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İBNÜ’l-EZRAK el-GIRNÂTÎ Skip to content Ebû Abdillâh Şemsüddîn Muhammed b. Alî b. Muhammed el-Esbahî el-Mâlekī el-Gırnâtî (ö. 896/1491)
Bedâʾiʿu’s-silk adlı siyasete dair eseriyle tanınan Mâlikî fakihi.
832 (1429) yılında Mâleka’da (Malaga) doğdu. Ailesi hakkında bilgi bulunmadığı gibi ailesinin ve kendisinin Ezrak veya İbnü’l-Ezrak lakabını niçin aldığı da bilinmemektedir. İbnü’l-Ezrak Mâleka’da yetişti. Kur’an’ı ezberledikten sonra Muhammed b. Ebû Bekir b. Manzûr, Muhammed b. Ebû Tâhir el-Fihrî gibi hocalardan kıraat, Arapça, fıkıh, ferâiz ve hesap öğrendi. Ardından Gırnata’ya (Granada) giderek müftü İbrâhim b. Ahmed b. Fütûh, Kādılcemâa Ebû Yahyâ İbn Âsım, Muhammed b. Yûsuf el-Mevvâk, Muhammed b. Zekeriyyâ b. Cübeyr el-Yahsubî gibi âlimlerden nahiv, edebiyat, fıkıh, kelâm, fıkıh usulü ve mantık dersleri aldı. Daha sonra Fas, Tilimsân ve Tunus’a geçerek birçok hocadan faydalandı.
Tahsilini tamamlayıp Mâleka’ya dönen İbnü’l-Ezrak, Nasrîler Devleti Sultanı Müstaîn-Billâh Sa‘d b. Ali b. Yûsuf’un döneminde (1453-1464) Garbî Mâleka’ya kadı tayin edildi. Müstaîn-Billâh’ın ardından tahta geçen oğulları zamanında Mâleka ve Vâdîâş (Guadix) kadılığına getirildi. Bir süre sonra tekrar Mâleka kadılığına tayin edildiyse de bu görevinde fazla kalmayarak Sultan Ebü’l-Hasan tarafından Gırnata’ya kādılcemâa olarak gönderildi. Gırnata’ya gidince, uzun bir süreden beri devam eden iç çatışmaların müslümanların Endülüs’teki hâkimiyetini sona erdireceği kaygısıyla Kuzey Afrika ve diğer müslüman memleketlerindeki sultanlara mektuplar göndererek onları Endülüs müslümanlarına yardıma çağırdı. Kaynaklar, bu mektupları yazdığı dönemde İbnü’l-Ezrak’ın sarayda resmî bir görevinin olup olmadığı konusunda bilgi vermemekle birlikte eserinde saray teşrifatı içerisinde muhtelif makamların vazifeleriyle ilgili verdiği ayrıntılı mâlûmat, onun kâtip (vezir) olarak görev yapmış ve mektuplarını bu sıfatla yazmış olması ihtimalini güçlendirmektedir (Bedâʾiʿu’s-silk , neşredenin girişi, I, 9-10). İbnü’l-Ezrak’ın, Sultan Ebü’l-Hasan zamanında ortaya çıkan taht kavgasında oğluna karşı Ebü’l-Hasan’ı destekleyerek ona bir tür biat kampanyası başlatıp bazı âlimlerle birlikte bir fetva hazırlaması da devlet katındaki itibarını göstermektedir.
