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İBNÜ’l-ESÎR, Ziyâeddin Skip to content Ebü’l-Feth Ziyâüddîn Nasrullāh b. Muhammed b. Muhammed eş-Şeybânî el-Cezerî (ö. 637/1239)
Belâgat âlimi, münekkit ve vezir.
25 Şâban 558’de (29 Temmuz 1163) Cizre’de (Cezîre-i İbn Ömer) doğdu. Bundan dolayı Cezerî, Şeybân kabilesine mensup olduğu için de Şeybânî nisbeleriyle anılır. Şeybân kabilesinin ileri gelenlerinden olan babası, Musul Hükümdarı İmâdüddin Zengî’nin veziri Ebû Ca‘fer el-İsfahânî katında özel itibarı olması sebebiyle “Esîr” (tercih edilen, itibarlı) lakabını almış, birer âlim olarak yetiştirdiği üç oğlu da Beni’l-Esîr diye tanınmıştır. Bu üç kardeş lakaplarıyla (Mecdüddin, İzzeddin, Ziyâeddin) birbirinden ayrılır; Ziyâeddin bunların en küçüğüdür.
İlk öğrenimini Cizre’de gören Ziyâeddin, yirmi bir yaşında iken babası ve iki kardeşiyle birlikte zamanın ilim ve kültür merkezi olan Musul’a göç etti. Asıl tahsilini orada yaptı. Ebû Temmâm, Buhtürî ve Mütenebbî’nin divanları başta olmak üzere pek çok şiir ezberledi. Nahiv, lugat ve beyân ilimlerini öğrendi. Tahsilini tamamladıktan sonra 587 (1191) yılında dostu Kādî el-Fâzıl’ın aracılığı ile Selâhaddîn-i Eyyûbî ile tanışıp onun hizmetine girdi. Birkaç ay yanında kaldıktan sonra Selâhaddin’in oğlu el-Melikü’l-Efdal Ali onun kendi hizmetine verilmesini isteyince Selâhaddin tercihi İbnü’l-Esîr’e bıraktı. İbnü’l-Esîr de el-Melikü’l-Efdal’i tercih ederek özel kâtibi oldu. 589’da (1193) Selâhaddin’in ölümü üzerine Efdal Şam (Suriye) hükümdarı, İbnü’l-Esîr de onun veziri oldu. Bir süre sonra kardeşi Mısır hâkimi el-Melikü’l-Azîz ile amcası el-Melikü’l-Âdil birleşip Efdal’den Şam’ı aldılar ve ona Sarhad’i verdiler. İbnü’l-Esîr de Şam’dan kaçıp Sarhad’e Efdal’in yanına gitti. 595 (1199) yılında Azîz vefat edip sekiz yaşındaki oğlu el-Melikü’l-Mansûr halife olunca devlet adamları Efdal’i çağırıp yeğeninin vasîsi ve nâibi olarak Mısır hükümdarı olmasını istediler. Efdal bu teklifi kabul etti; bir yıl sonra İbnü’l-Esîr de Mısır’a gitti. Ancak Efdal ile amcası Şam Hükümdarı el-Melikü’l-Âdil arasında savaş çıkması üzerine Efdal 596’da (1200) Mısır’ı terkedip bilâd-i şarka çekilmek zorunda kaldı, ardından Sümeysât’ta (Samsat) yerleşmeye karar verdi. İbnü’l-Esîr de Mısır’da bir süre gizlendikten sonra Sümeysât’a giderek Efdal’e hizmet etmeyi sürdürdü. Daha sonra Efdal’in kardeşi Halep Hükümdarı Gāzî el-Melikü’z-Zâhir’in hizmetine girdi. Ancak onunla geçinemeyip Musul’a, ardından Erbil’e, oradan da Sincar’a gitti. Fakat buralarda tutunamayarak tekrar Musul’a döndü. Musul Hükümdarı Nâsırüddin Mahmûd Arslanşah tarafından divan kâtibi olarak tayin edilen İbnü’l-Esîr hayatının geri kalan kısmını burada geçirdi. Hükümdarın elçisi sıfatıyla Bağdat’ta bulunurken 29 Rebîülâhir 637’de (28 Kasım 1239) vefat etti. İbnü’l-Esîr, şiirde başarısız olmasına rağmen inşâda mahirdi. Dostu Kādî el-Fâzıl ile mektuplaşır, onun inşâlarına nazîreler yazardı. Kendisi gibi edip olan Şerefeddin Muhammed adlı oğlu 622’de (1225) genç yaşta ölmüştür.
