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İBNÜ’l-CEZZÂR, Ebû Ca‘fer Skip to content Ebû Ca‘fer Ahmed b. İbrâhîm b. Ebî Hâlid el-Cezzâr el-Kayrevânî (ö. 369/979)
Hekim, eczacı ve tarihçi.
Bir hekim ailesinin çocuğu olarak Kayrevan’da dünyaya geldi; bazı modern kaynaklar onun 285’te (898) doğduğunu söylemektedir (Abdülvehhâb b. Mansûr, II, 321). Batı literatüründe adına Aburafar, Ybnezizar ve Abincali gibi farklı şekillerde rastlanır. İlk tıp eğitimini göz hekimi (kehhâl) olan babası İbrâhim b. Ebû Hâlid ile eserlerinde adını sıkça andığı amcası Ebû Bekir’den aldı; daha sonra Ağlebîler döneminin önde gelen hekimlerinden İshak b. Süleyman el-İsrâîlî ve Ziyâd b. Halfûn’un talebesi oldu. Bütün ömrünü İfrîkıye’de geçiren İbnü’l-Cezzâr, hastalarını evinde kabul eder, boş vakitlerini fakir ve düşkünlere ayırırdı. Yoksullardan para almaz, ayrıca onlara kendi yetiştirmesi olan Reşîḳ adlı bir eczacı vasıtasıyla hazırladığı ilâçları bedava dağıtırdı. Bu konuda Ṭıbbü’l-fuḳarâʾ adlı bir de kitap kaleme almıştır (aş.bk.). İbnü’l-Cezzâr düğün, bayram ve cenaze törenlerine katılmakla birlikte genellikle münzevi yaşamayı tercih etmiş, hayatı boyunca özellikle devlet büyüklerinden uzak durmuştur. Yazları Akdeniz kıyısındaki bir tekkede inzivaya çekilirdi. Bütün kaynaklar onu gözü tok, dindar ve son derece merhametli bir hekim olarak tanıtmaktadır. İbnü’l-Cezzâr’ın seksenini geçkin bir yaşta Kayrevan’da öldüğü konusunda görüş birliği varsa da verilen tarihler birbirinden çok farklı olup (369 [979], 395 [1005], 400 [1010]) genellikle İbn İzârî’nin verdiği ilk tarih kabul görmektedir. Arkasında kırktan fazla eser, zengin bir kütüphane ve 24.000 dinar bırakmıştır.
İbnü’l-Cezzâr’ın çağdaşı ve meslektaşı İbn Cülcül onun tıp ve diğer ilimlerdeki bilgisinin genişliğinden, ahlâkının mükemmelliğinden söz eder ve özellikle tıp alanındaki eserlerinin çok başarılı olduğunu vurgular (Ṭabaḳātü’l-eṭıbbâʾ , s. 88-89). İbnü’l-Cezzâr’ın tarih alanındaki ilgisi, Fâtımî Devleti ve İslâm’ın Afrika’daki macerası konularında yoğunlaşmış ve bu alanda yazdığı üç eserin özellikle ikisi, daha sonraki siyaset ve kültür tarihçilerine kaynaklık etmiştir. İbnü’l-Cezzâr’ın coğrafya ile de meşgul olduğu bilinmektedir.
Eserleri. İbnü’l-Cezzâr’a ait eser sayısını İbn Ebû Usaybia yirmi yedi olarak tesbit etmiş, sonraki birçok biyografi yazarı da bunları aynen veya kısmen farklı şekillerde nakletmiştir. Çağdaş araştırmacılardan Hasan Hüsnî Abdülvahhâb’ın tesbitine göre bu sayı otuz yedi, Muhammed Habîb el-Hîle’ye göre ise kırk dörttür; Fuat Sezgin on üç eserini tanıttıktan sonra İbn Ebû Usaybia’nın verdiği listeyi aktarmaktadır. Çalışmalarının başlıcaları şunlardır:
1. Kitâbü’l-İʿtimâd fi’l-edviyeti’l-müfrede . Basit ilâçları konu alan kitap ilk defa Stephanus de Caesaraugusta tarafından Liber fiduciae de simplicibus medicinis adıyla Latince’ye çevrilmiştir. Daha sonra İbrânîce ve Grekçe’ye de çevrilen eseri Afrikalı Konstantin (Constantinus Africanus) kısa ve bozuk bir tercümesini yaparak Liber de gradibus adıyla kendisine mal etmiş ve bu kitap Batı’da, Moritz Steinschneider’in 1866 yılında bunun el-İʿtimâd ’ın muhtasar bir tercümesinden ibaret olduğunu ortaya koymasına kadar böylece tanınmıştır. el-İʿtimâd ’ın birçok yazma nüshası mevcutsa da (Sezgin, III, 304-305) bunlardan çoğu eksiktir. Fuat Sezgin, dört bölümden oluşan eserin Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’nde bulunan (Ayasofya, nr. 3564) nüshasının tıpkıbasımını yayımlamıştır (bk. bibl.). 278 ilâcın Arapça, Farsça, Süryânîce ve Berberîce adlarının verildiği eser sahasındaki ilk müstakil çalışmalardan biri olmakla birlikte müellifin basit ilâçlarla ilgili Doğu İslâm dünyası kaynaklarından habersiz olduğu ve daha çok Dioskorides ile Galen’in kitaplarından faydalandığı anlaşılmaktadır (geniş bilgi için bk. İbrâhim b. Murâd, s. 25-153).
