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İBNÜ’l-FÂRIZ Skip to content Ebû Hafs (Ebü’l-Kāsım) Şerefüddîn Ömer b. Alî b. Mürşid es-Sa‘dî el-Hamevî el-Mısrî (ö. 632/1235)
Sultânü’l-âşıkīn olarak tanınan mutasavvıf-şair.
Kahire’de dünyaya geldi. Doğum tarihini, divanını derleyen kızından torunu Şeyh Ali 4 Zilkade 577 (11 Mart 1182), çağdaşı İbn Hallikân 4 Zilkade 576 (22 Mart 1181) olarak gösterir. Babası, mahkemede kadınların eşlerinden almaları gereken miras ve nafakayı tesbit işiyle uğraştığından “Fârız” diye bilindiği için İbnü’l-Fârız olarak meşhur olmuştur. Hz. Peygamber’in sütannesi Halîme’nin kabilesine mensubiyetinden dolayı Sa‘dî, aslen Hamalı olduğu için Hamevî, Kahire’de doğduğu için Mısrî nisbeleriyle anılır. Babası Ali b. Mürşid, evinin bir depremde harap olması üzerine memleketi Hama’dan göç edip Kahire’ye yerleşti ve Eyyûbî Hükümdarı el-Melikü’l-Azîz tarafından nâiblik görevine tayin edildi. Zâhid bir kişi olan Ali b. Mürşid, kendisine teklif edilen kādılkudâtlık görevini kabul etmeyip Ezher Camii’nde inzivaya çekilerek ibadetle meşgul olmuş, ayrıca pek çok kişinin katıldığı sohbet toplantıları yapmıştır. İbnü’l-Fârız ilk bilgileri babasından aldı. Ebû Muhammed İbn Asâkir’den hadis okudu; Şâfiî fıkhı, dil ve edebiyat dersleri gördü. Münzirî’nin kendisinden hadis rivayet etmiş olması onun bu dalda oldukça ileri bir seviyeye ulaştığını göstermektedir.
İbnü’l-Fârız genç yaşta tasavvufa yöneldi, babasından izin alarak Müsta‘zafîn vadisindeki Mukattam dağında harap halde bulunan bir mescidde kendini ibadet ve tefekküre verdi. Bu arada babasının sohbetlerine ve mahkemedeki oturumlarına da devam etti. Çileli bir hayatı tercih etmesine rağmen tasavvufta istediği noktaya gelemediğini düşünen İbnü’l-Fârız, bir gün medreseye giderken Şeyh Bakkāl diye tanınan bir kişinin abdest alırken âdâbına uymadığını görerek onu uyardı. Aslında bir velî olan ve melâmet için abdest âdâbına uymayan Şeyh Bakkāl ona fetih ve feyzin kendisine Mısır’da değil Mekke’de geleceğini, hemen oraya gitmesi gerektiğini söyledi. İbnü’l-Fârız bunun üzerine Mekke’ye gitti. Mekke çevresindeki dağlarda ve çöllerde çile çıkarmaya başladı. Muhtemelen 613-628 (1216-1231) yılları arasında geçen bu çetin dönem onun ruhî hayatı üzerinde derin etkiler bıraktı. Mekke’de iken 628’de ʿAvârifü’l-maʿârif müellifi Sühreverdî ile görüştü. Bir gün iç dünyasında, “Hemen Mısır’a dön ve cenaze namazımda hazır ol” diyen bir ses işitince Hicaz’dan ayrılarak Kahire’ye döndü. Bu sırada ölüm döşeğinde olan Şeyh Bakkāl’ı ziyaret etti ve ardından cenaze namazında bulundu. Son yıllarını Kahire’de Ezher Camii’nde vaaz ve sohbetle geçiren İbnü’l-Fârız 2 Cemâziyelevvel 632’de (23 Ocak 1235) vefat etti. Mukattam dağının eteğindeki Karâfe’de Ârız diye bilinen mescidin yanında toprağa verildi. Ölüm yıl dönümünde ve cuma günleri kabri ziyaret edilip şiirlerinin ilâhî şeklinde okunması gelenek olmuştur (Münzirî, III, 384; İbn Hallikân, III, 454; Şeyh Ali, I, 3-14).