Babasının yakın dostu olan İbn Hallikân kendisinden istifade etmek için birçok defa Musul’a gittiğini, ancak görüşmelerinin mümkün olmadığını söyler (Vefeyât , V, 391). İbnü’l-Esîr kibirli, bencil ve başkalarının görüşlerine değer vermeyen bir tabiata sahipti. İbn Hallikân muhtemelen bu sebeple onunla görüşme imkânı bulamamıştır. Otuz yıl süren başarısız siyasî hayatında İbnü’l-Esîr çevresindekilerin, halkın ve devlet adamlarının nefret ve düşmanlığını kazanmış, birkaç defa öldürülme tehlikesi atlatmıştır. Efdal’e, babası Selâhaddin’in arkadaşlarını ve onun tayin etmiş olduğu memurları görevlerinden azlettirmiş, onlar da Kahire’ye giderek kardeşi Azîz’e sığınmışlardı. Efdal’in hükümdarlığının kısa sürmesinin ve ömür boyu dargın olduğu kardeşi İzzeddin İbnü’l-Esîr’in el-Kâmil adlı tarihinde el-Melikü’l-Efdal, el-Melikü’l-Azîz ve el-Melikü’l-Âdil’in hayat hikâyelerini anlatırken ondan hiç söz etmemesinin sebebi de muhtemelen budur.
İbnü’l-Esîr, bu çalkantılı siyasî hayatına rağmen ilim ve edebiyatla ilgisini kesmemiş, siyasî kişiliği ona birçok âlim ve ediple tanışma ve onlardan faydalanma imkânı vermiştir. Edebiyat, belâgat, edebî tenkit, inşâ usulü gibi sahalarda değerli eserler meydana getirmek suretiyle sağladığı ilmî ve edebî şöhreti onun siyasî kimliğini unutturmuştur. Eserlerinde iki çeşit üslûp görülür. Bunlardan birincisi mektuplarında görülen, başta seciler olmak üzere bedî nevileriyle süslü sanatlı üslûp, ikincisi de el-Mes̱elü’s-sâʾir ’i ile diğer ilmî eserlerinde takip ettiği kolay anlaşılan secisiz ve sanatsız üslûptur. Birinci üslûpta yoğun edebî sanatlarla âyet, hadis, şiir iktibaslarının ve tazminlerin çokluğu şeklinde karakteristik çizgi gösteren Kādî el-Fâzıl inşâ mektebinin etkisi görülür. Belâgat, edebî tenkit ve bazı ilmî eserlerdeki eleştirileri son derece sert ve hakaretlerle doludur.