2. Zâdü’l-müsâfir ve ḳūtü’l-ḥâżır . Yolcunun yanında bulundurup gerektiğinde başvurması için kaleme alınan eser Doğu’da ve Batı’da büyük bir üne sahiptir. İbnü’l-Cezzâr’ın öğrencisi Ebû Hafs Ömer b. Berîk tarafından Endülüs’e götürülerek orada Latince’ye çevrilmiştir. Ancak asıl ünlü olan tercüme Afrikalı Konstantin’e aittir ve Viaticum peregrinantis adıyla iki defa yayımlanmıştır. Ayrıca XI. yüzyılda Grekçe’ye, 1124 ve 1259’da da İbrânîce’ye çevrilmiştir. Yedi bölümden oluşan ve birçok nüshası bulunan eserin bir nüshası da İzmir’de Millî Kütüphane’dedir (Sezgin, III, 305-306). Eserin Dresden nüshası (MS Ea 209) Fuat Sezgin tarafından faksimile olarak neşredilmiştir (Frankfurt 1996). Tahkikli neşrini ilk defa Fransız şarkiyatçısı Gustave Duget gerçekleştirmiş (JA , seri V, I [1853], s. 289-353), daha sonra Muhammed Süveysî ve Râzî el-Câzî tarafından yeni bir neşri yapılmıştır (Tunus 1986).
3. Kitâb Siyâsetü’ṣ-ṣıbyân ve tedbîrühüm . Yirmi iki babdan oluşan eser çocuğun doğumu, bakımı, hastalıkları ve tedavi yöntemleri hakkında olup Muhammed Habîb el-Hîle tarafından yayımlanmıştır (Tunus 1968; Beyrut 1984). Eserin pedagojik muhtevasına dair Ali İdrîs bir inceleme yapmıştır (Min Aʿlâmi’t-terbeviyyeti’l-ʿArabiyye el-İslâmiyye , II, 65-86).
4. Ṭıbbü’l-fuḳarâʾ ve’l-mesâkîn . İbnü’l-Cezzâr’ın, yaşantılarını ve psikolojilerini yakından bildiği fakir ve düşkün kimselerin hangi yöntemle tedavi edilmeleri gerektiğini konu alan bir risâlesidir. Bursa Eski Yazma ve Basma Eserler Kütüphanesi’nde bir nüshası bulunmaktadır (Haraççıoğlu, nr. 1126/1, vr. 1a -48b ); ayrıca çeşitli ülke kütüphanelerinde sekiz nüshası daha vardır (Sezgin, III, 306). Eser S. Catahier tarafından neşredilmiştir (Paris 1984).
5. Kitâbü Ebdâli’l-ʿaḳāḳīr . Escurial Library’de (nr. 1896/5) bulunan eserin Dârü’l-kütübi’l-Mısriyye nüshasının başlığı Bedelü’l-ʿaḳāḳīr şeklindedir (a.g.e. , a.y.).
6. Ṭıbbü’l-meşâyiḫ ve ḥıfẓu ṣıḥḥatihim . Yaşlıların tedavilerini ve sağlıklarını koruma yöntemlerini içeren bir risâledir (a.g.e. , a.y.).
7. Kitâbü’l-Ḫavâṣ . İbn Ebû Usaybia’nın verdiği bilgilerden Latince ve İbrânîce’ye çevrildiği, hükümdarlarla seçkinlerin tedavi usulleri hakkında olduğu öğrenilmektedir (a.g.e. , a.y.).