Mısır Eyyûbî hükümdarları Selâhaddin, el-Melikü’l-Azîz, el-Melikü’l-Âdil ve el-Melikü’l-Kâmil dönemlerinde yaşayan İbnü’l-Fârız bunlardan saygı görmüştür. Kaynaklarda onun ziyaretlerden hoşlanmadığı, el-Melikü’l-Kâmil’in gönderdiği 1000 altını almadığı, hükümdarın maiyetiyle birlikte kendisini ziyarete gelmekte olduğunu haber alınca caminin öbür kapısından çıkıp İskenderiye’ye gittiği, burada bir süre kaldıktan sonra Kahire’ye döndüğü, hükümdarın kendisine bir türbe yaptırması teklifini de kabul etmediği bildirilmektedir.
İbnü’l-Fârız hakkındaki bilgiler kızından torunu ve divanının derleyicisi Şeyh Ali’nin, dayısı Şeyh Kemâleddin Muhammed’e dayanarak anlattıklarıyla İbnü’l-Fârız’ın çağdaşları olan İbn Hallikân ve Münzirî’nin yazdıklarına dayanır. Şeyh Kemâleddin Muhammed babasının nazik, hoşsohbet, ifadesi düzgün ve eli açık bir kişi olduğunu, sohbet meclislerine gelenlerin kendisini derin bir saygıyla dinlediklerini, pek çok kerametinin görüldüğünü, semâa çok önem verdiğini söyler (Şeyh Ali, I, 4, 5; İbnü’l-İmâd, V, 150). Yine Şeyh Kemâleddin’in anlattıklarına göre İbnü’l-Fârız son derece hassas ruhlu idi. Her güzel şeyin arkasında ilâhî güzelliği görür ve bu güzellikler onu derinden etkilerdi. Özellikle duyduğu seslerin, nağmelerin ve şiirlerin tesirinde kalır, Nil nehri kenarında çamaşır yıkayanların okuduğu bir beyitten, bir cenazede söylenen ağıttan, bekçilerin çaldıkları çanlardan bile etkilenir ve coşardı (Şeyh Ali, I, 13, 14; İbnü’l-İmâd, V, 152). Nil nehrinin taştığı mevsimde akşamları Ravza’daki Müştehâ Camii’ne giderek nehrin coşkun sularını hayranlıkla seyreder, kendisi de akışın âhengine kapılıp vecde gelirdi. Nağmeler kendisini coşturur, nâra attırır ve raksettirirdi. İbn Hacer, onun Yukarı Mısır’daki Behnesâ’da bulunan evinde def ve şebbâbe çalan câriyeleri olduğunu, zaman zaman oraya gidip ezgilerini dinlediğini, raksederek kendinden geçtiğini söyler (Lisânü’l-Mîzân , IV, 319). Oğlu Kemâleddin bir defasında babasının kalkıp raksettiğini, bu sırada çok büyük vecd halleri gösterdiğini, sonra kendinden geçip yere düştüğünü, kendine gelince de duyduğu bir beyitten etkilendiği için bu hali yaşadığını söylediğini kaydeder (Şeyh Ali, I, 10). İbnü’l-Fârız, gerek Mısır’daki Mukattam dağında gerekse Mekke civarındaki vadilerde münzevi bir hayat yaşamış, riyâzet yapmış, defalarca erbaîne girmiş, âdeta dağlarla, vadilerle, buralardaki bitki ve hayvanlarla dostluk kurmuş, bunları hayatının bir parçası haline getirmiş, şiirleriyle özdeşleştirmiştir. Şeyh Ali, İbnü’l-Fârız’ın zaman zaman kendinden geçip hayret ve dehşet içinde gözlerini belli bir noktaya diktiğini, söylenenleri duymadığını, yanındakileri görmediğini, yiyip içmediğini, uyumadığını, bu halin bazan on gün, hatta daha uzun süre devam ettiğini anlatır ve asıl adı “Nazmü’s-sülûk” olan “et-Tâiyyetü’l-kübrâ” kasidesini bu hal geçince söylemeye başladığını, bir defada otuz, kırk veya elli beyti irticâlen okuduğunu, eserin böyle tamamlandığını bildirir (a.g.e. , I, 12).