İbnü’l-Ezrak bir süre sonra Gırnata’yı terkederek önce Fas’a, ardından Tilimsân’a gitti. Kaynaklarda Gırnata’yı terketmesinin sebebi zikredilmemekle birlikte, Endülüs’ün artık kendi başına ayakta duracak gücünü yitirdiğini ve her an düşme tehlikesiyle karşı karşıya olduğunu görüp yardım istemek amacıyla şehirden ayrılmış olması kuvvetle muhtemeldir. Nitekim Fas’a gittikten sonra orada da devam eden iktidar kavgalarından dolayı bir destek bulamayacağını anlayınca Tilimsân’a geçerek Hafsî Hükümdarı Ebû Amr Osman b. Muhammed b. Ebû Fâris’ten yardım talep etmiştir (Sehâvî, IX, 21). Ebû Amr’ın ertesi yıl vefatı üzerine Tunus’ta iç karışıklıklar çıkınca buradan da ayrılan İbnü’l-Ezrak, Mısır’a gidip Sultan Kayıtbay’dan yardım istemiş, ancak Kayıtbay, Osmanlılar’la arasındaki problemleri gerekçe göstererek onun arzusunu yerine getirmemiştir (Makkarî, Nefḥu’ṭ-ṭîb , II, 702; Harvey, s. 267). Bunun üzerine 895 (1490) yılında hacca giden İbnü’l-Ezrak Medine’de dört ay, Mekke’de iki ay kaldıktan sonra Kahire’ye döndü ve Kayıtbay’dan Endülüs’ün kurtarılması için tekrar yardım istedi. Sultan yine bu arzusunu yerine getirmedi ve onu Kudüs kadılığına tayin etti. İbnü’l-Ezrak, 17 Şevval 896’da (23 Ağustos 1491) başladığı bu görevinde iken 17 Zilhicce 896’da (21 Ekim 1491) vefat etti. Bir yıl sonra da Gırnata düştü. İbnü’l-Kādî’nin 870 (1465-66) olarak verdiği ölüm tarihi yanlıştır. İbnü’l-Ezrak’ın yetiştirdiği talebeler arasında Ebû Abdullah Muhammed b. Haddâd el-Vâdîâşî ve Hâfız Ebû Ca‘fer Ahmed b. Dâvûd el-Belevî gibi âlimler bulunmaktadır. Özellikle Vâdîâşî onun eserlerinin yayılmasında önemli rol oynamıştır.
İbnü’l-Ezrak, Endülüs’teki son müslüman devleti olan Nasrîler’in son yıllarında yaşamıştır. İktidar kavgaları ve toplumda görülen ahlâkî zaaflar neticesinde hıristiyanların eline geçme tehlikesiyle karşı karşıya gelen Endülüs’ün kurtarılması, İbnü’l-Ezrak’ın hem faaliyetlerinin hem de düşüncesinin mihverini teşkil etmiştir. Gırnata’da bulunduğu dönemde müslüman devletleriyle ilişki kurup Endülüs’e destek araması onun hayatında önemli bir yere sahip olduğu gibi Bedâʾiʿu’s-silk adlı eserini de Endülüs’ü içtimaî ve siyasî bir ıslah projesiyle kurtarma gayretinin bir parçası olarak yazmıştır.
İbn Haldûn’un Muḳaddime ’sinin ihtisarı ve şerhi mahiyetindeki Bedâʾiʿu’s-silk ’te İbnü’l-Ezrak’ın bazı konulara siyaset felsefesiyle meşgul olan kendisinden önceki âlimlere göre daha fazla vurgu yapmış olması, onun içinde bulunduğu şartların doğrudan bir neticesi olarak görülebilir. İbnü’l-Ezrak’ın hilâfeti ve imâmeti aklî değil aslı itibariyle şer‘î bir vazife sayması (Bedâʾiʿu’s-silk , I, 69-71), halife ve imama itaati dinî vecîbelerin asıllarından olan en büyük asıl olarak kabul etmesi (a.g.e. , I, 77), imam zalim de olsa ona itaatin gerekli olduğunu belirtmesi, imamlara isyanın milletin yıkımı olduğunu söylemesi (a.g.e. , I, 78) gibi hususlar, kendi döneminde karşı karşıya bulunulan yok olma tehlikesiyle bağlantılı olarak düşünüldüğünde daha açık bir şekilde anlaşılabilir. İbnü’l-Ezrak’ı İbn Haldûn’a ve onun üzerinden siyaset nazariyesine yönelten en önemli etken, yönetimin ıslahıyla Endülüslü müslümanları yeniden kendi ayakları üzerinde durur hale getirmeyi amaçlamış olmasıdır (a.g.e. , I, 46). Toplumun salâhının yönetimin salâhına bağlı olduğunu belirten İbnü’l-Ezrak’ın, olup biteni kendi zorunlulukları içerisinde tasvir etmeye çalışan İbn Haldûn’dan ayrıldığı en önemli husus, olanı dikkate alarak veya olana dayanarak olması gereken hakkında konuşmasıdır.
