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İBNÜ’l-EŞ‘AS, Abdurrahman b. Muhammed Skip to content Abdurrahmân b. Muhammed b. el-Eş‘as b. Kays el-Kindî (ö. 85/704)
Halifeliğini ilân eden âsi Emevî kumandanı.
Kinde krallarının soyundan gelir. Hz. Peygamber’in huzurunda müslüman olan, fakat daha sonra ridde hareketine katılan ve Hz. Ebû Bekir tarafından affedilip kız kardeşiyle evlendirildikten sonra fetihler sırasında büyük yararlıklar gösteren sahâbî Eş‘as b. Kays’ın torunu, ileri gelen emîrlerden Muhammed b. Eş‘as’ın oğludur. Adı ilk defa Kerbelâ faciasından önce, Hz. Hüseyin’in Kûfe’ye gönderdiği amcazadesi Müslim b. Akīl’in saklandığı yeri Vali Ubeydullah b. Ziyâd’a bildirmesiyle duyulmuştur. Bu sebeple dedesini de Hz. Ali’ye ihanet etmekle suçlayan Şiîler ona ve soyundan gelenlere karşı düşmanlık beslerler. Ancak bazı kaynaklar da İbnü’l-Eş‘as’ın bu hareketi düşüncesizlikle yaptığı belirtilmektedir.
İbnü’l-Eş‘as, başlangıçta Ubeydullah taraftarı olmasına rağmen Müslim b. Akīl’in idamından sonra Emevîler’le mücadele eden Abdullah b. Zübeyr’in safına geçti ve Muhtâr es-Sekafî ile Mus‘ab b. Zübeyr arasında cereyan eden Muhtâr’ın öldürüldüğü savaşta Mus‘ab’ın ordusundaki Kûfeli askerleri yönetti; böylece daha önce Muhtâr tarafından öldürülen babasının da intikamını aldı (67/687). Halife Abdülmelik’e karşı yapılan Deyrülcâselik Savaşı’nda (72/691) yine Mus‘ab’ın yanında çarpıştı. Bu savaşta Mus‘ab’ın yenilerek öldürülmesi üzerine bütün Irak Emevîler’in hâkimiyetine geçti. Uzun süreden beri Hâricîler’le uğraşan Mus‘ab’ın ordu kumandanlarından Mühelleb b. Ebû Sufre, Halife Abdülmelik’e biat edince İbnü’l-Eş‘as da ona uydu ve böylece tekrar Emevîler’e katılmış oldu. Irak’taki bu karışıklıklar Hâricîler’i kuvvetlendirmiş ve Mühelleb’i onlarla başa çıkamaz duruma getirmişti. Bunun üzerine Kûfe Valisi Bişr b. Mervân, İbnü’l-Eş‘as’ı 5000 kişilik bir Kûfe ordusunun başında Ezrakī Hâricîleri ile mücadele etmesi için Basra Valisi Hâlid b. Abdullah b. Hâlid b. Esîd’in emrine verdi. Ahvaz yakınlarına kadar ilerlemiş olan Hâricîler Basra-Kûfe ordusu karşısında yirmi gün dayanabildiler. Bu başarıdan sonra İbnü’l-Eş‘as Rey valiliğine tayin edildi (73/692). Ancak onun bu görevde ne kadar kaldığı ve ne gibi faaliyetlerde bulunduğuna dair kaynaklarda bilgi yoktur. 76 (695) yılında Hâricîler, Şebîb b. Yezîd eş-Şeybânî’nin liderliğinde Mardin ile Nusaybin arasındaki bölgeye yerleşerek Kûfe ve civarına baskınlar düzenlemeye başladılar; bu arada birçok Emevî birliğini bozguna uğrattılar. Bunun üzerine Irak genel valisi Haccâc b. Yûsuf es-Sekafî, 6000 kişilik bir ordu kurarak İbnü’l-Eş‘as’ın kumandasında Şebîb’i yakalamakla görevlendirdi. İbnü’l-Eş‘as’ın hemen hücuma geçmeyip ihtiyatlı davranarak onu takibe başlaması sebebiyle sonuç alınamayınca Haccâc kumandayı Osman b. Katan’a verdi. Fakat Osman da hiçbir ciddi tedbire başvurmadan derhal hücuma kalktığı için yapılan savaşta mağlûp oldu ve öldürüldü; Osman’ın maiyetinde çarpışmalara katılan İbnü’l-Eş‘as da yaralandı.