Eserleri. 1. el-Mes̱elü’s-sâʾir fî edebi’l-kâtib ve’ş-şâʿir . İbnü’l-Esîr’in edebî şöhretinin doruğa erişmesini sağlayan belâgata dair bu eser daha müellif hayatta iken istinsah edilmeye başlanmış ve kısa zamanda İslâm âleminin merkezlerine ulaşmış, Bağdat ve Musul’da büyük ilgi görmüştür. İbn Ebü’l-Hadîd eserde müellifinin kendini öven, eski âlimleri ve eserlerini yeren ifadeleri görünce ağır tenkitlerle dolu el-Felekü’d-dâʾir ʿale’l-Mes̱eli’s-sâʾir adlı şerhini kaleme almıştır. Bunun üzerine edebî bir tartışma başlamış, İbnü’l-Esîr’i ve İbn Ebü’l-Hadîd’i tutanlar birçok tenkit eseri yazmıştır. Bu arada Ma‘tûk b. Sa‘d b. Abdullah es-Sümeysâtî er-Ravżü’z-zâhir fî meḥâsini’l-Mes̱eli’s-sâʾir , Selâhaddin es-Safedî Nuṣretü’s-sâʾir ʿale’l-Mes̱eli’s-sâʾir , İbnü’l-Esîr’in öğrencisi Ebü’l-Kāsım Mahmûd b. Hüseyin es-Sincârî Neşrü’l-Mes̱eli’s-sâʾir ve ṭayyü’l-Feleki’d-dâʾir , Abdülazîz b. Îsâ Ḳaṭʿu’d-dâbir ʿani’l-Feleki’d-dâʾir , Yahyâ İbnü’l-Lebbûdî Nüzhetü’n-nâẓır fi’l-Mes̱eli’s-sâʾir ve Ahmed İbnü’l-Attâr Nüzhetü’n-nâẓır fi’l-Mes̱eli’s-sâʾir adlı kitapları kaleme almışlardır. İbnü’l-Assâl eseri Muḫtaṣarü’l-Mes̱eli’s-sâʾir adıyla ihtisar etmiştir. Öğretici yanı, konuların düzenlenmesi ve bizzat müellifi tarafından Bağdat ve Musul’da okutulmuş olması el-Mes̱elü’s-sâʾir ’in şöhretine tesir eden sebeplerdendir. Eserde beyân ilmi eskilerde olduğu gibi belâgat karşılığı olarak kullanılmıştır. Çünkü belâgat ilimlerinin meânî-beyân-bedî‘ şeklinde üçlü taksimi Sekkâkî’nin Miftâḥu’l-ʿulûm ’u ile başlamıştır. Belâgatta güzeli-çirkini, iyiyi-kötüyü ayırt etmek için kuralı değil zevki ölçü kabul eden âlimlerin sonuncusu olan İbnü’l-Esîr, eski âlimlerin kitaplarında dağınık halde bulunan belâgata dair bilgileri bir araya getirmiştir. Bir mukaddime ile iki bölümden (makale) oluşan eserin mukaddimesinde beyân (belâgat) ilminin usulü, konusu, faydası, fesahat, belâgat, beyân ilmi için gerekli ilimler (sarf, nahiv, lugat, emsâl, ahbâr, âyet, hadis) incelenmiştir. Birinci bölümde seci, cinas, tecnîs, tekrîr, tarsî‘ gibi lafzî sanatlar, ikinci bölümde mânevî sanatlar ele alınmış, âyet ve hadislerden, eski ve yeni şiirlerden, hitabe ve risâlelerden örnekler verilmiş, ancak müellif bu örneklerin çoğunu ağır bir dille eleştirmiştir. Eserde ayrıca şiir intihallerine dair çok geniş bilgi yer almaktadır. Bulak (1282), Beyrut (1292), Kahire (1312, 1935, 1939, 1951, 1959-1962, 1980-1984) ve Riyad’da (I-III, 1403/1983) basılan kitabın, İbn Ebü’l-Hadîd’in şerhini ihtiva eden Kahire 1951 basımı en mükemmelidir. Eser üzerinde son zamanlarda birçok inceleme yapılmıştır: Hasan İsmâil Abdürrâzık, el-Belâġa fi’l-Mes̱eli’s-sâʾir (Kahire 1987); Gālib Muhammed Mahmûd eş-Şâvîş, el-Belâġa fi’l-Mes̱eli’s-sâʾir (1400, yüksek lisans tezi, Câmiatü’l-İmâm Muhammed b. Suûd el-İslâmiyye); Ahmed Süleyman Yâkūt, en-Naḥv ve’n-nüḥât ʿinde İbni’l-Es̱îr fi’l-Mes̱eli’s-sâʾir (İskenderiye 1989; eserde nahiv ilmiyle nahiv âlimlerinin İbnü’l-Esîr tarafından yapılmış eleştirileri incelenmiştir); Ahmed Muhammed Anber, Cevle maʿa Żiyâʾiddîn İbni’l-Es̱îr fî kitâbihî el-Mes̱eli’s-sâʾir (Kahire, ts., Nehdatü Mısr).