Müellife göre siyasî bir otorite olmadan din toplum içinde varlığını sürdüremez; bundan dolayı İslâmî ilkeleri kendisine şiâr edinmiş siyasî otoritenin yönetilenler tarafından itaatle güçlendirilmesi, buna karşılık yönetimin de temel ahlâkî ilkelere ve İslâmî kurallara uyarak yönetilenler gözünde meşruiyetini muhafaza etmesi gerekir. İbnü’l-Ezrak, yöneticilerle yönetilenler arasındaki ilişkiyi bütün zamanlar için geçerli olarak kabul ettiği, “Siz nasılsanız öylece idare edilirsiniz” ilkesiyle açıklar. Bu ilkeyi Turtûşî’nin, “Başınıza gelen memurlar sizin amellerinizdir; nasılsanız öyle idare edilirsiniz” şeklinde ifade ettiğini (Sirâcü’l-mülûk , II, 467) belirterek insanların ahlâkî durumları ile yönetim şekli arasında esaslı bir ilişki olduğunu, bir toplumun ahlâkî durumunun kendisinin nasıl yönetileceğini de belirlediğini söyler (Bedâʾiʿu’s-silk , I, 79). Bundan dolayı İbnü’l-Ezrak’ın siyaset nazariyesi ahlâk esaslıdır. Onun nazariyesinde asabiyet gibi güce dayanan unsurlara veya vezirlik, hâciblik gibi formel kurumlara dünyevî iktidarın şeklî unsurları olarak yer verilir. Bunların muhtevasını belirleyen ahlâkî ölçülere riayet, hem mülkün ortaya çıkışı hem de muhafazası için zorunlu ilkeler olarak görülmektedir. Bu husus bir taraftan insanın yaratılış gayesiyle örtüşmekte, diğer taraftan dünyevî iktidar da bu amaca uyduğu ölçüde başarılı olabilmektedir (a.g.e. , II, 379). Dolayısıyla İbnü’l-Ezrak burada hem amaç hem de üslûp olarak İbn Haldûn’dan ayrılmaktadır. Amaç olarak ahlâk esaslı bir siyaset nazariyesi ortaya koyarken üslûp olarak da tamamen olması gereken hakkında konuşmaktadır. Onun ahlâkla ilgili açıklamalarında sık sık iktibasta bulunduğu eser Gazzâlî’nin İḥyâʾü ʿulûmi’d-dîn ’i olmakla birlikte (a.g.e. , II, 380, 385, 386, 393, 395, 396) Turtûşî ve Şâtıbî’den de çokça alıntı yapmaktadır. İbnü’l-Ezrak’ın söz konusu ettiği siyaset ahlâkı her ne kadar fertlerin yönetimde tâbi olmaları gereken kuralları ifade etse de bu kurallar, fertlerin ötesinde unsurların işleyişinde rol alanların ortaklaşa uyacakları kuralları kapsadığı için bir “müessese ahlâkı”dır.
İbnü’l-Ezrak’ın XIX. yüzyıla kadar başkalarını ne ölçüde etkilediği bilinmemektedir. Eserleri ve düşüncesiyle ilgilenen âlim ve düşünürler arasında tesbit edilebilenlerin daha çok XIX. yüzyılda yaşamış olması, onun “keşfedilerek” aktüel hale gelmesini sağlayan şartların özellikle bu yüzyılda ortaya çıkmasıyla ilgili görünmektedir. Bu düşünürler arasında Gālî b. Muhammed el-Hasenî el-Umrânî, Muhammed b. Muhammed el-Allâf es-Süfyânî, Ebü’l-Abbas Ahmed b. Hâşimî b. Sâlih el-Gālibî el-İdrîsî ve Ali Sâmî en-Neşşâr tarafından ikinci İbn Haldûn olarak nitelendirilen Ebû Osman Saîd b. Abdullah el-Halifî el-Muhammedî bulunmaktadır (Bedâʾiʿu’s-silk , neşredenin girişi, I, 26-27; Hamed el-Menûnî, I, 336-341, 355-357). Bunların bir kısmı, Fas Sultanı IV. Muhammed’in ordunun ıslahının meşruiyetiyle ilgili soru yönelttiği on âlim arasında yer almaktadır.