İbnü’l-Fârız şiirlerinde tasavvufî ve ilâhî aşkı dile getirmiştir. İbnü’l-Arabî’nin “Nazmü’s-sülûk”e ilgi duyduğu ve onu şerhetmek istediği, bunun için izin talep edince İbnü’l-Fârız’ın, “Buna gerek yok, senin el-Fütûḥâtü’l-Mekkiyye ’n onun şerhidir” dediği rivayet edilirse de (Makkarî, II, 166) bu rivayet asılsızdır. Genellikle İbnü’l-Fârız’ın İbnü’l-Arabî gibi vahdet-i vücûda inandığı kabul edilmiş ve şiirleri vahdet-i vücûd esas alınarak açıklanmıştır; ancak İbnü’l-Fârız vahdet-i vücûda yabancıdır. Şiirleri, Bâyezîd-i Bistâmî’nin sözleri ve Attâr’ın şiirleri gibi ilâhî aşkı yansıtır. Mutlak cemâlin etkisiyle kendinden geçen şair her şeyi sevgilisi olarak görür. Bazan fenâ halinde ikiliği kaldırarak varlığın O’ndan ibaret olduğunu söyler, bazan da ittihaddan söz eder. Ancak bütün bunlar kozmolojik bir varlık anlayışını ifade etmeyip mânevî halin etkisiyle söylenmiş sözlerdir; bu hal içinde sevenle sevilenin, temaşa edenle edilenin geçici olarak bir sayılmasıdır. Şathiyeleri ve iddialı sözleri de bu halin eseridir. İbnü’l-Fârız’da ve üstadı Şeyh Bakkāl’da melâmet neşvesi de vardır. Şeyh Bakkāl’ın kınanmak için abdest alırken yıkanan organların sırasını değiştirmesi, İbnü’l-Fârız’ın sûfîlerin kıyafetini kullanmaması, güzel elbiseler giymesi, Sühreverdî’nin Mekke’de oğullarına hırka giydirmek istemesi üzerine, “Bu bizim yolumuzda yoktur” diyerek önce karşı çıkıp sonra ısrar üzerine buna ses çıkarmaması, şöhretten kaçması, sultanla görüşmek istememesi, kendisine türbe yapılması teklifini geri çevirmesi onun melâmet eğilimli bir sûfî olduğunu gösterir.
İbnü’l-Fârız’ın divanının, en eskisi Konya Yûsuf Ağa Kütüphanesi’nde bulunan (nr. 7838) ilk üç nüshasında mevâliyyâ, dûbeyt denilen bazı dörtlüklerle lugazların yanında “Tâiyye” ve “Hamriyye” kasidelerinin de dahil olduğu on beş kaside mevcuttur. Daha sonra torunu Şeyh Ali tarafından derlenen nüshada ise yirmi dört kaside bulunmaktadır. İlk olarak Ukayl ez-Zuveytinî’nin neşrettiği divan (Halep 1247) Louis Sabuncu (Beyrut 1868), Emîn el-Hûrî (Cilâʾü’l-ġāmıż adlı şerhiyle birlikte, Beyrut 1886), Abdurrahman Muhammed (Kahire 1934), Arthur Arberry (İngilizce transkripsiyon, London 1952), Kerem el-Bustânî (Beyrut 1957), Abdülmecid Tâcî Fârûkī (Arapça metin, İngilizce transkripsiyon, London 1961), Abdülhâliḳ Mahmûd (Kahire 1984, 1995), İbrâhim es-Sâmerrâî (Ürdün 1985) ve Mehdî Muhammed Nâsırüddin (Beyrut 1990) tarafından da yayımlanmıştır. Divandaki en önemli şiir daha çok “el-Kasîdetü’t-tâiyye” veya “et-Tâiyyetü’l-kübrâ” olarak bilinen kasidedir. İbnü’l-Fârız bu kasideye önce “Enfesü’l-cenân ve nefâisü’l-cinân”, ardından “Levâihu’l-cenân ve revâihu’l-cinân” adını vermiş, daha sonra rüyada gördüğü Hz. Peygamber’in işareti üzere “Nazmü’s-sülûk” diye isimlendirmiştir (Şeyh Ali, I, 8). 