2. el-İstidrâk fi’r-red ʿalâ Risâleti İbni’d-Dehhân el-müsemmâ bi’l-Meʾâḫıẕi’l-Kindiyye mine’l-meʿâni’ṭ-Ṭâʾiyye . İbnü’d-Dehhân tarafından kaleme alınan, Mütenebbî’nin Ebû Temmâm ile Buhtürî’den yaptığı serikata dair risâlenin tenkididir.
3. el-Câmiʿu’l-kebîr fî ṣınâʿati’l-manẓûm mine’l-kelâm ve’l-mens̱ûr (nşr. Mustafa Cevâd – Cemîl Saîd, Bağdad 1375/1956; Hifnî M. Şeref, Kahire 1958). Muhteva olarak el-Mes̱elü’s-sâʾir ’e benzeyen eserde müellif kendi hayatı hakkında geniş bilgi vermiştir. Kâtib Çelebi’nin bu eseri İzzeddin İbnü’l-Esîr’e nisbet etmesi (Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 571) doğru değildir.
4. Resâʾil İbni’l-Es̱îr . Müellifin birkaç cilt tutan edebî ve siyasî mektuplarından seçilmiş 169 risâleden oluşmaktadır (nşr. Enîs el-Makdisî, Beyrut 1959; nşr. Nûrî Hammûdî el-Kaysî – Hilâl Nâcî, Musul 1982). Claude Cahen ile David Samuel Margoliouth, İbnü’l-Esîr’in siyasî mektuplarına dair çalışmalar yapmıştır (bk. bibl.).
5. el-Veşyü’l-merḳūm fî ḥalli’l-manẓûm . Şiirin nesre çevrilmesi, âyet, hadis ve şiirlerin nesir içinde kullanılma tekniğine dairdir (nşr. İbrâhim b. Ali el-Ahdeb et-Trablusî, Beyrut 1298/1880; nşr. Cemîl Saîd, Bağdad 1409/1989).
6. el-Bedîʿ (Dârü’l-kütübi’l-Mısriyye, Belâgat, nr. 615).
7. Risâletü’l-ezhâr (Riyâżü’l-ezhâr ). Çiçeklerin birbirlerine karşı övünmesini konu alan bu edebî risâle Hilâl Nâcî tarafından neşredilmiştir (Musul 1403/1983).
8. Kifâyetü’ṭ-ṭâlib fî naḳdi kelâmi’ş-şâʿir ve’l-kâtib . Müellifin el-Câmiʿu’l-kebîr ’inin muhtasarı gibidir. İbnü’l-Esîr bu kitabı yazarken İbn Reşîḳ’in el-ʿUmde ’sinden etkilenmiştir. Altmış bir bölümden meydana gelen eserde belâgat, bedî‘, şiir türleri, edebî tenkit ve serikat konuları incelenmiştir (nşr. Nûrî Hammûdî el-Kaysî v.dğr., Musul 1982; nşr. Abdülvâhid Şa‘lân en-Nebevî, Kahire 1994).
9. el-Miftâḥu’l-münşâ li-ḥadîḳati’l-inşâ (fî ṣınâʿati’l-inşâ) . Kitâbü’l-Meʿâni’l-muḫtaraʿa fî ṣınâʿati’l-inşâ adıyla da anılan eserde inşâ usul ve tekniğinden söz edilmektedir (nşr. Hilâl Nâcî, Musul 1403/1983; nşr. Abdülvâhid Hasan eş-Şeyh, İskenderiye 1410/1990).
10. el-Burhân fî ʿilmi’l-beyân (Brockelmann, GAL , I, 358).