Eserleri. 1. Bedâʾiʿu’s-silk fî ṭabâʾiʿi’l-mülk . İki mukaddime, dört bölüm (kitab) ve bir hâtimeden oluşur (nşr. Muhammed b. Abdülkerîm, I-II, Tunus 1397/1977; nşr. Ali Sâmî en-Neşşâr, I-II, Bağdad 1397-1398/1977-1978). Eserin mukaddimesiyle ilk iki bölümünde ağırlıklı olarak İbn Haldûn’un kitabının özetlendiği dikkat çekerken son iki bölümü Muḳaddime ’nin çok az zikredildiği, buna karşılık başka eserlerden iktibaslarla geliştirilen önemli bir siyaset ahlâkı metni mahiyetindedir. İbn Haldûn’un Muḳaddime ’sindeki düşünceler ve telif düzeninin esas alındığı eserin önemli özelliklerinden biri İbn Haldûn’un ilk bakışta sistematik gözükmeyen konu, delil ve misallerini maddeler halinde zikrederek daha sistematik bir şekle getirmesi, bir diğer özelliği de bilhassa siyaset ve devlet konusunda İbn Haldûn’un eserinde yer alan, ancak onun tarafından açıkça belirtilmeyen bazı düşüncelerin yapılan iktibaslarla İbn Haldûn öncesinde yaşamış düşünürler tarafından ifade edildiğini göstermesidir (Bedâʾiʿu’s-silk , neşredenin girişi, I, 20-21; Ahmed Bâbâ et-Tinbüktî, s. 324; Makkarî, Nefḥu’ṭ-ṭîb , II, 699). İbnü’l-Ezrak’ın eserinde takip ettiği usul, İbn Haldûn’un Muḳaddime ’sinde mevcut esasları “mesele” adı altında verdikten sonra bu kuralların pratikteki örneklerini zikretmektir. Böylece her ne kadar kendisi bir “umran” nazariyesi ortaya koymuyorsa da İbn Haldûn’a ait nazariyeyi benimseyerek onu belki eğitimde kullanılabilecek bir şekle sokmaya çalışmakta, umran ilmini aynı zamanda öğretilebilir hale getirmeyi hedeflemiş görünmektedir. Ancak İbnü’l-Ezrak ile İbn Haldûn arasındaki en önemli fark ilgilerinin odaklandığı asıl meselede ortaya çıkmakta, ikincisinde mesele bir bütün olarak tarihî-içtimaî varlık alanının incelenmesi iken birincisinde asıl itibariyle devlet ve siyaset, tarihî-içtimaî varlık alanının önemli bir görünüşü olarak söz konusu edilmektedir. Bundan dolayı İbnü’l-Ezrak, İbn Haldûn’u yeni ve başka örneklerle açıklayan bir kişi olarak kabul edilebilir (meselâ bk. Bedâʾiʿu’s-silk , I, 111-156). Müellifin Muḳaddime ’den başka faydalandığı başlıca eserler arasında Turtûşî’nin Sirâcü’l-mülûk ’ü, İbn Rıdvân’ın eş-Şühübü’l-lâmiʿa fi’s-siyâseti’n-nâfiʿa ’sı, Gazzâlî’nin İḥyâʾü ʿulûmi’d-dîn ’i, Mâverdî’nin el-Aḥkâmü’s-sulṭâniyye ’si, İbn Hazm’ın Kitâbü’s-Siyâse ’si, İbnü’l-Ekfânî’nin İrşâdü’l-ḳāṣıd ’ı ve Şâtıbî’nin el-Muvâfaḳāt ’ı zikredilebilir (diğer eserler için bk. Ali Sâmî en-Neşşâr, II, 485-512).