8. Müdâvâtü’n-nisyân ve ṭuruḳu taḳviyeti’ẕ-ẕâkire . Melankoli hastalığına yakalanmış bir hükümdar için yazıldığı anlaşılmaktadır. Aslı ve Afrikalı Konstantin tarafından Liber de oblivione adıyla yapılmış Latince tercümesiyle günümüze kadar gelen eser esasen unutkanlık ve hâfıza kaybının tedavisini konu almaktadır (Brockelmann, GAL , I, 275; Suppl. , I, 424). Eserin modern edisyonu, Ibn al-Gazzār’s Risāla fi’n-nisyān and Constantine’s Liber de oblivione. Constantine the African and ʿAlī Ibn al-ʿAbbās al-Maġūsī: the Pantegni and related texts (nşr. C. Burnett – D. Jacquart, Leiden 1994) başlığını taşıyan toplu neşirde yer almaktadır.
9. Kitâbü’l-Buġye (Kitâb fi’l-edviyeti’l-mürekkebe ). Birleşik ilâçlar hakkındadır (Sezgin, III, 306).
10. Kitâb fi’l-külâ ve’l-ḥaṣâ . Müellif, böbrek ve böbrek taşlarını konu alan esere Kitâb Siyâsetü’ṣ-ṣıbyân ve tedbîruhüm ’de işaret etmektedir. Bodleian Library’de (nr. 579) kayıtlı olan bu kitapla birlikte yine müellife ait Kitâb fi’l-mâlîḫulyâ da bulunmaktadır.
11. Kitâbü’l-Miʿde (Kitâb fi’l-miʿde ve emrâżihâ ve müdâvâtihâ ). Ünlü hekim Zehrâvî’nin yararlandığı anlaşılan eser Selmân Katâye tarafından neşredilmiştir (Bağdad 1980).
İbnü’l-Cezzâr’ın siyaset ve kültür tarihiyle ilgili olarak yazdığı bazı eserlerin bugüne ulaşıp ulaşmadığı bilinmemektedir. Çok sayıda tabakat ve tarih müellifinin istifade ettiği bu eserlerin, konusunda birinci elden çalışmalar olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Bunlardan Aḫbârü’d-devle Fâtımî hânedanı ve devleti hakkındadır. İ. Nicholson’un İngilizce’ye An Account of the Establishment of the Fatemite Dynasty in Africa adıyla çevirip yayımladığı (Tübingen-Bristol 1840) Fâtımîler’e dair baş tarafı eksik ve yazarı meçhul bir metnin bu eserden alınma parçalar ihtiva ettiği düşünülmektedir (Hasan Hüsnî Abdülvehhâb, I, 318). Ayrıca Makrîzî de İttiʿâẓü’l-ḥunefâʾ ında bu eserden faydalanmıştır (Micheau, XLIII/3 [1996], s. 401).
On cildi aşkın biyografik bir eser olan et-Taʿrîf bi-ṣaḥîḥi’t-târîḫ başta Yâkūt (Muʿcemü’l-üdebâʾ , II, 136-137), Kādî İyâz (Tertîbü’l-medârik , I, 339-340; II, 487) ve İbn Hallikân (Vefeyât , I, 238; IV, 62) olmak üzere çeşitli müelliflerce istifade edilmiş bir kaynaktır. Kitâbü Meġāzî İfrîḳıyye Araplar’ın Tunus’u fethiyle ilgilidir. Ebû Ubeyd el-Bekrî’nin bu eseri gördüğü bilinmektedir (el-Mesâlik , II, 700). Kitâbü Ṭabaḳāti’l-ḳuḍât ise Endülüslü vezir ve müellif Yahyâ b. Ahmed es-Serrâc’ın faydalandığı bir kaynaktır (el-Ḥulelü’s-sündüsiyye , I, 706-707). İbnü’l-Cezzâr’ın Kitâbü ʿAcâʾibi’l-büldân adlı bir eserinden İbnü’l-Baytâr (II, 167) ve Kitâbü Tuḥfeti’l-mülûk ve’r-reġāʾib fi’l-ber ve’l-baḥr mine’l-ʿacâʾib ve’l-garâʾib adlı eserin müellifi İbn Zünbül aktarmalarda bulunmuştur (Fagnan, s. 121-129).