11. Teressülü’l-vezîr eṣ-Ṣadr el-kebîr (TSMK, nr. 2630).
12. Müʾnisü’l-vaḥde . Ebû Temmâm, Buhtürî, İbnü’r-Rûmî gibi şairlerden seçmeler olup şiirler konularına göre düzenlenmiştir (Köprülü Ktp., nr. 1400; Dârü’l-kütübi’l-Mısriyye, Edeb, nr. 5070).
İbnü’l-Esîr’in kaynaklarda adı geçen diğer eserleri de şunlardır: Risâle fî evṣâfi Mıṣr , Risâle fi’ḍ-ḍâd ve’ẕ-ẕâ , ʿAmûdü’l-meʿânî , el-Muḫtaṣar min Mecmaʿi’l-ems̱âl li’l-Meydanî , el-Muḫtârât min şiʿri Ebî Temmâm ve’l-Buhtürî ve’l-Mütenebbî ve Dîki’l-cin , el-Muḫtârât min Ḥamâseti Ebî Temmâm (Ḥamâse ’den seçilmiş 500 beyit), Mecmûʿatü’l-ḥadîs̱ (inşâda malzeme olarak kullanılabilecek olan 3000 hadisi içermektedir).
Müellife ayrıca bazı eserler nisbet edilmektedir. Ebû Temmâm ile Buhtürî’nin şiirlerini karşılaştıran uzunca bir mukaddime ile otuz bölümden meydana gelen el-Ḳavlü’l-fâʾiḳu’l-edîb bi-utbâ Velîd ve ẕikrâ Ḥabîb ’de III ve IV. yüzyıl ricâlinden doğrudan nakilde bulunulmuş olması eserin İbnü’l-Esîr’e nisbeti konusunda şüphe uyandırmaktadır (Muhammed Zağlûl Sellâm, s. 72-73, yazma nüshası için bk. İÜ Ktp., AY, nr. 1410). Kehhâle’nin İbnü’l-Esîr el-Cezerî’ye şüphe ile izâfe ettiği Kenzü’l-belâġa (Muʿcemü’l-müʾellifîn , XIII, 98), İmâdüddin İbnü’l-Esîr el-Halebî’ye aittir. Mecdüddin İbnü’l-Esîr el-Cezerî’ye ait olan el-Muraṣṣâʿ fi’l-âbâʾ ve’l-ümmehât ve’l-ebnâʾ ve’l-benât ve’l-ezvâ ve’z-zevât adlı eser, İstanbul baskısı (1304) ve C. Friedrich Seybold neşrinde (Weimar 1896; Amsterdam 1981) Ziyâeddin İbnü’l-Esîr el-Cezerî’ye nisbet edilmiştir.
İbnü’l-Esîr hakkında Doğu’da ve Batı’da kaleme alınmış çok sayıda makalenin dışında müstakil eserler de yazılmıştır. Muhammed Zağlûl Sellâm’ın Żiyâʾüddîn İbnü’l-Es̱îr ve Cühûdühû fi’n-naḳd (Kahire, ts.), Abdülvâhid Hasan eş-Şeyh’in Ṣınâʿatü’l-kitâbe ʿinde Żiyâʾiddîn İbnü’l-Es̱îr (İskenderiye 1986), Dirâsât fi’l-belâġa ʿinde Żiyâʾiddîn İbnü’l-Es̱îr (İskenderiye 1986), Ahmed Matlûb’un Żiyâʾüddîn İbnü’l-Es̱îr: Dirâse ve menhec (Bağdad 1988) ve Faysal es-Sâmir’in İbnü’l-Es̱îr (Bağdad 1986) adlı kitapları bunlar arasında sayılabilir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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F. Rosenthal, “Ibn al-At̲h̲īr”, EI2 (Fr.) , III, 746-747.
Bedevî Tabâne, “el-Mes̱elü’s-sâʾir”, Tİ , II, 101-102.
Saîd Abdülfettâh Âşûr, “el-Kâmil fi’t-târîḫ li’bni’l-Es̱îr”, a.e. , II, 906-922.
Muhammed Ali Lisânî Fişârekî, “İbn Es̱îr”, DMBİ , II, 705-708.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2000 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 21. cildinde, 30-32 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.