77 yılının sonlarında (697) peşine düşürdüğü başka kumandanlar vasıtasıyla Şebîb’den ve diğer gailelerden kurtulan Haccâc yeniden fetih hareketini başlattı ve Mühelleb’i Horasan valiliğine tayin edip bu cepheden emin olduktan sonra iç karışıklıklardan faydalanarak vergi ödemekten vazgeçen Kâbülistan’ın Türk hükümdarı Rutbîl’in (Zunbil) üzerine İbn Ebû Bekre’yi gönderdi. Rutbîl, Türk tarzı hilâl taktiğiyle İslâm ordusunu ülkenin içlerine çekip dönüş yollarını kestikten sonra âni bir hücumla hezimete uğrattı ve kılıçtan geçirdi (79/698). Haccâc, bu yenilginin intikamını almak için Kûfe ve Basra ordugâhlarından seçtirdiği 40.000 kişiden oluşan büyük bir ordu kurdu ve en iyi şekilde teçhiz etti; ayrıca askerlere ücretlerinin yanı sıra kazanacakları zafer için peşinen para verdi. Elbiselerinin göz alıcılığından dolayı tavus kuşlarına benzetilerek “cüyûşü’t-tavâvîs” lakabı takılan bu askerlerin başına da İbnü’l-Eş‘as’ı getirdi ve onu fethetmekle görevlendirdiği Sîstan’a müstakbel vali olarak tayin etti. 80 (699) yılında harekete geçen İbnü’l-Eş‘as, arazinin dağlık olmasını dikkate alarak düzenli bir şekilde ilerlemeye başladı ve Rutbîl’in haraç verip karşılığında barış yapma teklifini geri çevirdi. Afganistan’ın büyük bir kısmını ele geçirdi ve zaptettiği şehir ve kalelere, Irak ile irtibatı sağlamak için birlikler yerleştirdi. Kış mevsimi yaklaşınca da bölgeyi tanımak ve haraç toplamak amacıyla harekâtı durdurarak durumu Haccâc’a bildirdi. Fakat Haccâc fetihleri sürdürmesini, aksi halde kumandayı kardeşi İshak’a bırakmasını emreden bir mektup gönderdi. İbnü’l-Eş‘as kumandanlarını toplayarak Haccâc’ın mektubunu okudu ve ne düşündüklerini sordu. Haccâc’ı sevmeyen Iraklı kumandanlar ise uzak diyarlarda, kış şartları altında ve Rutbîl gibi bir düşman karşısında savaşa girmek yerine yurtlarına dönmeyi tercih ediyorlardı. Bunun üzerine İbnü’l-Eş‘as Haccâc’ın emrine uymadı ve isyan bayrağı açtı. Ardından, girişeceği mücadelede arkadan vurulmamak için Rutbîl ile bir anlaşma yaptı; ayrıca Sîstan’ın önemli şehirlerinden Büst ve Zerenc’e birer vali tayin etti. 81 (700) yılında Irak’a doğru yola çıktığında ordusuna büyük sayıda katılmaların başlamasından cesaretlenen İbnü’l-Eş‘as, Halife Abdülmelik’in Haccâc’dan ayrı tutulamayacağını anlayarak ona da isyan etti ve ordusundan kendi halifeliğine ve Suriyeliler’le sonuna kadar savaşılacağına dair biat aldı. Ayrıca isyanına dinî bir hareket süsü vererek mevâlîyi ve Emevî hilâfetinden memnun kalmayan bütün grupları etrafında topladı; iktidarın meşruiyetine inanmayan Iraklı âlimlerin de desteğini kazandı.
Haccâc’ın üzerine gönderdiği kuvvetleri bozguna uğratarak yoluna devam eden İbnü’l-Eş‘as, Tüster yakınlarında bizzat kendisiyle karşılaştı (9 veya 10 Zilhicce 81 / 24 veya 25 Ocak 701) ve ilk mağlûbiyetini tadan Haccâc Basra’ya doğru çekilerek Zâviye’de karargâh kurdu. İbnü’l-Eş‘as, hiçbir mukavemetle karşılaşmadan 29 Zilhicce’de (13 Şubat) Basra’ya girdiyse de 30 Muharrem 82’de (16 Mart 701) Zâviye’de yapılan çetin savaşta (Ma‘reketüzzâviye) yenildi; fakat Basra’yı bırakmadı. Daha sonra isyanın asıl merkezi sayılan Kûfe’ye gitti ve halk tarafından hararetle karşılandı. Böylece Haccâc ile halife arasına girerek aralarındaki irtibatı kesmiş oldu. Bu durum karşısında Haccâc, Fırat’ı takip ederek Suriye ile kolayca irtibat sağlayabileceği Deyrülkurre’de karargâh kurdu. İbnü’l-Eş‘as da Kûfe’den çıkarak Haccâc’ın birliklerinin karşısında Deyrülcemâcim’de müstahkem bir ordugâha yerleşti. İki ordu arasındaki küçük çarpışmalar 100 gün devam etti. Halife Abdülmelik, her gün yüzlerce kişinin âsilere katılması karşısında şaşkına dönmüştü ve bir taraftan Haccâc’a yardımcı kuvvetler gönderirken bir taraftan da Iraklılar’la anlaşmak için onlara Haccâc’ın azli dahil çeşitli vaad ve tekliflerde bulunuyordu; ancak bunların hiçbirinden sonuç alamadı. Fakat Cemâziyelâhir 82 (Temmuz 