüh , Kahire 1976, s. 453.
İhsan Abbas, Târîḫu’l-edebi’l-Endelüsî: ʿAṣrü’ṭ-Ṭavâʾif ve’l-Murâbıṭîn , Beyrut 1985, II, 215, 250-251.
Ahmed Selîm el-Hımsî, İbn Zümrük el-Ġırnâṭî: sîretühû ve edebüh , Beyrut 1985.
Ahmed Muhtâr el-Abbâdî, Dirâsât fî târîḫi’l-Maġrib ve’l-Endelüs , İskenderiye, ts. (Müessesetü şebâbi’l-câmia), s. 131, 229, 235, 242, 399, 428, 454.
Dîvânü İbn Zümrek el-Endelüsî (nşr. M. Tevfîk en-Neyfer, Mecelletü Dirâsât Endelüsiyye , sy. 18, Tunus 1418/1997 içinde), s. 58-64.
F. de la Graja, “Ibn Zamrak”, EI2 (Fr.) , III, 997.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 1999 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 20. cildinde, 472-474 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.