750 beyitten fazla olan bu kaside şairin bir tür mânevî yolculuğunun ve ruhî mi‘racının tasviridir. “Nazmü’s-sülûk”ün önemli şerhleri şunlardır: Dâvûd-i Kayserî, Şerḥu’l-Ḳaṣîdeti’t-tâʾiyye (eserin mukaddimesi “Risâle fî ʿilmi’t-taṣavvuf” adıyla uzunca bir makale halinde yayımlanmıştır, nşr. Mehmet Bayraktar, AÜİFD , XXX [1981], s. 171-215); Abdürrezzâk el-Kâşânî, Keşfü Vücûhi’l-ġur fî şerḥi Naẓmi’d-dür (Şerḥu Dîvâni İbni’l-Fârıż ’ın kenarında, Kahire 1310, 1329); Saîdüddin el-Fergānî, Meşâriḳu’d-derârî (Tahran 1398/1978; Fergānî Farsça yazdığı bu eserini daha sonra Müntehe’l-medârik adıyla Arapça’ya çevirmiştir, İstanbul 1293). İbnü’l-Fârız’ın ikinci önemli şiiri “el-Kasîdetü’l-hamriyye” olarak da bilinen “el-Kasîdetü’l-mîmiyye”dir. Bu kısa kasidesinde şair ilâhî aşkı bâde tarzında tasvir eder. “el-Kasîdetü’l-hamriyye”nin önemli şerhleri de şöyle sıralanabilir: Dâvûd-i Kayserî, Şerḥu’l-Ḳaṣîdeti’l-mîmiyye (Süleymaniye Ktp., Fâtih, nr. 3964; Ayasofya, nr. 4075); Seyyid Ali Hemedânî, Meşâribü’l-eẕvâḳ (Tahran 1353 hş.); Abdurrahman-ı Câmî, Levâmiʿu envâri’l-keşf ve’ş-şühûd ʿalâ ḳulûbi erbâbi’ẕ-ẕevḳ ve’l-cûd (Tahran 1360). Her iki kaside çeşitli dillere çevrilmiş ve üzerlerine birçok şerh yazılmıştır. İbnü’l-Fârız’ın divanı bütün olarak da şerhedilmiştir: Bedreddin el-Bûrînî, el-Baḥrü’l-fâʾiż fî şerḥi Dîvâni İbni’l-Fârıż (Marsilya 1853; Kahire 1279, 1306, 1310; Bulak 1289); Abdülganî b. İsmâil en-Nablusî, Keşfü’s-sırrı’l-ġāmıż min şerḥi dîvâni İbni’l-Fârıż (Kahire 1972). Bu iki şerh Rüşeyd b. Gālib tarafından baş tarafına Şeyh Ali’nin metni Dîbâcetü’d-Dîvân adıyla eklenerek yayımlanmıştır (Kahire 1289). Emîn el-Hûrî’nin Cilâʾü’l-ġāmıż fî şerḥi Dîvâni’l-Fârıż başlıklı şerhi de neşredilmiştir (Beyrut 1888, 1895, 1904, 1910). İbnü’l-Fârız’ın bazı şiirleri Türkçe’ye çevrilip açıklanmıştır. İsmâil Rusûhî Ankaravî “Tâiyye” ve “Hamriyye” kasidelerini şerhetmiştir (DİA , III, 212). Bursalı Mehmed Tâhir, Abdürrahim Karahisârî’nin “Râiyye”yi tercüme ettiğini kaydeder (Osmanlı Müellifleri , I, 144). Mehmed Nâzım da “Yâiyye”, “Mîmiyye” ve “Râiyye” kasidelerini Türkçe’ye çevirip açıklamıştır (İstanbul 1330). Tarabengîz (İstanbul, ts.) adlı tercümenin mütercimi ise belli değildir.
Şarkiyatçılar İbnü’l-Fârız’ın şiirlerine büyük ilgi göstermişlerdir. Başta “Tâiyye” ve “Mîmiyye” kasideleri olmak üzere bazı şiirlerini veya şiirlerinden bazı parçaları Fabricuius, William Jones, Georg August Wallin Latince’ye; Silvestre de Sacy, Grangeret de Lagrange, F. de Martino, Émile Dermenghem Fransızca’ya; Vallerga Pietro, Ignazio di Matteo, Carlo Alfonso Nallino İtalyanca’ya; Reynold Alleyne Nicholson, Arthur Arberry İngilizce’ye; Hammer Almanca’ya; Carlos Varono Narvión İspanyolca’ya çevirmiştir. Ayrıca Ignazio di Matteo, Louis Gardet, Issa J. Boullato, J. Emil Homerin ve Giuseppe Scattolin İbnü’l-Fârız hakkında çalışmalar yapmışlardır (bk. bibl.).