Kitâbü’l-ʿUyûn ve’l-ḥadâʾiḳ fî aḫbâri’l-ḥaḳāʾiḳ adlı anonim bir tarih eserinin (nşr. Ömer es-Saîdî, Dımaşk 1972) temel kaynaklarını da İbnü’l-Cezzâr’ın tarihe dair günümüze ulaşmayan eserleri teşkil etmektedir (el-ʿUyûn , neşredenin girişi, s. XXXIII-XXXIV). Ayrıca Endülüslü müelliflerden coğrafya bilgini Ebû Ubeyd el-Bekrî ve tarihçi İbn Hayyân, bunların yanı sıra Kayrevanlı iki tabakat yazarı olan Ebû Bekir el-Mâlikî ile İbn Nâcî de onun kayıp eserlerinden istifade edenler arasındadır. Bu eserlerin Safedî’ye de kaynak oluşturduğu anlaşılmaktadır (a.g.e. , neşredenin girişi, s. XXXIV).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbn Cülcül, Ṭabaḳātü’l-eṭıbbâʾ (nşr. Fuâd Seyyid), Kahire 1405/1985, s. 88-90.
Sâid el-Endelüsî, Ṭabaḳātü’l-ümem (nşr. Hayât Bû Alvân), Beyrut 1985, s. 153-154.
Bekrî, el-Mesâlik , II, 700.
Kādî İyâz, Tertîbü’l-medârik , I, 339-340; II, 487.
Yâkūt, Muʿcemü’l-üdebâʾ , II, 136-137.
İbnü’l-Baytar, el-Câmiʿ li-Müfredâti’l-edviye ve’l-aġẕiye , Bulak 1291, II, 167.
İbn Ebû Usaybia, ʿUyûnü’l-enbâʾ , s. 481-482.
İbn Hallikân, Vefeyât , I, 238; IV, 62.
Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 120.
el-Ḥulelü’s-sündüsiyye , I, 706-707.
E. Fagnan, Extraits inèdits relatifs au maghreb (Géographie et histoire), Alger 1924, s. 121-129.
Brockelmann, GAL , I, 275; Suppl. , I, 424.
Hasan Hüsnî Abdülvehhâb, Varaḳāt ʿani’l-ḥaḍâreti’l-ʿArabiyye bi-İfrîḳıyyeti’t-Tûnisiyye , Tunus 1964, I, 306-322.
Sezgin, GAS , III, 304-307.
M. Ullmann, Die Medizin im Islam, Leiden 1970, s. 147-149, 245-246, 268-269.
el-ʿUyûn ve’l-ḥadâʾiḳ fî aḫbâri’l-ḥaḳāʾiḳ (nşr. Ömer es-Saîdî), Dımaşk 1972, neşredenin girişi, s. XXXIII-XXXIV.
Abdülvehhâb b. Mansûr, Aʿlâmü Maġribi’l-ʿArabî , Rabat 1979, II, 321-325.
İbrâhim b. Murâd, Dirâsât fi’l-muʿcemi’l-ʿArabî , Beyrut 1987, s. 25-153.
a.mlf., “Hommage a Ibn a Al-Gazzār”, IBLA , XLVI/151 (1983), s. 43-53.
Ali İdrîs, “Siyâsetü’ṣ-ṣıbyân ve tedbîruhüm li’bni’l-Cezzâr el-Ḳayrevânî”, Min Aʿlâmi’t-terbeviyyeti’l-ʿArabiyyeti’l-İslâmiyye , Riyad 1409/1988, II, 65-86.
Muhammed b. Sa‘d eş-Şüvey‘ir, “Siyâsetü’ṣ-ṣıbyân ve tedbîruhüm”, el-Fayṣal , sy. 24, Riyad 1979, s. 68-71.
Selmân Katâye, “Aḥmed b. İbrâhîm el-Cezzâr el-Ḳayrevânî sîretühû ve müʾellefâtüh”, el-Mevrid , IX/1, Bağdad 1980, s. 47-60.
Muhammed Hasan Nevfeliyye, “İbnü’l-Cezzâr el-Ḳayrevânî”, Âfâḳu’s̱-s̱eḳâfe ve’t-türâs̱ , sy. 4, Dübey 1414/1994, s. 78-95.
F. Micheau, “Le connaissance d’Ibn al-Ğazzār, médecin de Kairouan, dans l’orient arabe”, Arabica , XLIII/3, Leiden 1996, s. 385-405.
H. R. Idris, “Ibn al-D̲j̲azzār”, EI2 (İng.) , III, 754.
“İbn Cezzâr”, DMBİ , III, 227-229.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2000 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 21. cildinde, 1-3 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.