2. Ravżatü’l-aʿlâm bi-menzileti’l-ʿArabiyye min ʿulûmi’l-İslâm . İbnü’l-Ezrak’ın Bedâʾiʿu’s-silk ’ten önce telif ettiği, Endülüs’te yaygın olan rivayet ve hikâyeleri derlediği bu kitap Ebû Hanîfe ed-Dîneverî (el-Aḫbârü’ṭ-ṭıvâl ) ve İbn Abdürabbih (el-ʿİḳdü’l-ferîd ) gibi müelliflerin eserlerinin bir benzeri olup (Bedâʾiʿu’s-silk , neşredenin girişi, I, 19) Makkarî bundan eşsiz bir eser olarak söz eder. Ali Sâmî en-Neşşâr, Muhammed b. Abbas el-Kabbâc ile birlikte kitabı neşre hazırladıklarını ifade etmekteyse de (a.g.e. , I, 16, 19) neşrin gerçekleşip gerçekleşmediği bilinmemektedir.
3. Şifâʾü’l-ġalîl fî şerḥi Muḫtaṣari’ş-Şeyḫ Ḫalîl . Halîl b. İshak el-Cündî’nin Mâlikî fıkhına dair eseri üzerine yazılan bir şerh olup Makkarî üç cildini Tilimsân’da gördüğünü, buna göre eserin yirmi cilt kadar olması gerektiğini kaydeder (Nefḥu’ṭ-ṭîb , II, 701; Ezhârü’r-riyâż , III, 318). Ali Sâmî en-Neşşâr eserin bir nüshasının Mağrib’de mevcut olduğunu ifade etmektedir (Bedâʾiʿu’s-silk , neşredenin girişi, I, 19). Abdülemîr Şemseddin el-Fikrü’t-terbevî ʿinde İbn Ḫaldûn ve İbni’l-Ezraḳ (Beyrut 1984), Ali Zeyûr el-Felsefetü’l-ʿameliyye ʿinde İbn Ḫaldûn ve İbni’l-Ezraḳ (Beyrut 1993) adıyla birer çalışma yapmışlardır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbnü’l-Ezrak el-Gırnâtî, Bedâʾiʿu’s-silk fî ṭabâʾiʿi’l-mülk (nşr. Ali Sâmî en-Neşşâr), I-II, Bağdad 1397-98/1977-78, tür.yer.; ayrıca bk. neşredenin girişi, I, 5-32.
İbn Ebû Rendeka et-Turtûşî, Sirâcü’l-mülûk (nşr. Muhammed Fethî Ebû Bekir), Kahire 1414/1994, II, 467.
Sehâvî, eḍ-Ḍavʾü’l-lâmiʿ , IX, 20-21.
Bedreddin el-Karâfî, Tevşîḥu’d-Dîbâc (nşr. Ahmed eş-Şüteyvî), Beyrut 1403/1983, s. 216.
İbn Asker el-Mağribî, Devḥatü’n-nâşir (nşr. Muhammed Haccî), Rabat 1397/1977, s. 124.
İbnü’l-Kādî, Dürretü’l-ḥicâl , II, 297.
Ahmed Bâbâ et-Tinbüktî, Neylü’l-ibtihâc , Trablus 1408/1989, s. 324, 561.
Makkarî, Nefḥu’ṭ-ṭîb , II, 699, 701, 702.
a.mlf., Ezhârü’r-riyâż (nşr. Mustafa es-Sekkā v.dğr.), Kahire 1358/1939, III, 317-323.
Ali Sâmî en-Neşşâr, “Dirâse naḳdiyye li-meṣâdiri kitâbi Bedâʾiʿi’s-silk” (İbnü’l-Ezrak, Bedâʾiʿu’s-silk içinde), Bağdad 1397-98/1977-78, II, 485-512.
L. P. Harvey, Islamic Spain 1250 to 1500 , Chicago-London 1984, s. 261-323.
Hamed el-Menûnî, Meẓâhiru yaḳaẓati’l-Maġribi’l-ḥadîs̱ , Beyrut 1405/1985, I, 336-341, 355-357.
Ali Zey‘ûr, el-Felsefetü’l-ʿameliyye ʿinde İbn Ḫaldûn ve İbni’l-Ezraḳ fî ṭayyâri’l-ictimâʿiyyi’t-târîḫî , Beyrut 1993.
Hasan Yûsufî Eşkûrî – Cevâd Tabâtabâî, “İbn Ezraḳ”, DMBİ , III, 1-4.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2000 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 21. cildinde, 35-37 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.