701) tarihinde cereyan eden Deyrülcemâcim Savaşı’nı korktuğunun aksine kuvvetleri daha az olduğu halde Haccâc kazandı (bk. DEYRÜLCEMÂCİM ). İbnü’l-Eş‘as’ın dağılan birliklerinin büyük bir kısmı Basra’da Ubeydullah b. Abdurrahman el-Abşemî’nin kumandasında toplanmıştı. Oraya giden İbnü’l-Eş‘as, fazla vakit geçirmeden Düceyl ırmağı sahilindeki Meskîn’e geçti ve burada, yeni katılan taraftarlarıyla birlikte Şâban 82 (Eylül 701) tarihinde peşinden gelen Haccâc ile yeniden karşılaştı. Ancak çok çetin geçen savaşta yine yenildi ve ordusu ağır kayıplar verdi. Askerlerinin mütecânis olmaması ve bir kısmının kendisine ihanet etmesi savaşın aleyhine sonuçlanmasına sebep oldu. Böylece Emevî iktidarını yıkma noktasına kadar gelen İbnü’l-Eş‘as, artık Haccâc ile mücadele edemeyeceğini anlayarak doğuya kaçmak zorunda kaldı ve Rutbîl’e sığındı. Bu arada taraftarları Zerenc’de Ubeydullah b. Abdurrahman el-Abşemî ile Abdurrahman b. Abbas el-Hâşimî’nin idaresinde toplanarak onu geri çağırdılar. Davete uyan İbnü’l-Eş‘as Suriyeli birliklerin yaklaşması üzerine tekrar Rutbîl’e sığındı. Ölümüyle ilgili farklı rivayetlerden en çok kabul göreni, Haccâc’ın çeşitli tehdit ve vaadleri karşısında Rutbîl tarafından Haccâc’ın adamlarından Umâre b. Temîm’e teslim edildiği, bunun üzerine onun da yolda Ruhhac Kalesi’nden veya uçurumdan atladığı şeklindedir (Taberî, VI, 390; İbnü’l-Esîr, IV, 502).
İbnü’l-Eş‘as ile Haccâc arasındaki münasebetler aslında iyi idi; hatta Haccâc oğlu Muhammed’i onun kız kardeşiyle evlendirmişti. İbnü’l-Eş‘as’ın isyanının sebepleri üzerinde ileri sürülen fikirleri iki grupta ele almak mümkündür. Alfred von Kremer isyanı, Kûfe ve Basra mevâlîsinin hâkim sınıf Araplar’la hak ve hukuk bakımından eşit olmak, onlar gibi maaş defterlerine kaydedilmek ve cizyeden kurtulmak isteğiyle birleştirmiştir. Haccâc, Irak genel valiliğine getirilmeden önce bir bölge fethedildiği zaman sakinleri cizye vermek şartıyla eski dinlerinde kalabiliyor, İslâm’a girdiklerinde ise cizye ödemiyorlardı. Fakat mühtedilerin gittikçe çoğalması karşısında devlet gelirlerinin azalması üzerine Haccâc, Arap olmayan unsurdan (mevâlî) müslüman olsalar dahi cizye almayı sürdürdü. Bu uygulama büyük hoşnutsuzluklara ve Kremer’in görüşüne göre isyana yol açmıştır. Julius Wellhausen ise isyanın sebebini Suriye ile Irak arasındaki iktidar mücadelesine bağlamaktadır. Çünkü İbnü’l-Eş‘as’ın ordusunda mevâlî kadar Araplar da bulunuyordu. İsyan, mevâlîden değil eyaletlerdeki askerlerin de katıldığı Kûfe ve Basra ordugâh şehirlerinden çıkmıştı ve isyanın lideri Arap Kinde kabilesinin reisiydi; ayrıca yanında çok sayıda Arap kabile reisi, âlim ve din adamı vardı. Ona göre Arap aristokrasisi, devlet kudretinin mümessili olan Suriyeli halk tabakasının hâkimane ve tahkir edici tavrına karşı harekete geçmişti. Diğer bir ifadeyle isyan, Iraklılar’ın Haccâc’ın şahsında odaklanan Suriye boyunduruğunu atmak için giriştikleri bir teşebbüstü. Esasen Sıffîn Savaşı’ndan itibaren bu iki eyalet arasındaki rekabet devamlı huzursuzluklara sebep teşkil etmişti. Neticede isyanın mevâlînin Araplar’a karşı bir baş kaldırmasından ziyade, ikinci sınıf insan muamelesi gören ve devletten daha az atıyye alan Iraklı Araplar’ın Suriyeli Araplar’a karşı giriştikleri bir iktidar mücadelesi olduğu söylenebilir. Halife Abdülmelik’in İbnü’l-Eş‘as’ın askerlerini isyandan vazgeçirmek amacıyla kendilerine Suriyeli askerlerle eşit muamele yapacağını vaad etmesi de bunu göstermektedir. İbnü’l-Eş‘as’ın çok kibirli ve gururlu bir insan olması da isyanın sebepleri arasında sayılabilir; kibri kendine duyduğu güveni arttırmış, Sîstan valiliğine tayin edilmesi ve cüyûşü’t-tavâvîsin başına getirilmesi de onu cesaretlendirmiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2000 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 21. cildinde, 32-33 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.