İbnü’l-Fârız’ın şiirleri Arap edebiyatında tasavvufî şiirin en güzel örneklerindendir. İbn Ebû Hacele, fikrî bakımdan İbnü’l-Fârız’a muhalif olduğu halde şiirlerini takdir etmiş, onu şairlerin bayraktarı olarak nitelemiştir. Şiirlerinde genellikle ilâhî aşkı beşerî aşk şeklinde ifade eden, mecazlara, kinayelere ve genel olarak edebî sanatlara geniş yer veren, “Hamriyye” kasidesinde şarabı ilâhî aşkın simgesi olarak tasvir eden İbnü’l-Fârız Arap şiirinde sembolizmin önemli bir temsilcisidir. Onun coşkulu olduğu kadar hikemî olan şiirleri Mısır başta olmak üzere birçok Arap ülkesinde ilâhî şeklinde okunmuştur.
İbnü’l-Fârız’ın ilâhî aşkı üstün bir sanat gücüyle ifade eden şiirleri zâhir ulemâsını rahatsız etmiş, ancak bu durum onun saygı görmesine engel olmamış, ölümünden sonra da saygıyla anılmıştır. Sultan Kalavun zamanında vezir olan Kādılkudât İbn Bintü’l-Eaz, İbnü’l-Fârız’ı hulûle inanmakla suçlamış, müridlerine “Tâiyye” kasidesini okumalarını tavsiye eden Şemseddin el-Âyegî’yi kınamış, fakat daha sonra eleştirilerinden vazgeçmişti. İbnü’l-Fârız’a en ağır tenkitler İbn Teymiyye tarafından yöneltilmiştir. Onun düşüncelerinin ve tasavvufî yaşayışının İslâm’la ilgisi olmadığını belirten İbn Teymiyye’ye göre ittihad akîdesinin canlı bir ifadesi olan “Nazmü’s-sülûk”, “domuz etinden daha pistir” (Mecmûʿu fetâvâ , IV, 73). İbn Haldûn, İbnü’l-Fârız’ın kasidelerini yok edilmesi gereken zararlı eserler arasında zikreder (Şifâʾü’s-sâʾil , s. 110). İbn Hacer el-Askalânî de onun şiirlerinde ittihad akîdesini işlediğini, bunun büyük bir musibet olduğunu, örtülü ifadelerin altında felsefenin ve kötülüğün yattığını söyler (Lisânü’l-Mîzân , IV, 317). Zehebî ise İbnü’l-Fârız’ın insanın hoşuna giden etkileyici şiirlerini zehirli şerbete benzetir (Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , XXII, 368). Kendisine İbnü’l-Fârız’ın şiirleri okunduğu zaman Bulkīnî de “bunlar küfür” demekle yetinmiştir. İbnü’l-Fârız’a en ağır suçlamaları Burhâneddin el-Bikāî el-Muʿârıż fî tekfîri İbni’l-Fârıż adlı eserinde yapmıştır. Bikāî burada kırk âlimin onun kâfir, mülhid ve zındık olduğuna dair fetvalarını nakleder. Sâlih b. Mehdî de İbnü’l-Fârız’ı dine saygısız bir ibâhiyyeci olarak gösterir (el-ʿAlemü’ş-şâmiḫ , s. 378).
Bununla birlikte İbnü’l-Fârız’ın taraftarları ve savunucuları muhaliflerinden çoktur. Eyyûbî sultanları, devlet adamları, âlimler ve halk kendisine saygı göstermiştir. Zekeriyyâ el-Ensârî, İbnü’l-Fârız’a yöneltilen suçlamaların haksız olduğunu bir fetva ile bildirmiş, İbn Hacer el-Heytemî de onu savunmuştur. Süyûtî ise onun için Ḳamḥu’l-muʿârıż fî nuṣreti İbni’l-Fârıż adıyla bir eser yazmıştır. Mutasavvıflarla edebiyatçılar da kendisini yüceltmişlerdir. Osmanlılar Mısır’ı ele geçirince Kur’an okutmaya başladıkları yedi merkezden biri İbnü’l-Fârız’ın mescidiydi. İbnü’l-Fârız’ın şiirleri bugün de önemini korumaktadır.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2000 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 21. cildinde, 40-43 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.